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French Words
MODERN LANGUAGES IN PRACTICE Series Editor: Michael Grenfell, Centre for Language in Education, University of Southampton. Editorial Board: Do Coyle, School of Education, University of Nottingham. Simon Green, Trinity & All Saints College, Leeds. Editorial Consultant: Christopher Brumfit, Centre for Language in Education, University of Southampton. The Modern Languages in Practice Series provides publications on the theory and practice of modern foreign language teaching. The theoretical and practical discussions in the publications arise from, and are related to, research into the subject. Practical is defined as having pedagogic value. Theoretical is defined as illuminating and/or generating issues pertinent to the practical. Theory and practice are, however, understood as a continuum. The series includes books at three distinct points along this continuum: (1) Limited discussions of language learning issues. These publications provide an outlet for coverage of actual classroom activities and exercises. (2) Aspects of both theory and practice combined in broadly equal amounts. This is the core of the series, and books may appear in the form of collections bringing together writers from different fields. (3) More theoretical books examining key research ideas directly relevant to the teaching of modern languages. Other Books in the Series Cric Crac! Teaching and Learning French through Story-telling Roy Dunning Effective Language Learning Suzanne Graham Foreign Language and Culture Learning from a Dialogic Perspective Carol Morgan and Albane Cain Fluency and its Teaching Marie-Noelle Guillot The Elements of Foreign Language Teaching Walter Grauberg The Good Language Learner N. Naiman, M. Fröhlich, H.H. Stern and A. Todesco Inspiring Innovations in Language Teaching Judith Hamilton Le ou La? The Gender of French Nouns Marie Surridge Motivating Language Learners Gary N. Chambers New Perspectives on Teaching and Learning Modern Languages Simon Green (ed.) Switched On? Video Resources in Modern Language Settings Steven Fawkes Target Language, Collaborative Learning and Autonomy Ernesto Macaro Training Teachers in Practice Michael Grenfell Validation in Language Testing A. Cumming and R. Berwick (eds) Please contact us for the latest book information: Multilingual Matters, Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon, BS21 7HH, England http://www.multilingual-matters.com MODERN LANGUAGES IN PRACTICE 14 Series Editor: Michael Grenfell French Words Past, Present and Future Malcolm Offord MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD Clevedon ⢠Buffalo ⢠Toronto ⢠Sydney To Judith, whom words cannot describe Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 1-85359-497-0 (hbk) ISBN 1-85359-496-2 (pbk) Multilingual Matters Ltd UK: Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon BS21 7HH. USA: UTP, 2250 Military Road, Tonawanda, NY 14150, USA. Canada: UTP, 5201 Dufferin Street, North York, Ontario M3H 5T8, Canada. Australia: P.O. Box 586, Artarmon, NSW, Australia. Copyright © 2001 Malcolm Offord. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Typeset by Archetype-IT Ltd (http://www.archetype-it.com). Printed and bound in Great Britain by Cambrian Printers Ltd. Contents Introduction · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · vii 1 Words and Their Constituent Parts · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1 2 Words · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 10 3 Words With a Long History · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 34 4 Words With a Foreign Origin · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 63 5 Words with a Short History â Neologisms · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 97 Conclusion · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 121 Appendix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 122 Bibliography · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 126 v Introduction French words have exerted an irresistible fascination on French speakers for many centuries â not only on those for whom it is a native language but also on those who learn and speak it as a foreign language, for pleasure or for more serious purposes. Hundreds of dictionaries of the French language have been compiled, and many studies have been devoted to the way the words of French have evolved and come to assume the forms and meanings they have today. Over the centuries the language has acquired a mystique, which has led certain experts to want to preserve it in as pure a form as possible, to discourage innovation and to ensure that all users conform to a standard usage. The intention of these experts is to keep the language free from what they consider to be the contamination of foreign influences and the ill-formed creations invented by contemporary users. However, no living language can avoid change, especially one which is the vehicle of a vibrant, multi-facetted culture. Indeed French is undergoing constant change â new words are coming into existence on a daily basis, and that from a variety of sources. These new words are added to the stock of words which are enshrined in the dictionaries, so that the French vocabulary is a wonderful mixture of old and new, of lexical comings and goings; in many ways a reflection of the history of the French people. The purpose of this book is to uncover the ways in which French words âworkâ, by approaching them from as many angles as possible. The first two chapters are devoted to discussing what a word is and examining how meaning is conveyed. Chapter 1 Words and Their Constituent Parts shows that the word is not necessarily the smallest unit of meaning. In this chapter those elements which combine together to form French words are identified and an attempt is made to classify them and discover what properties they have in common and which ones distinguish them. The second chapter Words examines more closely what the word âwordâ actually means. A distinction is drawn between orthographic words and vocabulary items, before consideration is given to the relationships which words enter into with each other. These involve mainly sense relationships, in which words are seen as units making up a variety of integrated semantic networks, some of which are narrow in scope, others of which proliferate into many ramifications. A number of patterns of meaning are also focused on â synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy (all explained in the appropriate places!). Another relationship explored in this chapter is that based on the form of words â two words with the same form create ambiguity, known as homonymy: the origins, types and effects are analysed. The next two chapters pose the question, âWhere do French words come from?â Chapter 3, Words With a Long History, as its title suggests, tries to answer the question vii viii Introduction by concentrating upon those words which entered the language many centuries ago, mainly from Latin, and which in many ways form the bedrock of the present-day language. By examining a number of laws which affected the way Latin words were pronounced in Gaul, an attempt is made to explain the shape of contemporary words and their relationships with their lexical ancestors. Chapter 4, Words With a Foreign Origin, approaches the question about where French words come from from a different angle, looking at those languages which have donated words to French. The means whereby such words reach French are examined before the contributor languages are reviewed. The chapter concludes with a chart showing which languages have made the greatest contributions to French. The final chapter, Chapter 5, Words With a Short History, asks where French words are going. It looks at the ways in which the French vocabulary is being extended at the present time. The processes of morphological renewal â principally derivation, composition, shortening â are discussed and illustrated, as well as the ways in which old words at times acquire new meanings. Instead of using pages of conventional discursive text to narrate the story of French words, the material is divided up into what are hoped are easily assimilated âtext-bitesâ. The material in each chapter is presented in a series of frames. These are organised according to a type of hierarchy. Frames with thick lines contain definitions, frames with verticals the main thrust of the material and the examples, whilst frames with dotted borders contain questions. Answers to the questions are sometimes provided in the Appendix; sometimes they occur in the text itself or are easy to deduce from the text; sometimes there is no particular answer, and the question is there to prompt debate. It is hoped that you will find the presentation of the material attractive and easy to access. The use of headings for the text-bites tells you immediately what the substance of that box actually is. They also help signpost the drift of the individual chapters â so, if you wish to skip a particular section, you are free to do so (and almost invited to do so in Chapter 3!). You will be able to see exactly what it is you are missing â as well as have a convenient way of recalling what you have read. Chapter 1 Words and Their Constituent Parts For many centuries it was accepted that the word was the smallest unit of meaning in a language. However, when linguists began to examine closely the nature and composition of words, they were obliged to revise this notion and replaced it by one which states that the smallest significant unit in a language is the morpheme. Morpheme A morpheme is the minimal distinctive unit of grammar, i.e. morphemes carry information which is morphological and / or semantic. NB. morphological = relating to word structure; semantic = relating to meaning. Morphemes combine together to form words, although, as we shall see, some words consist of only one morpheme. Example 1: A noun ⢠Empoisonneurs results from the addition of a prefix (em) to a stem (poison) with adjustment of the spelling to fit pronunciation (n), followed by a suffix marking agent (eur) and an ending (s) marking plural number; the semantic information comes principally from the stem and the prefix, the morphological information comes from the ending and also the suffix. Example 2: A verb ⢠Repousserons involves the addition of a prefix (re) to a stem (pouss) with a suffix (er) which marks the infinitive and provides the basis for the future tense and an inflectional ending (ons) indicating third person plural. However, consideration of many French words will quickly prove that identification of morphemes sometimes presents problems. The structure of certain words is transparent, that of others is opaque, that of yet others hovers between transparency and opacity. It is obviously much more straightforward to analyse into their constituent parts words that are transparent than those that are opaque, where the divisions between the parts is virtually indiscernible. Examples of transparent words ⢠If you know the meaning of ouvre from ouvrir and the meaning of boîte, then 1 2 Chapter 1 there is a good chance that you can deduce the meaning of the compound word ouvre-boîte. ⢠Again, if you know the meaning of transport and if you know that the suffix -eur is used to form derivatives meaning that someone or something is carrying out the action described by the stem, then you can work out the meaning of transporteur. ⢠With a degree of imagination added to your linguistic knowledge, a word like baladeur = âwalkmanâ also becomes transparent. Transparency A word is said to be transparent if its component parts are easily identifiable and if their combined meanings allow speakers to arrive at a successful decision as to the meaning of the original word. Opacity A word is said to be opaque if it is impossible to piece together its meaning from its constituent parts; indeed it may not always be obvious that a word is made up of constituent parts. These opaque situations usually arise for historical reasons relating to the ways in which sounds change over the centuries, but also because elements drop out of use or change their original meanings (see Chapter 3). Examples of opaque words ⢠Although oeil and yeux look as if they are made up of completely different elements, and you probably instinctively thought that there was a link between them, it is not until you trace their histories back to their Latin origins that you can affirm with certainty that they actually derived from different forms of the same Latin word â oculum and oculos, from oculus. The transparent link between the Latin forms has been lost in the passage into French. ⢠The Latin word pedem = âfootâ was the basis for a large number of Latin words, the connections between which were transparent to Latin speakers. However, in the course of time, as those words developed into French, their relatedness became more and more opaque. Who would guess, without a knowledge of their Latin roots, that pied, piètre, pédestre, piège, empêcher, piéton, pion are ultimately connected? Transparency and opacity are two extremes of a gradient. Many words exhibit degrees of one or the other, and discerning the components of many words is a subjective, individual matter, depending amongst other things upon our knowledge of Latin, our intuitions, our logic. Words and Their Constituent Parts 3 Example of degrees of transparency / opacity ⢠You would probably agree that the link between pied and piéton is much closer than that between pied and empêcher (the original meaning of which was âto restrain someone by holding onto their footâ). French words are very prone to opaque word-structure, and this complicates the type of analysis which we are about to embark upon. However, opacity is not the only problem which arises from the fact that French is an old language which has been in a constant state of evolution since early medieval times. Another major related problem, concerning particularly the spoken language, is the fact that the pronunciation of modern French is very different from what it was a thousand years ago, when French first appeared as an independent language. This would not be so serious if the spelling of modern French had kept pace with changes in pronunciation. Unfortunately that has not happened, and the spelling system in use today reflects not so much the way that the French of the twenty-first century is pronounced as the way French was pronounced many centuries ago. The result is that there is often a wide discrepancy between the spelling and the pronunciation of modern French, especially as far as word endings are concerned. Examples of the spelling / pronunciation discrepancy ⢠The expression of number in adjectives, nouns and pronouns: Is it possible to distinguish between the pronunciations of the following pairs? â jeune / jeunes, grande / grandes, homme / hommes, femme / femme, il / ils, elle / elles. The answer is â no. ⢠Verb endings With verbs the situation is even more acute. Four persons of the present indicative tense of -er verbs and two of -ir verbs sound exactly the same, although they are spelt differently â chante / chantes / chante / chantent; finis / finit. This also applies in varying degrees to the imperfect and conditional tenses of all verbs. The Classification of Morphemes There are many different types of morphemes. In the light of what has just been said, it should be clear that a morphemic analysis of French is an extremely delicate operation, and that the language does not lend itself to neat classification from this point of view. This of course makes the exercise that much more challenging! It should also be admitted that in what follows some explanations of processes have been simplified and historical explanations of current situations ignored. The aim of this chapter is to indicate the main features associated with French word-structure and to enable you to dissect words into their constituent parts, their morphemes. At times it will be instructive to engage in both an orthographic and an oral presentation. 4 Chapter 1 The first distinction that needs to be drawn is between free and bound morphemes. Free morphemes Free morphemes can occur on their own as complete words in their own right and will normally feature as separate entries in a dictionary. Bound morphemes Bound morphemes need to be combined with other morphemes and cannot occur as individual items; nor do they possess morphological or semantic independence. They are not normally recorded as separate entries in a dictionary. Examples of free morphemes ⢠Petit, cousin, quand, pour are free morphemes, independent words, recorded in dictionaries; they cannot be reduced to form smaller items. No words consisting entirely of parts of these words exist. The first two can be added to: for example petit can have e added to it to form the feminine and / or s to form the plural; similarly cousin can become feminine by the addition of e and plural by the addition of s; they can also be used to create compound words, such as petit-cousin, petit-beurre, but they cannot be subtracted from. Bound morphemes constitute a much more heterogeneous group of items. Examples of bound morphemes ⢠The -e and -s mentioned above are bound morphemes, changing the morphological role of the two nouns; verb endings perform a similar function for verbs; the -esse in petitesse, changing the word-class of the adjective to that of a noun, is another bound form. 1. Free morphemes Free morphemes are independent words which can stand as words in their own right. This category involves only those words which consist of a single morpheme (monomorphemic words) which cannot be further split into other free morphemes. Most word-classes are involved. Examples of word classes and free morphemes ⢠Most prepositions and conjunctions: après, devant, en, et, mais, sur (à and de will receive special comment later). ⢠Most adjectives in the masculine singular form and also those feminine ones which have the same form as the masculine: chic, fort, laid, vrai (but see below for those ending in e). ⢠Many nouns in the singular form: arc, chien, océan, soupçon. ⢠A few adverbs: bien, tard, tôt, très; but no verbs. Words and Their Constituent Parts 5 Words ending in e need special consideration and are a good illustration of the difference between a morphemic analysis based upon spelling and one based upon pronunciation. The final e, present in spelling for historical reasons, is often deleted in order to form certain derivatives, with the consequence that, from an orthographic point of view, these words fit into the following category (bound morphemes) rather than this one. Example of the treatment of -e ⢠sage becomes reduced to sag-, which then becomes the base upon which derivatives such as sagesse and assagir are constructed. ⢠However, this distinction is not relevant in an oral analysis, since /sa0001 / represents the root with or without e. 2. Bound morphemes Bound morphemes can be divided into a number of sub-categories. 2.1. Non-independent stems These are normally the bases upon which other words are constructed by adding other bound morphemes to them. The difference between this group of morphemes and the preceding one is that this group cannot stand alone but requires the addition of another morpheme to form fully-fledged words. It should be stressed that there are many anomalies and irregularities when it comes to deconstructing French words into stems. These may generally be accounted for by reference to the morphological history of the French language and will therefore not detain us here. Suffice it to say that this sometimes means that certain words have more than one stem (but see Chapter 3). These variant stems are sometimes discernible only in the written form and not in the oral form and sometimes show only minimal variation. Another result of this situation is that, in the orthographic form, the same morpheme may sometimes function as an independent word, as in 1 above, and sometimes, after slight adjustment, as a non-independent stem, as here: in other words it may be both an independent word and a non-independent stem. Example of word and stem fluctuation in the written form ⢠In the case of roi / royal, roi is an independent word which becomes the non-independent stem roy- when used as the base for royal (and royaume, royauté). Occasionally even more radical stem alternation occurs: this will be examined later. Non-independent stems arise among the following word classes. Examples of word classes and bound morphemes: 1 ⢠All verbs: in the case of regular verbs (of the types porter, finir / partir, vendre), the stem is invariable and provides the base upon which all the other forms of the verb are constructed, e.g. for porter: je port-e, je port-ais, je port-er-ai, jâavais port-é. Chapter 1 6 ⢠However, in the case of irregular verbs, the stem is variable, indeed highly variable for some verbs (this is clear in the oral form, but the phonetic distinction may sometimes be scarcely audible), e.g. lever: lev- / lèv-, jeter: jet- / jett-, pouvoir: peu- / pouv- / peuv- / pou- / pu- / pui-, savoir: sai- / sav- / sau- / sach-, aller: v/ all- / i- / aill-; être: s- / e- / ét- / f- / soy-. Examples of word classes and bound morphemes: 2 ⢠Some adjectives and nouns: it is with adjectives and nouns that the distinction between a phonetic and orthographic approach becomes critical. In some cases the orthographic and phonetic versions of the stem are identical, e.g. angl + ais, compl + et, glac + ial, heur + eux / euse, révél + ateur. ⢠However, in others, exclusively when a final e is concerned, the outcome of the two analyses is quite different, as the next table shows. ⢠Other adjectives present particular problems, e.g. beau / bel / belle, fou / fol / folle (in these two cases the stem simply consists of a single sound, b- and f-). ⢠In other cases, a noun derived from an adjective produces different stems, e.g. tiède > tièd- and tiédeur > tiéd-. At times understanding the link requires, if not a deep knowledge of historical circumstances (see Chapter 3 for guidance), at least a fertile imagination, e.g. chauve / calvitie, frêle / fragilité. Examples of different results of phonetic and orthographic analyses ⢠The treatment of final e â orthographic analysis larg + e (élargir), maussad + e (maussaderie), montsr + e phonetic analysis ~ / lar0001 / , / mosad / , / mÉstr/ ⢠Other adjectives present particular problems with stem variation â blanc / blanche, frais / fraîche, sec / sèche, vieux / vieil / vieille. Sometimes the link between the noun and its derivative is far removed, and in some cases the link becomes almost unrecognisable, e.g. femme / féminin, église / ecclésiastique, loi / légal. 2.2. Derivational morphemes Prefixes, suffixes and infixes, which do not have an independent existence, may be added to the front, end and middle respectively of other words or morphemes to create new words. Prefixes and suffixes are discussed in more detail in Chapter 5. Examples of infixation ⢠-r- / -rr- to form the future and conditional tenses of all verbs. ⢠if- / -ifi-, -is- to form verbs from certain nouns, e.g. liquide > liquidifier, standard > standardiser. Examples of prefixation ⢠By adding prefixes to mettre a number of new verbs may be formed, e.g. ad- + mettre > (produces) admettre; dé- + mettre > démettre. Words and Their Constituent Parts 7 Exercise 1 Can you think of any other words derived from mettre by the addition of a prefix? Examples of suffixation ⢠By adding suffixes (and infixes) to fort a number of new words may be formed â fort + e + ment, fort + ifi + -er. Exercise 2 Can you think of any other words derived from fort by the addition of a suffix? Exercise 3 What new words can you create from froid, long using prefixes and suffixes? Exercise 4 Divide up the following words according to the roots, prefixes and suffixes involved. capitalisme, déshumaniser, ensoleillé, retombée, rigoureusement, surabondance. 2.3. Inflectional morphemes Morphemes indicating gender and number may be added to adjectives and nouns, others indicating person, number and tense may be added to verbs. As with derivational morphemes, it sometimes happens that an adjustment has to be made to the stem or original word. This is especially the case with verbs. Gender Exercise 5 What morphemes indicate feminine gender for adjectives? Give examples involving stem variation too. Exercise 6 What morphemes indicate feminine gender for nouns? Chapter 1 8 Of course, there are a few cases where the feminine form appears to be a shortened form of the masculine (or the masculine is derived from the feminine!). Examples ⢠compagnon / compagne, dindon / dinde, garçon / garce. Number Exercise 7 What morphemes indicate plural number for nouns and adjectives? Remember to distinguish between phonetic and orthographic representations. But remember that certain nouns and adjectives are invariable in the plural Examples ⢠Nouns ending in s, x, z â mois, souris, choix, nez, and certain adjectives borrowed from other languages â open (in sport), sexy, snob. Remember also that the plural of oeil is yeux. Exercise 8 What morphemes indicate plural number for verbs? Again remember to distinguish between phonetic and orthographic representations. Person Exercise 9 Taking donner and finir as your examples, show what morphemes indicate the persons of verbs. Yet again remember to distinguish between phonetic and orthographic representations. Tense Exercise 10 Taking porter and salir as your examples, show how morphemes indicate the various tenses of French verbs. For the last time, remember to distinguish between phonetic and orthographic representations. Words and Their Constituent Parts 9 Exercise 11 It was said above that stem variation (orthographic and / or phonetic) is common amongst verbs to indicate different tenses, e.g. croire: croi-, croy-. Using the previous example as a model, show what stem variation is involved in the following verbs â asseoir, avoir, conduire, faire, lécher, vouloir. Can you think of any others which manifest stem variation? 3.4. Special cases Definite articles: le, la, les. The most logical way to analyse the definite articles is to treat l- (not le) as the stem, with + e or + a for masculine and feminine singular and + es for the plural of both genders (not -s for masculine and -es for feminine). Partitive articles (and de + definite articles): du, de la, des. It is best to consider de and das examples of stem variation; consequently du = two morphemes, de la = three morphemes, des = two morphemes. Exercise 12 Analyse à in combination with the definite articles. Chapter 2 Words Identifying and defining a word has always presented problems not only to the everyday speaker but also to the linguist, and there is no universally agreed definition available. Problems arise because of the multifarious nature of words and the inconsistent ways in which speakers use the word word. Let us consider some of the issues involved and attempt to arrive at a satisfactory working definition for our purposes, starting with a definition that applies only to words in their written form. A definition Words are separated from each other by spaces when they occur in a piece of text (writing). Validity test applied to a short text â Vos parents, comment vivaient-ils? â Câest formidable. Ils ont vécu un amour fou, une passion. Mes parents mâont appris en même temps la liberté. Ma mère avait deux hommes, mon père et moi, simplement. Mes parents ont vécu avec un grand respect lâun pour lâautre. ⢠If we count those words occurring between spaces, we discover that there are 44 items. These are known as graphological units. However, instinctively we feel that the passage contains more words than that, and it is clear that other factors need to be taken into account. Complicating factors 1 â The apostrophe effect ⢠In French a finite number of very short words ending in -e (known as mute e) elide the -e before a word beginning with a vowel, the place of the elided -e being indicated by an apostrophe. The list of such words comprises â le, me, te, se, que, ne, de, ce. ⢠In addition la acts in the same way. ⢠Si elides its vowel before il / ils only. ⢠If the elided words in the passage are noted and treated as normal words, the number of items increases by four, to 48. 10 Words 11 Complicating factors 2 â The hyphen effect 1 ⢠This is triggered by the presence of a hyphen in vivaient-ils. It is the practice in French that when an interrogative is formed by inversion of the subject and the verb, the subject pronoun is linked to the verb by a hyphen, as in this case. Consequently, another item is to be added to the list, making 49. The hyphen effect 2 ⢠However, the use of a hyphen in French does not always signal that a subject pronoun has been appended to a verb. Hyphens are used in other circumstances as well, when in fact separate items are not indicated. ⢠This applies, for example, when même is attached to a personal pronoun (for example moi-même) and also in the formation of many compound expressions (for example gratte-ciel, ouvre-boîte, (une fusée) sol-air), all of which would count as single words (but see below). ⢠A hyphen also occurs in constructions when the letter t is used to indicate that in speech a t sound has been inserted between a verb-ending involving a vowel and a pronoun beginning with a vowel (for example a-t-il fait cela?). In word counts it is normal to ignore the -t-. The total we have reached is the number of word forms or orthographic words in the passage. It is possible to look at the passage in another way, and to count the number of different words in the passage, the vocabulary items. Vocabulary items ⢠parents, ont and un occur three times each in the passage, and mes, lâ and vécu twice each. That means that, although there are 49 distinct orthographic words in the passage, there are 40 different vocabulary items. Combining the orthographic words and vocabulary items ⢠By grouping together the different orthographic forms of the same vocabulary item, the word-counting process can be taken a stage further. ⢠For example, vivaient and vécu are both manifestations of the base vocabulary item, the infinitive vivre. Indeed it makes sense to include the whole of the form of the perfect tense of vivre, in other words including the auxiliary, ont vécu, under that heading. ⢠A similar situation applies to the feminine and masculine forms of the indefinite article, un and une, which are subsumed under the masculine singular form un, and also to the possessive adjectives mon, ma and mes which are likewise subsumed under the masculine singular form mon. ⢠This allows us to delete another nine forms from the vocabulary items list, which now makes 31 different words. Chapter 2 12 Base forms ⢠In French it is traditional to treat masculine forms as the standard, base form, when it comes to dealing with the singular / plural forms of nouns or the singular / plural or masculine / feminine forms of adjectives and so on, and to use infinitives as the base form when it comes to regrouping the different parts of verbs. Subsuming and close family likeness ⢠Subsuming words under the appropriate vocabulary item is usually straightforward. There is generally a âfamily likenessâ between the various word forms involved. In the passage we have un / une. ⢠Other examples are donne / donnons / donnent / donnai / donnerai, etc. or cheval / chevaux, vache / vaches, grand / grande. Exercises How many other forms belong under the vocabulary item donner? List the forms belonging under the items connaître, recevoir, vouloir. What special problems arise from listing the forms associated with aller, avoir, être, pouvoir? Suppletion and verb forms ⢠In the case of vécu and vivre, already mentioned, the two words have only a v in common. ⢠More extreme examples are provided by certain highly irregular verbs, as you may have discovered in the exercises: avoir with future and conditional tenses in aur-, with a past participle in eu and many other forms beginning with that combination of letters; être with â¦â and you have already noted them â in fact only êtes, past participle été, imperfect tense beginning étâ¦,bear any resemblance to the infinitive; the other forms â suis, es, est, sommes, sont, sois, etc., serai, etc., fus etc. â are highly disguised forms of the verb! The same applies to aller. Exercises Can you think of yet other verbs to which this applies? Can you think of any other parts of speech to which it also applies? (Hint â think of how good, better, best of English would be translated into French.) Suppletion and other word classes ⢠The previous examples have involved verbs. Other word classes are also involved, where the link between the various forms is based solely upon meaning. Words 13 (1) In some cases the words have the same ultimate Latin or Greek origin but have diverged with the passage of time, producing forms which no longer appear linked in modern French. Nouns and the corresponding adjectives are often involved here. Examples lieu / local, loi / légal, mère / maternel, mois / mensuel. (2) In yet other cases, the two words derive from different original forms and suppletion reaches breaking point. Examples jour / quotidien, lettre / épistolaire, sud / méridional, ville / urbain. Exercises Can you think of any other examples of type 1? What about the French for words to do with âfather, night, nose, peace, ripe, spiritâ? The recording of suppleted forms in dictionaries ⢠The question arises as to whether such forms merit separate entries in a dictionary or whether they should be included under the base form. The practice of standard dictionaries is varied: they tend not to record individual forms of verbs when suppletion occurs. Consequently looking for serai is a frustrating exercise â it will not be found as such; its location is under the headword être. However, meilleur, mieux, pire, pis are entered separately. Exercises Can you think why verbs and adverbs should be treated differently? Is the status of the latter different from that of verbs? How are articles and pronouns treated in dictionaries? The practice in word-counting ⢠It is normal in a word-count to treat all forms of a verb, however diverse they may be, as one vocabulary item; articles and pronouns should be treated similarly. ⢠On the other hand, comparative and superlative forms of adjectives, linked adjectives and nouns may be treated as individual items. 14 Chapter 2 Exercise Make a word-count of the following passage: provide a figure for the number of orthographic words and the number of vocabulary items. Pay special attention to the apostrophes and hyphens. How would you deal with proper names? Vendredi matin vers 5 heures, à Toulouse, Geneviève Gonzalez, 32 ans, sortait dâune boîte de nuit quand elle a vu la voiture dâAlexis Favarel, 20 ans, plonger dans le canal de Brienne. La jeune femme nâa pas hésité à se jeter à lâeau pour le délivrer du véhicule. Les sapeurs-pompiers ont transporté le jeune homme, très choqué, à lâhôpital Purpan. Treatment of du ⢠What we have here is an orthographic word which consists of two vocabulary items, de and le (see Chapter 1). Therefore, in a word-count, it is necessary to treat the orthographic form as a single occurrence, but, in the calculation of the vocabulary items, to break it down into its constituent elements. The first passage also throws up another issue, which might affect the word count, namely the difference between content words and function words. Content words Content words are the nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs which carry most of the meaning of a sentence, whereas function words are the other word-classes, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, pronouns and so on, which perform principally a syntactic function. The former are the bricks of a building, giving it its structure and architecture, the latter the mortar holding the bricks together, essential but less noticeable. The ambivalence of certain forms ⢠The distinction between content words and form words is generally easy to apply, but there is one instance in the passage where the distinction might be missed. It involves the two values of avoir, shown in ils ont vécu un amour fou and ma mère avait deux hommes. ⢠In the first case ont is an example of the use of avoir as a function word, specifically its use as an auxiliary verb creating the past tense of most French verbs. ⢠In the second case avoir is being used as a content verb with its full meaning of âto haveâ. In terms of the word count, avoir as a content word is counted as a vocabulary item, whereas avoir as a function word is subsumed under the verb vivre and is not counted. Words 15 Having examined some of the idiosyncrasies associated with words â the distinction between orthographic words and vocabulary items, the use of the apostrophe and hyphen, the existence of suppletion, the distinction between form and content words â we return to our original question: is it possible to define a word? The answer is âyesâ â provided that the definition is very flexible and provided that we are allowed to make certain exceptions! A word is a minimum free form (definition, part 1) A word is a minimum free form (expression first formulated by the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield in 1926 and generally adopted subsequently). What is meant by minimum? This means that the word is the smallest unit of meaning that can be used on its own; it cannot be divided into smaller units which can stand independently by themselves. Example ⢠goût is a word by this definition, because it cannot be divided into smaller units. ⢠goûter is also a word by this definition, because, although it can be broken down into the morphemes goût + er, the latter has no independent existence. ⢠Similarly dégoût and dégoûter are words, because again the prefix dé has no independent existence. Exception ⢠However, there is a group of words which fall foul of this aspect of the definition, namely compound words, e.g. casse-croûte = snack, protège-cahier = protective cover for exercise-book, because each of the constituent parts is another free form. A word is a minimum free form (definition, part 2) A word is a minimum free form. What is meant by free? This means that the word enjoys certain properties, namely that it has positional mobility and internal stability and has an identifiable semantic or syntactic function. Positional mobility means that the word is not permanently attached to a word like a derivational prefix but can occur in various positions in a sentence, etc. Internal stability means that it has a permanent form, although this will have to accommodate a certain amount of inflectional and derivational variation. The definition applies best to content words, less well to function words, as their internal stability is often minimal (e.g. the definite articles, forms of possessive adjectives and so on). Chapter 2 16 Lexical Item / Lexeme Having recognised some of the difficulties inherent in the definition of a word, it is desirable to refine our terminology. We have seen above that it is important to distinguish between an orthographic word and a vocabulary item. More convenient than the term âvocabulary itemâ is lexical item or lexeme to describe the smallest distinctive unit in the semantic system (vocabulary or lexicon (see below)) of a language. It is important to realise that words are rarely used in isolation. They form relationships with other words in various ways, as the following sections illustrate. Lexeme (definition 1) A lexeme may consist of a single word, e.g. crême, machine. But it may also consist of two words, e.g. crême brûlée, crême dépilatoire = hair-removing cream, crême fouettée = whipped cream, machine-outil = machine tool, machine totalisatrice = totaliser, machine composée = compound machine; three words, e.g. crême au beurre = butter cream, machine à coudre = sewing machine, machine à écrire = typewriter, and so on, e.g. machine à traitement de texte = word processor. What is important is not so much the number of words involved as the fact that together they form a single semantic entity. Lexeme (definition 2) The term lexeme is also used to denote the base form of words which undergo suppletion (e.g. le, mon are considered to be lexical items, whereas la, ma, les, mes are word forms). These base forms have an abstract quality and are the forms which generally appear as headwords in dictionaries. Exercises Find some lexemes consisting of two, three, four and five orthographic words. Collocation Collocation Some words are more likely to occur in the same context than others. In other words, words habitually co-occur. There is a high degree of predictability that the same words will be found in similar contexts. As soon as one of a group of such words occurs, we can expect with a high degree of certainty that one or some of the others will also occur in that context. Words 17 Examples ⢠It is more likely, for example, that charbon = coal, exploiter = to mine, gisement = stratum, mine, sécurité = safety will be found in the same context than, for example, charbon, chien , vélo, église, politique. ⢠If we use the word professeur, it is very likely that words such as élève, enseigner will occur in the vicinity, rather than plaisir, chocolat, évêque. Exercises Find 10 more lexical items that are likely to collocate with professeur. Find 10 more lexical items that are unlikely to collocate with professeur. Cluster Cluster Lexical items that collocate form clusters. Clusters are groups of lexical items that habitually co-occur. Examples ⢠professeur, élève, enseigner and the other 10 items you found form a cluster, whereas plaisir, chocolat, évêque and the other 10 items you found probably do not. Exercise 1 Find 6 items which form the cluster âthose who teach and those who are taughtâ. Find 10 items which form the cluster âteaching establishmentsâ. Find 10 items which form the cluster âthe teaching / learning processâ. Find 10 items which form the cluster âequipment for teachingâ. Exercise 2 Starting with the lexical item voiture gather as many other items that you can think of relating to a car. Form them into clusters. Chapter 2 18 Lexical Sets and Semantic Fields Clusters which are closely linked to each other form lexical sets. Sometimes it is convenient to posit other, higher levels, as necessary, in the lexical hierarchy. (Compare the following example on sport.) Lexical items that collocate form clusters; closely linked clusters form lexical sets; lexical sets themselves are subdivisions of semantic fields. The label semantic fields is a very general one which enables us to classify and organise the whole of a languageâs lexicon (see below). Examples ⢠Clusters such as teaching personnel, teaching establishments, teaching equipment, the teaching / learning processes form the lexical set education. ⢠The lexical sets mammals, rodents, birds, amongst others, form part of the semantic field animals. Exercise What name should we give to the lexical set and semantic field formed by vehicles, parts of a car, roads, the driving process, etc? Lexis Lexis The vocabulary of a language is known by linguists as its lexis; the lexical items forming clusters forming lexical sets build up to form the lexis of a language. Lexicon Lexicon The complete inventory of a languageâs lexis is known as its lexicon. This corresponds in the printed form to a dictionary containing all the languageâs lexical items. Example ⢠What follows is a worked example of part of a semantic field subdivided into lexical sets, then into clusters and then into lexical items within clusters. The analysis is by no means exhaustive. At the end, see if you can add more detail to the tables. Words 19 SPORT principes généraux le jeu succès échec sports individuels compétitions prix joueurs jeux de balle football rugby autres jeux tennis golf athlétisme gymnastique hippisme sports nautiques Principes généraux Cluster 1 le jeu faire du sport, jouer, faire de lâexercice, les exercices, être sportif, pratiquer un sport, sâentraîner Cluster 2 le succès surpasser, vaincre, le succès, réussir, gagner, une victoire, un triomphe, le vainqueur, décrocher le titre, le gagnant, battre, reléguer à la seconde place, le champion, une réussite, être premier Cluster 3 lâéchec échouer, ne pas réussir, un échec, perdre, être perdant, rater, tomber à plat, être dernier Cluster 4 les compétitions une compétition, un tournoi, un concours, un match, une partie Cluster 5 les prix une récompense, récompenser, un prix, accorder un prix, décerner un prix, un prix en espèces, une médaille de bronze, dâargent, dâor, une trophée, gagner des points Cluster 6 les joueurs un sportif, une sportive, un concurrent, une équipe, un arbitre, un athlète, un footballeur, un rugyman, un tennisman, un nageur Chapter 2 20 Sports individuels â jeux de balle Lexical set 1 le football Cluster 1 le terrain le corner, les poteaux de but, la zone des six mètres, la surface de réparation, la ligne de touche, le centre du terrain, la barre transversale, la ligne du milieu du terrain Cluster 2 les positions lâavant-centre, le demi-centre, lâinter gauche / droit, le gardien de but, un ailier gauche / droit, un demi, un buteur, un joueur du milieu du terrain, la défense, un défenseur Cluster 3 le jeu le coup dâenvoi, marquer, commettre une faute, un coup interdit = foul, tacler, le but, marquer un but, le penalty, une faute, le centre = pass, mettre la balle en touche, un coup franc, tirer, shooter, arrêter le ballon, la prolongation = extra time, le match nul, plaquer Lexical set 2 le rugby Cluster 1 le terrain la ligne dâessai, les montants, la ligne médiane Lexical set 3 le tennis Cluster 1 le court un court, le filet, la ligne de service, la ligne de côté, le simple, le double, le double mixte, le court sur herbe, le court en dur, le court couvert Lexical set 4 le golf Cluster 1 le terrain le tee, le trou, un bunker, le fairway, le green, le rough Cluster 2 les positions le pack, un demi de mêlée, les avants, un demi dâouverture = fly half, un arrière, un trois-quart Cluster 2 le jeu le set, la partie, servir, le service, la volée, zéro, trente zéro, égalité, le volant, envoyer la balle dans le filet, le let, jouer un let, le revers = backhand, le coup droit = forehand drive, la balle de set / de match Cluster 3 lâéquipement la raquette, la balle, le filet, un bandeau / poignet = sweatband Cluster 2 lâéquipement Cluster 3 le jeu la pénalité, taper en touche, marquer un essai, une mêlée, former une mêlée, une rentrée en touche les cannes / clubs â as in English, le caddie, une poussette pour cannes de golf Words 21 Sports individuels â les autres jeux Lexical set 1 athlétisme Cluster 1 les épreuves une course, le cent mètres, le cent mètre haies, le saut en hauteur / en longueur, le triple saut, le saut à la perche, le javelot, le disque, le lancement du poids / du marteau, le marathon, le 1500 mètres, le relais, lâéliminatiore = heat Cluster 2 la performance courir, sauter, lancer, le sprint, éliminer, écraser, établir un record, battre le record du monde, un tour de piste Lexical set 2 gymnastique Cluster 1 les épreuves les cours de gymnastique, lâhaltérophilie = weightlifting, les poids et haltères = weight training, lâaérobic, lâexercice Lexical set 3 hippisme Cluster 1 les épreuves les sports équestres, le saut dâobstacles, le dressage, le gymkhana, la chasse au renard, le polo, une course de chevaux, les courses Cluster 2 la performance monter à cheval, aller au pas, trotter, au trot, aller au petit galop, galoper, franchir un obstacle Lexical set 4 sports nautiques Cluster 1 les épreuves le water polo, le surf, la planche à voile, la polongée sous-marine, la plongée avec un tuba, le canoë, lâaviron, la natation, la longueur, la brasse, le crawl, la brasse papillon, le dos crawlé, un plongeon Cluster 2 la performance surfer, nager, plonger, flotter Exercise 1 Examine the following lexical items, some of which you will already have produced yourself in a previous exercise, and distribute them among the clusters which are also given. établissements scolaires â matières â équipement â personnel â processus éducatif â examens et tests â qualifications agrégation, allemand, anglais, apprendre, archéologie, biologie, botanie, cahier dâexercices, certificat, chargé de cours, chimie, classe de première, classe, classes préparatoires, collège, collégien, conférence, copie dâexamen, cour de récréation, cours, craie, devoirs, directeur, directrice, dirlo, doctorat, école, école maternelle, école dâEtat, école polytechnique, école primaire, école privée, école technique, écolier, éducation, éducation physique, éduquer, élève, enseignant, enseignement, enseignement supérieur, enseigner, épreuve, érudit, espagnol, établissement dâenseignement secondaire, étude, étudiant, étudiant de troisième cycle, étudier, examen, examinateur, faire un cours, faire des études, faire passer un examen à quelquâun, former, français, garderie, géographie, histoire, institut, instituteur, instructeur, instruction, instruction religieuse, instruire, intellectuel, internat, interrogation, interroger, jardin dâenfants, laboratoire, laboratoire de langues, langues vivantes, leçon, lettres classiques, licence ès lettres, licence ès sciences, linguistique, lycée, lycéen, manuel, mathématiques, matière, matières littéraires, maître, moniteur, musique, obtenir sa licence / son diplôme / son bac, passer un examen, premier cycle, professeur dâuniversité , philosophie, physique, pupitre, principal, professeur, qualification, rater, recteur, ne pas être reçu, réussir, réviser, salle de classe, savant, sciences, sciences économiques, sciences humaines, scolaire, en sixième, sociologie, sujet, surveillant, tableau noir, en terminale, test, test dâaptitude, travailler, universitaire, université. Chapter 2 22 Exercise 2 Examine the semantic field TRANSPORT and create your own lexical sets with their clusters and lexical items. Other Associations Between Words In addition to structuring a languageâs lexis according to semantic themes, based on clusters, lexical sets and semantic fields, it is also possible to identify other patterns into which the lexis enters. These patterns are based upon a variety of types of associations or relations Synonymy Synonymy Synonymy involves words with identical or almost identical meanings, words which are interchangeable in all or almost all circumstances. Absolute synonymy ⢠It is extremely rare to meet synonyms which are absolutely identical and which can replace each other in each and every situation. Exercise Why do you think absolute synonymy is so unusual? ⢠Absolute synonymy goes counter to two of the great principles of linguistics â (1) that languages are constructed on differences â we are so used to the idea that words have different meanings that if we are presented with two words that are supposedly synonymous, we try to discover a difference between them; (2) that languages are efficient and economical instruments â unnecessary words would clutter our mental lexicons. Having words with exactly the same meaning would serve no useful purpose (except perhaps to allow orators and writers to embellish their language more effectively). The vocabulary of French is so large in any case that words that are not really necessary, because their meaning may be conveyed by others, would be a luxury that our minds could ill afford to store. Speakers need to be able to draw fine distinctions between objects, qualities, states, and partial synonyms facilitate that need, whereas absolute synonyms would not. Examples of absolute synonymy in modern French ⢠Despite the above, there are cases of absolute synonymy in every-day French, but not many, e.g. deuxième / second, bicyclette / vélo. Words 23 ⢠Ironically, a number of absolute synonyms survive in scientific terminology. For example, in the realm of phonetics, mute e may be referred to as e muet, sourd, caduc, féminin in French. ⢠But it is in the area of slang that the greatest concentrations of absolute synonyms are to be found. ⢠To name the head, the following terms are a selection of those available from just two letters of the alphabet â balle, bille, boule, caboche, citrouille, coco. Exercise Why should slang be so amenable to the production of absolute synonyms? Partial synonymy ⢠Often the reason why absolute synonymy does not exist is that words have meanings which carry many nuances and expressive differences which are not exactly matched by another word, or there is some syntactic constraint which allows the synonyms to be distinguished. ⢠Consequently the majority of synonyms are partial synonyms. Example 1 ⢠The lexical items avoir peur / craindre are as close as can be to being absolute synonyms, but it is their syntactic differences which prevent that being achieved: avoir peur cannot replace craindre in il nây rien à craindre. Example 2 ⢠What usually distinguishes synonyms is their different expressive values. vieux monsieur is more polite than vieil homme; vieillard suggests respect, mon vieux affection, whereas low register expressions like barbe grise are pejorative. Exercise 1 Here are a number of words associated with praise, with their values given in random order. Try to link the word with its appropriate value: compliment, éloge, encens, louange, panégyrique â praise + esteem, praise + judgement (positive or negative), praise + exaggeration, praise + flattery, moderate praise. Exercise 2 Try to distinguish in the same way as in Exercise 1 between the following partial synonyms, remembering that some may be neutral and others have a more restricted application â clair, limpide, net, propre, pur. Chapter 2 24 Exercise 3 Briser and casser are partial synonyms. A series of contexts follows. With which expressions can both verbs be used, with which only one? â une assiette, un bras, le coeur de quelquâun, la croûte, une fenêtre, une glace, une grève, un traité, lâunité, un verre, une vitre. Try to draw a general conclusion. The effect of ageing ⢠Quite often one of a pair of absolute synonyms becomes less common in current usage and may eventually disappear altogether. Such words acquire an archaic ring â choir = tomber, ouïr = entendre, quérir = chercher. Exercise What are the current equivalents of ardoir, maints? There are a number of ways in which synonyms may be distinguished. Distinction between synonyms 1 ⢠According to time of origin â In French, pairs of partial synonyms have resulted from the fact that they have been borrowed from the same language at different times. Examples frêle, froid, nourriture, raide, sûreté entered the language in the normal way from Vulgar Latin words (see Chapter 3); however, from the 14th century onwards the same Latin words were resorted to to produce the following synonyms, fragile, frigide, nutrition, rigide, sécurité. Distinction between synonyms 2 ⢠According to place of origin â As far as foreign influences are concerned, in the Renaissance period (16th century) the Italian words cantatrice and cavalcade were introduced into the language, thus creating synonyms for the earlier words chanteuse and chevauchée. More recently English has contributed to the formation of pairs of synonyms through the borrowing of such words as interview alongside the previous entrevue, lunch alongside goûter, ticket alongside étiquette. It also happens that in different parts of the country different words are used as alternatives to the standard French term. Examples Around Saint-Etienne amiteux = affectionate; near the border with Belgium ducasse, kermesse are used to denote local fairs (fête); in the South (but also Words 25 more generally) fada = mad; in the Haute-Marne département herbages = weeds; in the west of the country magette = bean; in the South mas = farm; in the Lyon area tantôt = afternoon. ⢠On a broader scale, in different parts of the French-speaking world, words which are not current in the French of France are used as alternatives to standard terms. Examples In Canada faire une application = to apply, chéquer = to check, chum = mate, espérer = to wait, fin de semaine = weekend, magasinage = shopping, traversier = car ferry; in parts of Africa charbon = charcoal, charlatan = soothsayer, faith healer, compéter = to compete, dévierger = to rape, petit français = gibberish, goudron = tarmacked road, graine = peanut (Senegal), gros mot = elegant expression. Distinction between synonyms 3 ⢠According to register â slang Slang provides a very rich variety of words synonymous with standard French ones. Examples Almost every part of the body has at least one slang alternative term. Exercises What slang words do you know for parts of the body? (Donât be too squeamish!) What is the theme running through the slang terms in the following list? â bouche / gueule, bras / pattes, jambes / pattes, mourir / crever, nez / museau. Slang also provides synonyms for many other aspects of daily life. What are the standard French forms for the following slang words? â bouffer, bouquin, fourrer, piocher, pieu. Distinction between synonyms 4 ⢠According to register â literary language At the other end of the register scale, literary or high-flown language often has recourse to high register terms rather than standard ones. Examples astre for étoile, conférer for donner, coursier for cheval, firmament for ciel, impécunieux for pauvre, trépas for mort. Distinction between synonyms 5 ⢠In specialised usage â There are also words used in particular specialist languages which are not Chapter 2 26 used in standard French. Professions, trades and other group activities create their own technical, specialist vocabularies. Example The medical profession uses embolie for coup de sang, épiderme for peau, lésion for blessure, phlébotomie for saignée, phtisie for tuberculose. The use of the following synonyms is determined by the relevant political or legal context â convention is general in application, but accord implies the end of hostilities between rival groups; contrat is written and has a legal connotation; pacte is surrounded with a certain solemnity; traité is written and follows negotiations. Distinction between synonyms 6 ⢠According to connotation â Sometimes one synonym has a neutral value, while the other or others have an affective quality. Examples enfant is neutral in value, as against bambin, gosse, petit, which tend to be positive, and marmot, mioche, morveux, which tend to be negative â but the speakerâs tone can cancel out negative undertones! In the synonymic pair aimer / adorer, the latter suggests passion and worship, whereas the former is more general. In the pair, cohue / foule, the former suggests disorder and unruliness, while the latter again has no particular connotation. Exercise Can you detect any differences of connotation between the following pairs of synonyms? â blesser / estropier, regarder / toiser, nouveau / inédit, se maquiller / se peinturlurer, rusé / finaud. Distinction between synonyms 7 ⢠The role of euphemism â At times it is preferable not to refer directly to certain objects (parts of the body), events (death, illness), activities (drunkenness, sex) or bodily functions. Euphemisms come to the aid of the speaker who wishes to be circumspect in delicate circumstances and who needs to refer obliquely to a particular matter. The buttocks = fesses are referred to euphemistically as derrière / séant / arrière-train; to die = mourir as éteindre / avaler son bulletin de naissance / casser sa pipe / passer lâarme à gauche. ⢠The colourful contribution made by slang to euphemisms is obviously extensive. Words 27 Synonymic values ⢠Synonyms may form a scale of values. Example The amount of dislike experienced increases according to which of the following verbs is selected: en vouloir, haïr, détester, exécrer. Exercises Order the following words in terms of their intensity â bête / dément / fou / idiot / naïf / stupide; crainte / effroi / épouvante / frayeur / peur / terreur; abattement / affliction / désespoir / désolation / mélancolie / tristesse. Can you detect any nuances of meaning between the following series of synonyms? â cultivé, docte, érudit, intelligent, lettré, savant; affaibli, chétif, débile, faible, fragile, frêle, infirme; accomplir, achever, consommer, finir, parachever, terminer. Because certain â many â words have more than one meaning, they will have more than one set of synonyms, and synonyms of one meaning are not usually synonyms of the other(s). Examples ⢠sauvage has farouche as a synonym with the meaning = wild (animal), but inhabité when it means = uninhabited (land); ⢠bête on the one hand (as a noun) has a synonym in animal, but on the other (as an adjective) stupide. ⢠Farouche and inhabité, animal and stupide may be synonyms of sauvage and bête respectively, but they are not synonyms of each other. Antonyms In addition to entering into synonymous relationships, words also enter into antonymous ones. Antonymy Just as words may be associated with others through having similar meanings, they may also be associated with others through having opposite or contradictory meanings. 28 Chapter 2 Examples ⢠The simplest way to form an antonym is to add a prefix with a negative value to the base word, e.g. possible / impossible, conformiste / non-conformiste, accord / désaccord. ⢠But more often a word unrelated in form and with an opposite meaning exists, e.g. toujours / jamais, jeunesse / vieillesse, devant / derrière, noir / blanc, entrer / sortir. Antonyms 1 â Complementary antonyms ⢠Some antonyms are absolute and mutually exclusive, such as mort / vivant, homme / femme, so that the denial of one of the terms implies the assertion of the other. These are known as complementary antonyms. Exercise Can you think of some other examples of complementary antonyms? Antonyms 2 â Gradable antonyms ⢠Other antonyms are best viewed as stretching along a scale from two opposing poles, e.g. beau / laid, riche / pauvre, jeune / vieux, grand / petit, the point being that there are degrees of richness and poverty, etc. â just because you are not rich, you are not necessarily poor, you may be in-between! ⢠Similarly jeune in jeune enfant does not have the same value as it does in jeune député or jeune octogénaire; grand when applied to an insect has a different value from when it is applied to a mountain. ⢠Of course, sometimes an element of subjectivity colours the use that a certain speaker makes of a particular term, e.g. what (or whom) one person considers beautiful may be quite otherwise in another personâs eyes. Exercise The examples above all involved adjectives. Can you think of any adverbs, nouns or verbs which are similarly gradable? Antonyms 3 â Converse / relational antonyms ⢠A third type of antonymy involves a relationship of converseness or a relational opposition. The two words involved are the converse of each other, e.g. acheter is the converse of vendre and vice versa, recevoir the converse of donner, épouse of époux, oncle / tante of neveu / nièce. Words 29 Exercises What are the converse terms of au-dessus, devant, posséder, contenir, employé, professeur? With kinship terms the associations are slightly more complicated. Homonymy Whereas synonymy is based upon identity or quasi-identity of meaning between words, homonymy is based upon identity of form. Examples ⢠There are many examples of homonymy in French, e.g. balle = ball / balle = bale, louer = to praise / louer = to hire. Homonymy The term homonym is usually reserved for groups of words whose spelling and pronunciation are identical but whose meanings are different. However, there are many other groups of words with identical pronunciation but different spellings: these are called homophones. Examples ceint (ceins) / cinq / sain / saint / sein / seing; vair / ver / verre / vers / vert. There are a few other groups of words whose spelling is the same, but whose pronunciations vary; these are called homographs. Examples est (cardinal point) / (il) est, (nous) portions / (les) portions, reporter (verb) / reporter (noun), (le) sens / (je) sens. The shorter a word the more likely it is to have a homonym. Homographs will be ignored in the ensuing discussion, and homonyms and homophones will be treated together, using the term homonym to denote both. There are some significant points to note about homonyms. Differentiating homonyms 1 ⢠Homonyms may belong to different word classes. Examples sans (preposition) / sang (noun), vers (preposition) / vair, ver, verre, vers (nouns) / vert (adjective). Differentiating homonyms 2 ⢠Homonyms may also be distinguished by gender. 30 Chapter 2 Examples le / la livre, le / la page, le / la vase. Exercises How many homonyms can you find with the following phonetic sequences? â /fwa / , / ku / , / kur /, / mεr / , / pεr / ? Find the masculine homonym corresponding to the following feminine ones â la garde = protection, guards, la manche = sleeve, la mousse = moss, la vague = wave. Find homonyms from different word classes for the following words â bois = drink (verb), boucher = to plug, dans = in, souris = mouse, tendre = tender (adjective). In the examples of homonyms, the lexical gap between the meanings of the two or more words involved has been considerable, and the danger of ambiguity resulting from such words sounding the same has been minimal, especially if there is a syntactic distinction between them (different genders or word-classes). It should be pointed out that there is another linguistic phenomenon related to homonymy which involves the fact that many words have more than one meaning. This is known as polysemy. Polysemy The situation where contained within a wordâs meaning are a number of nuances, usually closely related to each other but with slight differences. Some words have only a few nuances of this type, others many. The vaguer the word the more likely it is to have a large number of nuances. Examples ⢠écran = screen may be applied to a vast range of very different screens, often with different functions, but having in common the fact that they are nonetheless screens, e.g. écran de cinéma, de télévision, dâordinateur, de fumée, solaire, crème écran total, anti-bruit. ⢠Similarly, appuyer has a number of values which emerge depending upon its collocation or context â (1) to rest or lean against, e.g. appuyer une échelle contre un mur, (2) to lean on, e.g. appuyer sur le bouton, (3) to support (a candidate, team etc.), (4) to base (something upon something), e.g. appuyer son raisonnement sur des faits nouveaux, (5) to insist, e.g. appuyer sur son opinion. Words 31 Exercises Whereas homonymy affects only a relatively small number of words, practically all words are polysemous. Can you suggest why? Consult a large dictionary to discover how many nuances of meaning it provides for faire, mettre, prendre, jeu, raison. Hyponymy A last type of association is that of hyponymy. Hyponymy The inclusion of the meaning of one or more terms in that of another. The latter is known as the superordinate term and the former as co-hyponyms. Examples ⢠The names of specific flowers, co-hyponyms, such as rose, tulipe, violette, orchidée are all included in the more general name fleur, the superordinate term. ⢠The superordinate term rouge includes within its meaning such other colour terms as carmin, cramoisi, écarlate, pourpre, vermeil, co-hyponyms. Exercise What co-hyponyms can you think of for insecte, cheval, arbre, bâtiment, vétement? The wordâs wide web It is clear from the foregoing that a word is at the centre of a large number of associations â like a spider, it sits amid a giant web of linked words, some clearly associated, some more tenuously. Megaexercise Using temps as your starting point, produce its associative web: in a chart show what clusters and lexical sets it enters into, what words are associated with it as synonyms, as antonyms, as homonyms (and homophones), whether it is a superordinate term, whether it has co-hyponyms. If you are feeling really ambitious, you could then push the exercise still further by undertaking the same tasks for tempsâs homonyms! By the end of the exercise you will no doubt have grappled with a fairly large sample of the French lexicon. Chapter 2 32 The Number of Words in French Having attempted to define what a word is and having examined all the ramifications involved in so doing, the logical next step is to speculate on the number of words there are in the French language. This time the controversy does not so much concern what is meant by a French word â although we have already seen the problems involved in defining a word, and there is also debate as to what is a French word (see Chapter 4) â as what is meant by the French lexis itself. It is more or less universally accepted that dictionaries are the guardians of the words of a language â dictionaries vie with each other in their claims to present the most complete inventory of a languageâs lexicon. French is particularly well served in this respect. Trésor de la langue française ⢠The Trésor de la langue française (the first of sixteen volumes appeared in 1971), complemented by the Trésor général des langues et parlers français (neither of which has yet been completed), is probably the most ambitious lexicographical venture ever undertaken: the corpus gathered for these projects comprises about 260 million words, from which about 1,200,000 different French words have been recorded. Larousse and Le Robert ⢠In addition French enjoys the privilege of two prestigious publishing houses which produce each year new editions of their families of dictionaries. The best known of these dictionaries and the most widely consulted are without doubt Le Petit Robert, which contains about 60,000 entries and Le Petit Larousse dictionary, which has about 76,000 entries. ⢠It scarcely needs to be pointed out that both of these contain only a small proportion of the words which the Trésors will eventually publish. The extent of the average speakerâs vocabulary ⢠Research has shown that the average French person draws on, for normal conversation, a stock of about 3,500 words: this is known as le français élémentaire. ⢠Indeed, it has been calculated that probably only 1,500 words are necessary for everyday communication, just over 1% of the Trésorsâ tally: this constitutes le français fondamental (established in 1958). ⢠There is, therefore, a phenomenal difference between the number of words which the average French speaker uses on a regular basis and the potential number of words in the lexicon. The Trésors will contain every word that has ever been used in French in the documents they have analysed. The humbler dictionaries contain those words which are in fairly regular use â and, as Chapter 5 shows, new words are being created every Words 33 day and adding to Frenchâs lexical stock. Consequently, all that can be said is that when you are discussing the size of the French lexis, the answer has to be carefully qualified â and the answer given one day will no doubt be different from that given the next! Chapter 3 Words With a Long History Despite the pretensions of purists, French is, like English, a mongrel of a language, with ingredients taken from many different sources. In fact, as we shall see, French has welcomed words from all continents into its vocabulary. This is a process which has been going on for many centuries, indeed ever since the emergence of French as an independent language. The following two chapters will attempt to supply information and examples about the way in which the language has developed and how it has acquired words from these varied sources â this chapter will concentrate upon the prehistory of the language and its formative period â and the next upon its subsequent development and foreign acquisitions. The Situation Before the Arrival of the Romans The Neolithic period ⢠Neolithic man, and maybe woman, left indications of their presence and artistic talents on the walls of caves and on megalithic monuments in a number of regions of France. ⢠Other inhabitants may well have come and gone without leaving any trace of their settlements and certainly without having any impact upon the subsequent development of the French language. Ligurians, Iberians and Greeks ⢠The first peoples to leave any linguistic evidence, and that very slight, were the Ligurians and Iberians, who settled in the southern half of present-day France, and the Greeks, who settled along the Mediterranean coast. ⢠This evidence is mainly in the form of elements of place-names (in the case of Ligurian, for example Venasque, and in that of Greek, Marseille, Nice, Antibes) and also in words mediated by other dialects / languages and, in the case of Iberian, in the present-day Basque language. ⢠From Ligurian via various dialects came alpage = pasture, marron = chestnut, chalet. ⢠From Iberian via Spanish came baraque = hut, givre = frost, joue = cheek. ⢠Greek influence is preserved mainly in present-day Occitan rather than French, but caler = to wedge, dôme, fantôme and trèfle = clover originate from this period. 34 Words With a Long History 35 Exercises Why do you think the linguistic offerings from Ligurian and Iberian are so few? How would you explain why certain of these words are preserved in place-names and others have entered French through the intermediary of other dialects / languages? The Gauls The Gauls â early contact ⢠The Ligurians and Iberians were eventually displaced by the Gauls, who had begun their migrations west from eastern and central Europe in the 8th century BC and arrived in the country that was to bear their name around 500 BC. The Gauls â early conflict ⢠The Gauls eventually came into conflict with Greek settlers, who had colonised the southern fringe of the country from 600 BC onwards. The reaction of the Greeks was to summon help from Rome, the most powerful state of the time. Gaul and Rome â early campaigns ⢠(1) Rome was only too pleased to have an excuse to move across the Alps and establish a foothold for itself in Gaul. The first campaign into Gaul conducted by the Romans took place between 154 and 125 BC and concentrated upon the area settled by the Greeks. The result was the establishment of the Roman province known as Provincia Narbonensis, from which the present-day name Provence and the noun / adjective provençal derive. ⢠(2) The first campaign was followed nearly a hundred years later by a much larger enterprise, led by Julius Caesar, between 57 and 52 BC, which saw the whole of the rest of the country fall under Roman control and signalled the death-knell of Gaulish. Military invasion and action were followed by colonisation. Exercise Imagine the invasion of Gaul by the Romans. What sort of people would be involved â in the military campaigns and then as settlements were established? Romanisation The establishment and adoption of Roman practices by their conquered peoples. This was mainly an urban phenomenon, the countryside being comparatively unaffected early on and only slowly coming under Roman influence. 36 Chapter 3 Exercises Why would the previous inhabitants of Gaul be prepared to follow Roman ways? Which Gauls would be most likely to do this? Which ones might be more resistant to Roman influence? The Gauls and romanisation ⢠It was in fact in the best interests of the Gauls to become romanised. All power and opportunities for intellectual, social, cultural and financial advancement lay in the hands of the Romans. ⢠Consequently ambitious Gauls were eager to acquire the language of their conquerors in order to provide for themselves a place in the sun. ⢠In some towns, schools and universities were established, where the sons of Gaulish aristocratic families could acquire a knowledge of Latin. The Gaulish language ⢠Gaulish belongs to the Celtic group of languages and was spoken in Gaul for a period of about seven hundred years. ⢠By the 3rd century AD it was well on the way to being abandoned in favour of Latin. The Gauls, Gaulish and Latin ⢠It should be emphasised that none of the schools mentioned above were available for ordinary people to be taught Latin. They had to pick the language up as best they could, with no one to correct them and no reliable models to follow. The Latin speakers they would come into contact with most often would be traders, soldiers, settlers from different parts of the Empire, all speaking with different accents, none of whom would make any effort to guide the Gauls in their language-learning endeavours. ⢠A long period of bilingualism preceded the disappearance of Gaulish from daily use by the end of the 5th century. From then onwards, Latin, influenced by Gaulish speech habits, was adopted throughout the country. The linguistic result of the merging of Latin and Gaulish is known as Gallo-Roman. Gaulish linguistic influence upon French ⢠However, Gaulish did not disappear completely â there are still a few words of Gaulish origin surviving in modern French. ⢠These words, estimated to be 180 in all, relate to the daily activities of the Gauls. Some of the words are restricted to use in French, others passed into Latin and thence into other European languages. Words With a Long History 37 Examples (a small selection) ⢠(1) Words which passed via Latin into other European languages â cheval, chemise, changer, chemin. ⢠(2) Words which occur only in French. This is a larger collection and comprises words relating mainly to: agriculture â boue = mud, talus = slope, glaner = to glean, ruche = beehive; domestic matters â suie = soot, briser = to break, habiller; names of animals â bouc = billy goat, mouton = sheep; names of trees â bouleau = birch, if = yew, sapin = fir. Exercises Comment on the word classes (e.g. nouns, verbs) involved. Which ones are represented, which ones are absent? Can you suggest why? Germanic The Germans â early contact ⢠Germanic tribes began infiltrating Gaul from the end of the 2nd century AD and invading on a large scale from the 4th. ⢠The Alemans occupied the east (present-day Alsace), the Burgundians the area from the Franche-Comté to Savoy, the Visigoths the south. The Franks ⢠Especially important were the Franks, who first occupied the north and then spread to the rest of the country north of the Loire. ⢠The Franks, who, as the Gauls had done before them, eventually bequeathed their name to the country, did not succeed in imposing their language upon the conquered population like the Romans. Exercise Can you suggest why the Franksâ language was not adopted? Reasons for the retention of Gallo-Roman ⢠(1) The occupation by the Franks was not sufficiently dense to ensure that the whole population came into contact with German speakers, and their culture was inferior to that already existing in the country. ⢠(2) The conversion of the Frankish king, Clovis, to Christianity in 426. Since Latin was the language of the Church, the conversion of the Franks meant that they became familiar with that language, an essential ingredient of Gallo-Roman. 38 Chapter 3 The Frankish linguistic influence upon French ⢠The Frankish contribution to the vocabulary of emerging Old French was extensive, much more so than Gaulish, but many of the words are no longer in current use. ⢠It has been calculated that, whereas Old French contained about a thousand words of Germanic origin, only between three and four hundred survive into Modern French, of which about 150 are used regularly. Exercise Can you think why there should be such a loss of words? Frankish linguistic influence upon French â semantic areas (a small selection) ⢠The major semantic areas covered by the Frankish contribution are: animals â épervier = sparrow-hawk, guêpe = wasp, blaireau = badger, renard = fox. plants â blé = corn, framboise = strawberry, hêtre = beech. human types â garçon, héraut = herald. words relating to daily life â farder = to apply make-up, hache = axe, malle = trunk, gâter = to spoil, gravir = to climb, lécher = to lick, marcher = to walk. parts of the body â échine = spine, hanche = hip. clothing â gant, robe. warfare â guerre, flèche = arrow, blesser = to wound. ⢠There are also a few adjectives â frais, laid, a number relating to colour â blanc, bleu, brun, gris, adverbs â guère, (en) guise (de), trop, and a pronoun, maint = many a, as well as a prefix, mé- and three suffixes, -an (as in paysan), -ard (as in vieillard) and âaud (as in nigaud = fool). Latin We must not allow ourselves to be over-impressed by the Gaulish and Frankish contributions to French, nor must we lose sight of the fact that the basis of modern French is Latin, Latin vocabulary and Latin grammar. Words that are unremarkable, words without which any sentence would be incomplete or would sound extremely awkward, are often words of Latin origin, essential but generally unassuming. Classical Latin The Latin with which we tend to be familiar, if we are familiar with it at all, is the Latin of the great writers and orators of Rome, known as Classical Latin. This Latin was Latin at its best, perfectly correct in form, stylistically elegant, a model for all who wished to be noted in Roman society. But it was not this Latin which formed the basis of modern French. Words With a Long History 39 Exercise Why did Classical Latin not form the basis of Modern French? Vulgar Latin The vast majority of the inhabitants of Rome and the Roman Empire spoke another variety of Latin, known as Vulgar Latin. This Latin was derided and deprecated by those who spoke Classical Latin, as it departed from the norms of the former and had a flavour which was altogether different from it. The speakers of Vulgar Latin ⢠Vulgar Latin was associated with the workers, the peasants, the ordinary citizens of the Empire, those whose lives were delimited by their need to survive, to find sufficient food, to have somewhere to live, the means of making a living. ⢠Such people were not concerned about the niceties that the users of Classical Latin discussed â they did not need abstract vocabulary or complex grammatical structures to discuss sophisticated philosophical matters. ⢠What they needed was a body of language which would enable them to cope with their everyday living. Evidence of Vulgar Latin ⢠Evidence of this Latin of the ordinary people is to be found in a number of sources â not in the fine books and official inscriptions that were issued by the luminaries of Rome, but in the works of comic writers, who imitated the language of the ordinary people, in books on cookery, animal husbandry or medicine and also in scratchings on the walls of buildings, on oddments of pottery or on lowly tombstones, and also in lists of words proscribed as bad usage by the scholars of Rome. ⢠With no pretension to correctness or stylistic elegance, Vulgar Latin was the means whereby the masses of the population of the Roman Empire communicated amongst themselves. Tendencies of Vulgar Latin 1 ⢠Differences between Vulgar Latin and Classical Latin The major differences between the two varieties may be summed up as simplification and regularisation of complicated, irregular forms of the latter in the former. Many of the refinements and subtleties of Classical Latin disappeared from use in Vulgar Latin. The number of synonyms to express certain ideas were reduced. Irregular or highly synthetic constructions were regularised or made more analytical. 40 Chapter 3 Exercises Reduction of synonyms The following words all meant âbeautifulâ in Classical Latin. With your knowledge of modern French, which one or ones do you think may have been retained in Vulgar Latin? â pulcher, bellus, formosus, venustus. Similarly, which items from the following groups of words do you think survived in Vulgar Latin and were passed on into modern French? â celer, rapidus, velox all = fast; egens, nudus, indigens, indigus, orbus all = bereft, deprived. Regularisation of irregular conjugations ⢠Verbs with the infinitival ending -are constituted the dominant verb class in Classical Latin and were conjugated in a regular manner. ⢠However, there were also many verbs which were irregular in their conjugations. Examples Irregular Classical Latin canere = to sing was replaced in Vulgar Latin by regular cantare. In Classical Latin, irregular ferre = to carry had a near synonym in portare = to transport; Vulgar Latin speakers opted for the latter. Classical Latin edere, also irregular, = to eat, but a slang word also existed, manducare = to chew, to chomp. Similarly irregular flere = to weep was replaced by regular plorare. Exercises What are the benefits of adopting regularly conjugated verbs over maintaining irregular ones? Can you guess what the Vulgar Latin forms, mentioned above, have become in Modern French? Tendencies of Vulgar Latin 2 ⢠Derivation Another tendency of Vulgar Latin was to create new words from already existing ones, especially by the process of derivation; in other words by adding prefixes and suffixes to words already in use (see Chapter 5). Sometimes this was done to give more substance to short words, at other times to avoid ambiguity (to distinguish words that sounded alike and might be confused), at others to indulge a liking for creating terms of endearment. Words With a Long History 41 Examples of the use of diminutive suffixes ⢠Classical Latin apis = bee would have become just a single sound if the normal processes of phonological change had been followed (see below); to prevent the emergence of a minimal word (consisting of a single sound) with the attendant dangers of being missed in the course of speech and / or of homonymy, a derivative form, in this case a diminutive, was created; this form eventually > abeille ( < apicula). ⢠In similar fashion agnus > agneau ( < agnellum), avis > oiseau ( < avicellum), genu > genou ( < genuculum), sol > soleil ( < soliculum). ⢠Slightly different circumstances dictated the development of auris > oreille ( < auricula) â as a result of phonological changes (discussed below) auris was pronounced the same as oris = mouth, and was not too far distant from certain forms of the word = bone, os (ossis); the scope for confusion was considerable, and the solution adopted was to create a diminutive form for auris, hence auricula. The effect of Frankish speech habits on Vulgar Latin ⢠We have seen that a certain amount of Germanic / Frankish vocabulary has continued through into modern French. ⢠Frankish also had an effect upon the way in which the Gallo-Roman of Gaul was pronounced. ⢠The Franksâ stress patterns were different from those used by the conquered population, and, as they learnt and spoke Gallo-Roman, they could not but impose their own patterns of usage. It was this that contributed considerably to the linguistic disruption of the Roman Empire and explains why French differs from the other languages which have descended from Latin, such as Italian, Portuguese and Spanish. Unfortunately, given the nature of this book, it is impossible to trace and describe all the developments which took place in Vulgar Latin as the Franks influenced it. It is preferable to cast the net wider and attempt to give some insights into how Vulgar Latin became Modern French. As a consequence, we will ignore those developments which took place during the Old French (9th century to 13th century) and Middle French (14th century to 15th century) periods and deal with the beginning and end of the developments, the Vulgar Latin situation at one end and Modern French at the other. 1. Phonology â Sound Changes It is very well claiming that French developed from Latin, but, in order to see how the various developments arose and why the modern French words differ in the way that they do from their Latin prototypes, it is necessary to know something of the âlawsâ governing the phonological changes that took place in the formative period of the French language. Many centuries of development are going to be compressed in what follows, where we will attempt to bring out the major phonological trends that started 42 Chapter 3 in the Vulgar Latin spoken in Gaul and which eventually produced the modern French language. Exercise To give you the flavour of the processes that will be examined, a list of Latin words with their meanings follows. See if you can work out what the words have become in modern French â canem = dog, dormire = to sleep, hibernum = winter, mica = crumb, patrem = father, lactem = milk, florem = flower From the evidence contained in the above examples, it is possible to deduce some of the patterns of sound change which have caused Vulgar Latin to become modern French. But before you can do that, there are a few important facts that you need to know about the way in which the Latin language developed in the early centuries AD. We will examine the fate of Latin vowels first and then that of consonants. It is accepted that phonology does not appeal to everyone. You will be forgiven if you decide to proceed directly to Word meanings â but you will miss some fun! The treatment of the vowels of Classical Latin in Vulgar Latin ⢠Classical Latin had five basic vowels, which could either be pronounced long or short (a distinction based upon quantity). ⢠These long or short vowels were reorganised in Vulgar Latin. ⢠The following factors governed sound change as Vulgar Latin evolved â (1) quality (the point of articulation of the vowel), (2) stress (how a word was accentuated) and (3) neighbouring sounds (which influenced the vowels in a variety of ways). The effect of factor 1 â quality ⢠How qualitative considerations affected the long and short vowels of Classical Latin. ⢠Basically, the five Classical Latin vowels were paired together and reorganised to produce a pattern of seven vowels in Vulgar Latin. CL long i > VL [i] CL short o > VL [ É] CL short i and long e > VL [e] CL long o and short u > VL [o] CL short e > VL [ε] CL long u > VL [u] CL long a and short a > VL [a] The diphthongs of Classical Latin ⢠There were also three diphthongs in Classical Latin: æ, au, oe. They were eventually assimilated to the following vowels: æ > [ε], au > [É], oe > [e]. Words With a Long History 43 The effect of factor 2 â stress ⢠The way in which words developed was greatly affected by how and where they were stressed. What follows accounts for most situations â we do not need to bother with uncommon ones. ⢠It is the vowel of a syllable that carries the stress. ⢠Words consisting of a single syllable are, of course, stressed on that syllable. ⢠Words consisting of two syllables are stressed on the first (penultimate) syllable. For words consisting of three or more syllables, if the vowel of the penultimate syllable is pronounced long, then that syllable carries the stress (an acute accent indicates the main stress) â e.g. marÃtum = husband > mari, virtútem = power > vertu; ⢠if that vowel is short (indicated by a grave accent), the main stress falls on the antepenultimate syllable â e.g. árbòrem > arbre, Ãnsùla > île. ⢠Stressed syllables are retained in Modern French. ⢠Unstressed (weak) ones are generally not. Tonic vowels bear the main stress, countertonic vowels secondary stress. The effect of factor 3 â surrounding sounds ⢠It is usually the consonants which follow the vowel that determine its evolution. ⢠The most important possibility is whether the vowel occurs in what is known as a closed or open syllable, or in other words whether it is blocked or free. Blocked vowel A vowel is blocked if it is followed by two or more consonants, except the following combinations, bl, pl, br, dr, gr, pr, tr which do not form a block. Free vowel A vowel is free if it is in final position (i.e. nothing follows it), or is followed by another vowel, or is followed by a single consonant or one of the groups just mentioned. Exercise Which of the vowels in bold in the following words are blocked and which are free? â arborem, duplum, labrum, locare, nasum, nodare, nutrire, portum, scriptum, villa. The Modern French descendants of these words are arbre, double, lèvre, louer, nez, nouer, nourrir, port, écrit, ville. Having identified whether the marked vowels are blocked or free and knowing what the words become in Modern French, you may now be able to deduce what the effect of blocking has on a vowel. Have you any thoughts on the matter? Chapter 3 44 Now that the three basic principles of phonology have been established â (1) that the vowels of Classical Latin were reorganised in Vulgar Latin, (2) that stress has a fundamental role to play in the subsequent development of Vulgar Latin vowels and (3) that whether a vowel is blocked or free also affects its development â it is time to examine what happens to the individual vowels. A general principle regarding phonological development ⢠An important additional point to note regarding phonological change is that provided that the same sound occurs in identical conditions, it always develops in the same way. 1.1. The treatment of Vulgar Latin vowels 1.1.1. The treatment of stressed vowels The following table brings together the three criteria mentioned above and shows how each vowel develops according to its phonological circumstances, with examples. vowel VL [i] tonic blocked > [i] tristem > triste villa > ville countertonic free > [i] ripa > rive vita > vie > [wa] fidem > foi debet > doit VL [e] > [ε] illa > elle mittere > mettre VL [ε] > [ε] herba > herbe septem > sept + consonant VL [a] > [a] arborem > arbre caballum > cheval VL [É] > [É] collum > col porta > porte + consonant > [ε] mare > mer sal > sel + vowel > [e] nasum > nez + consonant > [ε] heri > hier petra > pierre + vowel > [je] sedet > sied > [0005] cor > cÅur proba > preuve + vowel > [ø] potet > peut volet > veut blocked > [i] civ(i)tatem* > cité lib(e)rare > livrer free > [i] hibernum > hiver privare > priver > [ε] circare > chercher firmare > fermer > [É] debere > devoir minare > mener > [ε] > [É] mercedem > merci fenestra > fenêtre persona > nepotem > neveu personne > [a] > [a] argentum > argent amorem > amour carbonem > maritum > mari charbon > [u] > [É] colorem > couleur dormire > dormir volere > vouloir hospitalem > hôtel Words With a Long History vowel VL [o] VL [u] tonic blocked > [u] cortem > cour rupta > route > [y] nullum > nul purgat > purge 45 countertonic free + consonant > [0005] florem > fleur hora > heure + vowel > [ø] nodum > noeud > [y] bruma > brume nudum > nu blocked > [u] subvenire > souvenir turbulare > troubler free > [u] nodare > nouer subinde > souvent > [y] jud(i)care > juger > [y] fumare > fumer jurare > jurer * Letters enclosed in brackets are weak vowels (see below) which disappear early, and therefore cause what was originally a free vowel to become blocked. Exercise Assign the following words to the appropriate cells in the table below, remembering that many of the words will have to be slotted in twice (once for the tonic and once for the countertonic vowels) â amicum > ami, bibit > boit, clarum > clair, credere > croire, errare > errer, ferrum > fer, filum > fil, furorem > fureur, habere > avoir, lavare > laver, matrem > mère, me > moi, mortalem > mortel, novellum > nouveau, novem > neuf, pelare > peler, porcellum > pourceau, probare > prouver, servire > servir, soror > soeur. vowel tonic blocked countertonic free blocked free VL [i] VL [e] VL [ε] VL [a] VL [É] VL [o] VL [u] Nasal vowels Latin had no nasal vowels, but Modern French has four â so how and when did the nasal vowels of French come into being? 46 Chapter 3 The history and origins of nasal vowels in French ⢠It seems that nasal a was the first to appear, in the 10th century, and the others were produced by the 13th. ⢠The process of nasalising vowels involved anticipating the pronunciation of a nasal consonant (m, n), by allowing air to pass through the nasal passages in advance of the pronunciation of the consonant, thereby giving a nasal quality to the vowel. Eventually the consonant was no longer pronounced at all. The incidence of nasalisation ⢠Nasalisation occurs at the end of a word (after the loss of weak vowels and consonants), e.g. bonum > bon, and before a blocked nasal consonant, m, n followed by a non-nasal consonant, e.g. campum > champ. The following table summarises the most significant developments: vowel ~ VL / i / > /ε/ VL / e / > / ã / tonic blocked principem > prince quinque > cinq prendere > prendre subinde > souvent > / ε~ / tonic final finem > fin vinum > vin countertonic blocked prim(um) tempus > printemps in fine > enfin vindicare > venger plenum > plein sinum > sein VL / ε / > / ã / pendere > pendre ventum > vent ~ > / jε/ sentire > sentir tempestas > tempête bene > bien rem > rien VL / a / > / ã / campum > champ grandem > grand > / ε~ / ~ VL / É / > / É/ contra > contre longum > long VL / o / > / É~ / fundum > fond montum > mont ~ VL / u / > / Å / cambiare > changer mandare > mander manum > main panem > pain bonum > bon sonum > son donum > don nomen > nom unum > un comp(u)tare > conter montanea > montagne contentum > content fundare > fonder lunae dies > lundi Exercise From the information set out in the above table, see if you can work out what the following Latin words have become in Modern French â annum, bon(i)tatem, cantat, famem, fontana, frenum, granum, lentum, linum, pontem, tentare, tonum, venit. Words With a Long History 47 Palatal sounds The effect of surrounding palatal sounds ⢠The development of VL vowels was also affected by surrounding palatal sounds, the main ones being / k, g, dj, rj, tj / (the last three the result of d, r, t + following i, itself followed by another vowel (e.g. diurnum > jour)). In the following table only those cases are given where a vowel develops differently from how it would if a palatal consonant were not in the vicinity. This is probably the most complicated aspect of Vulgar Latin phonology. Consequently, no offence will be taken if you decide to leapfrog over it. palatal + VL / e / tonic free / e / > / i / cera > cire mercedem > merci palatal + VL / a / countertonic free / a / > /É / caballum > cheval camisia > chemise countertonic free / e / > / wa / legalem > loyal plicare > ployer tonic /ε / > / i / countertonic / ε / > / wa / decem > dix decanum > doyen legere > lire sexaginta > soixante lectum > lit vectura > voiture tonic / a / > / / (sometimes / e /) countertonic / a / > /ε / (sometimes / e /) pacem > paix laxare > laisser factum > fait racemum > raisin countertonic / É / > / wa / tonic /É / > / i / focarium > foyer hodie > hui modiolum > moyeu noctem > nuit countertonic / o / > / wa / tonic / o / > / wa / gloria > gloire crucem > croix potionem > poison vocem > voix countertonic / u / > / i / tonic / u / > i / acutiare > aiguiser ducere > duire fructum > fruit VL / e / + palatal VL /ε / + palatal VL / a / + palatal VL / É / + palatal VL / o / + palatal VL / u / + palatal Exercise From the information set out in the above table, see if you can work out what the following Latin words have become in Modern French â aquila, boscum, canalem, capillos, ecclesia, facere, jacere, medianum, nocere, octo, otiosum, pejor, rationem, regalem, sex, tectura, tractare, truite. 48 Chapter 3 Exceptions It may become apparent that a number of words do not conform to the patterns outlined above. How exceptions occur ⢠In certain cases this is because of assimilation or analogy. Examples of âexceptionsâ ⢠Amare = âto loveâ would normally become amer (in fact in Old French that was the form that is found); however, under the influence of other forms, formed regularly, beginning with ai- (for example the singular of the present indicative, aim, aimes, aime in Old French), the original form was adjusted to its present form (amour, amant perpetuate the original form). ⢠Auscultare = âto listenâ produced the form asculter in Old French, which on analogy with the large number of other words beginning with es-, was transformed into escouter and then écouter (see below). 1.1.2. The treatment of unstressed or weak vowels Weak final vowels The fate of weak final vowels ⢠Consider the following examples of Latin words and their modern outcomes â alba > aube, amat > aime, habere > avoir, murum > mur, muros > murs, sentire > sentir, venit > vient, viginti > vingt. ⢠It emerges that final e, i, o, u disappear, whereas a survives as e in spelling (originally pronounced). Supporting vowels ⢠However, it happens quite frequently that in order to facilitate the pronunciation of the final consonant in the early language a supporting vowel was required â alterum > autre, insimul > ensemble (where a supporting consonant is also needed), patrem > père, undecim > onze. Weak vowels within a word Exercise What happens in the following cases, where the vowel in question precedes the syllable carrying the main stress and is marked in bold? â blasphemare > blâmer, bonitatem > bonté, collocare > coucher, dormitorium > dortoir, ornamentum > ornement, pergamenum > parchemin, simulare > sembler and in the following cases, where the vowel occurs after the main stress but is not final? â arborem > arbre, camera > chambre, purpura > pourpre, viridem > vert Words With a Long History 49 Answer The situation is the same as with weak final vowels (preservation of a as an e; loss of the others). 1.2. Consonants Vulgar Latin consonants are less liable to change than Vulgar Latin vowels. However, there are a few noteworthy cases where change does occur. It should also be noted that one or two consonants unknown in Latin emerge in French. The incidence of consonants ⢠Consonants occur in one of two positions, strong or weak. Strong position means that the consonant is in initial position, either of a word or a syllable. Weak position means that the consonant occurs between two vowels or that it closes a syllable before another syllable beginning with a consonant or that it is at the end of a word. Exercise Indicate which consonants are in strong position and which in weak position in the following words â ardentem, caballum, carbonum, corona, donum, gustum, longum, privare, rupta, vita. General principles regarding the fate of consonants ⢠Generally speaking consonants, whether single or in groups, in strong position remain the same in Modern French as in Latin. ⢠Consonants in weak position change or disappear. In what follows some of the most significant developments will be recorded. Consonants in initial position The fate of consonants in initial position ⢠As already stated, groups of consonants in initial position tend not to change, but groups beginning with an s are exceptions. ⢠s in initial position disappears and is eventually replaced by é in Modern French. Exercise What do the following Latin words become in Modern French? â scola = school, scribere = to write, scutum = shield, spatha = spear, sponsum = spouse, strictum = narrow. 50 Chapter 3 Consonants within a word The fate of groups of consonants within a word ⢠Groups of consonants which do not occur in initial position in words tend to be reduced to a single consonant, usually the last one. ⢠There are, however, a few exceptions: when an r is involved, whatever its position, it remains intact; the groups fl, bl also remain intact. Exercise 1 What do the following Latin words become in Modern French? â carbonem = coal, fleb(i)lem = weak, inflare = to inflate, patrem = father, rupta = road, scriptum = written, servire = to serve, sufflare = to blow, viv(e)re = to live. Exercise 2 What happens to s + consonant in the following situations? castellum = castle, costa = rib, ess(e)re = to be, gustum = taste, piscare = to fish, spasmare = to faint, testa = head, vespa = wasp. ⢠The fate of c Latin c / k / may stay as / k / or become / s / or / ò / depending on the following vowel: c + a > / ò /, c + e, i > / s /, c + o, u remains as / k /. ⢠The fate of g Similarly Latin g / g / has more than one outcome in Modern French: in addition to remaining / g /, it may become / 0001 / before the vowels a, e, i. Examples argentum = money, gaudia = joy, genuculum = knee, gula = throat, gustare = to taste, gutta = drop, larga = wide. Exercise What do the following Latin words become in Modern French? â caballum = horse, carum = dear, cantare = to sing, centum = hundred, cinerem = ash, cubitum = elbow, collum = neck, cor = heart, bucca = mouth, vacca = cow, peccatum = sin, porcellum = piglet, rad(i)cina = root. Consonants occurring between vowels The fate of intervocalic consonants 1 ⢠Consonants occurring between vowels, and therefore in a weak position, develop in a variety of ways, although a few remain the same in Modern French. ⢠This is the case with l, m, n, r, v. Words With a Long History 51 Exercise What do the following Latin words become in Modern French? â cima = top, corona = crown, dolorem = sorrow, farina = flour, finire = to finish, fumat = (s/he / it) smokes, luna = moon, nova = new (F), parare = to adorn, tela = canvas, lavare = to wash. The fate of intervocalic consonants 2 ⢠Amongst the most notable changes are b and p > / v /, d and t disappear. The situation with c is more complicated: sometimes it disappears, but sometimes it becomes / z / or / j /; that with g is the same as for c, but without the development of a / z /. Exercise What do the following Latin words become in Modern French? â avicellum = bird, augustum = August, caballum = horse, debere = to have to, jocare = to play, locare = to hire, necare = to kill ( = to drown in Modern French), nepotem = nephew, pacare = to pay, placere = to please (a noun in Modern French), probare = to prove, regina = queen, ripa = bank, rota = wheel, ruga = street, sudare = to sweat, videre = to see, viginti = twenty, vita = life. Consonants in final position The fate of final consonants ⢠Final consonants also develop in a number of ways â m marking a noun ending disappears early â compare all the examples above and below. Other final consonants, marking the ending of the stem of the word, mostly disappear, but p, v became / f / and l, r stay the same. Exercise What do the following Latin words become in Modern French? â brevem = short, cælum = sky, capum = head, carum = dear, cor = heart, crudum = raw, florem = flower, gratum = desire, hospitalem = hotel, novum = new, ovum = egg, per = through, sal = salt, scutum = shield, solum = alone, vadum = ford. 1.3. New sounds and sounds that disappear New sounds ⢠Sounds which did not exist in Latin are produced in the following circumstances â b, d, p and v + i followed by another vowel become /0001 / or / ò /, depending on context. 52 Chapter 3 ⢠Other new sounds include / 0006 /, which results from the coalescing of g + n, n + e or i + another vowel. Exercises What do the following Latin words become in Modern French? â diurnum = day, jam = now, tibia = stem, sapiam = may I know. What do the following Latin words become in Modern French? â agnellum = lamb, montanea = mountain, signa = sign, unionem = onion, vinea = vine. A sound that disappears ⢠Conversely, Latin / h / does not survive into Modern French; consequently Latin words beginning with / h / produce words without / h / in French (but the h sometimes survives in spelling). Exercise What do the following Latin words become in Modern French? â habere = to have, herba = grass, hominem = man, homo = one (pronoun), hora = hour. The above information covers the most important developments which took place between the Latin and Modern French periods and should go a long way towards explaining the shape of many contemporary words and demonstrate their connections with their Latin prototypes. 2. Word meanings It has been claimed that knowledge of Latin roots allows access to about 80% of contemporary French vocabulary. In what follows an attempt is made to provide a sample of the Latin contribution to French from a semantic perspective. Popular and learned forms ⢠The distinction between Classical and Vulgar Latin has been well established earlier in this chapter. ⢠Another distinction needs to be introduced at this stage: the distinction between popular and learned forms. Popular forms This group comprises those forms which are the direct descendants of Vulgar Latin; they are forms which have gone through the various stages of sound change described above, with the result that often they seem to bear little resemblance to their Latin original. Words With a Long History 53 Examples aqua > eau, homo > on, coxa > cuisse, and the list could be extended indefinitely. Learned forms The forms comprising this group have a quite different history. They derive from Latin words which fell into disuse with the collapse of the Roman Empire, and which did not undergo the changes described earlier before entering French and the other Romance languages. These words were subsequently resurrected several centuries later, when scholars in Europe began to rediscover the heritage of classical civilisation. These scholars often found that the vocabulary available in the Middle French period was not sufficient to convey the ideas and themes of the works produced by their classical predecessors a thousand years before. Consequently, in their eagerness to translate these works, they found themselves obliged to create new words, and to do this they regularly took as the basis for their new French words the Latin words for which they were seeking a translation. The centuries of development which had acted upon the popular words and often rendered them unrecognisable in comparison with the Latin words they had been derived from, did not affect the learned forms. These learned forms still bear a strong resemblance to the Latin words from which they have come. Examples deambulare > déambuler, femininus > féminin, patrimonium > patrimoine. Doublets In a few cases the same Latin word may have both a popular and a learned descendant. Doublets are the result of the same word, on the one hand, going through all the phonological changes involved in the process of Vulgar Latin gradually becoming Old French and then Modern French and thus producing a popular form, and on the other, being catapulted into reuse in the Middle French period and thus producing a learned form. 54 Chapter 3 Examples of doublets 1 â doublets which are semantically connected ⢠In some cases the two French words are semantically connected. Latin etymon auscultare Popular descendant écouter fragilem frigidem redemptionem sacramentum frêle froid rançon = ransom serment = oath Learned descendant ausculter = to examine (a patient) fragile frigide rédemption sacrement Examples of doublets 2 â doublets whose meanings have parted ⢠In other cases, the meanings have drifted apart. Latin etymon articulum examen ministerium singularem Popular descendant orteil = big toe essaim = swarm métier sanglier = boar Learned descendant article examen ministère singulier Many words retain the meaning they had in Latin in their subsequent forms in Modern French. The following is just a sample of elements from Latin â prefixes, suffixes and stems â which have produced words which have survived into Modern French and which more or less preserve their original meanings. The examples are divided into a number of categories. Prefixes (see Chapter 5) Examples of learned prefixes which continue to be productive in French Prefix co- Meaning together, with ex- out of in- un-, in- inter- between pré- before pro- in favour of super- over Examples coopérer, coprésentateur ex-dictateur, expatrier incroyable, incohérent international, intervalle préadolescent, prépayé proarabe, promonétaire superhygiénique, supermarché Words With a Long History 55 Examples of popular prefixes which continue to be productive in French Prefix dé- / dés- Meaning parting entremalnonresoussur- reciprocity bad denial repetition beneath over Examples démanteler = to dismantle, désordre sâentre-aider, entretenir malnutrition, malheureux non-sens, non-violence regagner, renouvellement sous-exposer, sous-marin surestimation, surmener Examples of other prefixes that are no longer productive Prefix a- (also ac- / af- / al- / ap- / ar- / at- depending upon following consonant) é- / efen- / empar- Meaning towards Examples amener, attirer out of into through éconduire, effleurer emmurer, enflammer parachever = to complete fully, parvenir soutré- / tres- under across souligner, soulever trébucher = to fall over, tressauter = to jump Suffixes (see Chapter 5) Examples of productive and non-productive suffixes Productive suffixes Examples -able confortable, rentable -age décryptage, voisinage propriétaire, salutaire impérial, primordial abondance, croyance ailé ornement, tutoiement -aire -al -ance -é -ement (forming nouns) Non-productive suffixes -ade Examples -ain marocain -atoire ostentatoire -elle -ie -if -ine tourelle, tonnelle bonhomie poussif toxine boutade, promenade 56 Chapter 3 Productive suffixes Examples -eur -ité -ment (forming adverbs) -oir traiteur, tueur spécialité dramatiquement, éloquemment grattoir Non-productive suffixes -ise -itude -icule Examples franchise longitude monticule -ure égratignure Latin Roots in French The number of roots from Latin which have contributed to the formation of modern French words is ⦠legion, and it is impossible in the scope of this book to do more than offer a hint of that enormous contribution. Consequently, only a brief selection of items is presented here, in the form of repeated patterns of transmission into modern French â reference to Bouffartigue and Delrieu (1981) and etymological dictionaries will give a fuller idea of the indebtedness of French to Latin roots. The purpose of this section is to allow you to obtain a picture of the all-pervasiveness of French words with Latin roots and how words that are seemingly unrelated etymologically may in fact be connected with each other. Latin roots 1 ⢠Examples of elements of Latin words (not prefixes or suffixes) which may form the first or second part of a French word. Elements in initial position audio- = hearing moto- = moving radio- = radiation socio- = social vidéo- = sending images Examples audiovisuel motocyclette radiodiffusion sociolinguistique vidéocassette Elements in final position -cide = killing -cole = growing -lingue = language spoken -valent = worth -vore = devouring Examples homicide agricole bilingue équivalent carnivore Latin roots 2 ⢠Examples of French descendants of Latin root which reflect slightly different states of the root in Latin State 1 of root aestas agere facere / factus hospes legere French descendants été agir faire / facteur hôte lire State 2 of root aestivactficere / fecthospitallect- French descendants estival acte, acteur efficace / perfection hospital, hôtel lecteur, lecture Words With a Long History State 1 of root mittere scribere vocitus videre 57 French descendants mettre écrire vide voir State 2 of root -miss-scriptvacu-vis- French descendants émission, permissif descriptif, inscrire évacuer viser, visuel Latin roots 3 ⢠Example of a situation where a Latin root survives both as a root and as a suffixed form 1 Latin apis = bee eventually became French abeille via the diminutive derivative form apicula. The consequence is that other modern French words descended from apis, like apiculture, do not bear a very close resemblance to abeille, although they all go back to the same Latin original term. Latin roots 3 ⢠Examples of situations where a Latin root survives both as a root and as a suffixed form 2 Original form avilucem / lumen médnovpiscisol- French descendants aviculture lucide, lumineux immédiat, médiéval innover pisciculture solaire, insolation Suffixed form avicellus luminaria medianus novellus piscionem soliculus French decendant oiseau lumière moyen nouveau poisson soleil Dual Origins of Words With Related Meanings Sometimes words in modern French with related meanings but with different forms continue a situation which was current in Latin. A Latin word has as a rival another word, a synonym, and both provide descendants in modern French. The rival may be another normal Latin word or a more expressive, not to say vulgar, equivalent or a word from another language. Examples of words with related meanings but different origins in Latin Latin original os / oris = mouth pecunia = wealth puer = child rus / ruris = countryside urbs = town French descendants oral impécunieux puéril rural Origin of replacement CL CL CL CL Replacement French descendant bucca = cheeks bouche argentum = silver argent infans = infant enfant campania = fields campagne urbain CL ville = farm ville 58 Chapter 3 Latin original French descendants décapiter, capital cuticule Origin of replacement vulgar vulgar équitation comestible vulgar vulgar Greek Greek ambulare = to walk lapidaire* locuteur, éloquent déambuler, somnambule bellum = war hortus = garden belligérant horticulture Germanic Germanic caput = head cutis = skin (of humans) equus = horse edere / comestus (past participle of edere) lapis = stone loqui = to speak Germanic Replacement testa = jug pellis (skin of animals) caballus = nag manducare = to chew, to chomp petra = rock parabolare = to use comparisons markon = to make a mark on the ground werra = war gard = enclosure French descendant tête peau cheval manger pierre parler marcher guerre jardin Explanation of the meaning of lapidaire lapidaire = brief, because stone-masons, engraving on stone, had to produce their work in as few words as possible. One last pattern which affects a few modern French words concerns the way in which the declensional system of Latin has sometimes survived in French. Although it originally possessed a more complex case-system, during the Gallo-Roman period the Latin system was reduced to two cases (nominative, usually representing the subject and accusative, usually representing the direct object). In a few cases, both nominative and accusative forms of the same Latin word produce descendants in French which are different from each other. Examples of words with different meanings deriving from different cases in Latin Nominative form major = greater minor = smaller homo = man senior = older French descendant maire moindre on sire Accusative form majorem minorem hominem seniorem French descendant majeur mineur homme seigneur Words That Change Their Meaning Whereas it is often possible to define rules for the sound changes that turned Vulgar Latin into Modern French, the changes of meaning which also occurred are much less easily reducible to rules. What follows is an attempt to classify, through sets of examples, some typical semantic developments. Words With a Long History 59 Linguistic conservatism Linguistic conservatism A situation where words stay more or less the same in form whereas their meanings evolve. Linguistic conservatism is a process which applies to many names of objects, ideas, institutions and scientific concepts. For example, there may be a continuity of technical or scientific or cultural development, but the words describing the products of the development do not change. Examples ⢠Latin carrus (itself borrowed from Gaulish) originally referred to a four-wheeled wagon. Modern French char is a direct descendant of carrus but now describes a quite different type of vehicle ( = tank). ⢠A modern maison is quite distinct from a Gallo-Roman mansionem = house, but the former word is the modern version of the latter. ⢠Electricité (created in the 18th century) is based upon the Latin word (of Greek origin) electrum = amber. Specialisation or generalisation of usage (see Chapter 5) Specialisation of usage It happens quite regularly that words are taken from a general domain and used in a technical or specialised way in another. This has occurred with a series of words associated with farming: words of general application have been given new meanings when applied to farmyard activities. Examples Latin cubare = to lie down > French couver = to hatch; mutare = to change > muer = to moult; trahere = to pull > traire = to milk (before the invention of milking machines!). Generalisation of meaning The converse of specialisation of meaning also takes place, whereby a word from a technical or semi-technical domain is introduced into general usage, usually gaining a wider meaning in the process. Examples Latin arripare < ad ripam (a nautical term = to come to shore) > arriver, nidacem = nestling (i.e. a helpless young bird) > niais = stupid. 60 Chapter 3 Change of range of meaning Words may also broaden their meanings without necessarily passing from a specialised to a general domain â the range of items or ideas covered increases or diminishes. Examples ⢠Extension â French oncle continues Latin avunculus, which originally referred just to oneâs motherâs brother, but because the corresponding noun for fatherâs brother patruus fell into disuse, the former extended its meaning to cover that of the latter. ⢠The same applies to tante, which continues Latin amita = fatherâs sister but assumes the meanings of matertera = motherâs sister, which disappeared. ⢠Restriction â Latin vivenda = foodstuffs > viande = meat. Euphemism (see Chapter 5) Euphemism People are sometimes reluctant âto call a spade a spadeâ â it may be because the matter referred to is surrounded by superstition, associated with the supernatural, or is unpleasant or embarrassing in nature. The word which evokes the matter too directly is replaced by a euphemism, a less objectionable substitute. Eventually the substitute acquires the meaning and sometimes the force of the word it originally replaced. Examples ⢠Latin imbecillus = weak, feeble was used in a euphemistic way to refer to someone weak in the head, mentally deficient; the Modern French descendant, imbécile, is no longer a euphemism and directly evokes such a person. ⢠In a similar way, Modern French benêt = silly derives from Latin benedictus = blessed (evoking the Beatitudes). ⢠From a different domain Latin tutari = to protect was used ironically in criminal circles to mean âto take care ofâ, âto eliminateâ > tuer. Metaphor and Metonymy (see Chapter 5) Metaphor Latin words have regularly been drawn upon to provide a name for a new invention or discovery or simply to give a new name to something already in existence; in the process such words have undergone a change of meaning or have acquired a new meaning. At the root of many such developments is a metaphorical association. Words With a Long History 61 Examples ⢠French torpedo derives ultimately from Latin torpor = numbness; a Latin derivative torpedo was used metaphorically to refer to the electric ray (fish), and when a new name was required to describe an underwater weapon, the Latin word was invested with a new meaning. ⢠The word satellite, which has applications in so many areas of modern life, derives from Latin satelles = life-guard, attendant. ⢠Metaphors have been drawn upon to name parts of the body â the shape of the muscle was compared to that of a small mouse; hence Latin musculus = small mouse > muscle; the head was likened to a jug; hence Latin testa = jug > tête; the shoulder to a spoon, thus spatula = type of spoon > épaule. ⢠They have also been called upon to give a concrete value to an abstract idea â Modern French définir may be traced back to Latin finis = end, limit; éliminer to limen = threshold; désirer to sidus = star. Metonymy Connected with metaphor is metonymy, the difference between the two phenomena being that the former is based upon a direct resemblance between two objects or an object and an idea, and the latter is based upon an association other than similarity between two objects or an object and an idea. Examples ⢠Modern French messe = mass (in the Roman Catholic Church) comes from a phrase used at the end of the service â ite, missa est = go, the service is dismissed â where missa is the past participle of the verb mittere = to send, to dismiss, and was eventually applied to the whole of the service. ⢠French témoin = witness, a person who gives evidence, but derives from Latin testimonium = evidence; in other words the name of the person has displaced the activity originally conveyed by the noun. ⢠Similarly, ivrogne = drunkard derives from ebrionia = drunkenness. Exercise Try and discover the changes of meaning which the following words underwent in their passage from Latin to Modern French â considérer, crétin, cuisse, finance, pondre, révéler. Latin and Greek Latin also served as the vehicle whereby a number of Greek words passed into French. Greek culture, literary, philosophical and scientific, held a profound fascination for the cultivated members of the Roman Empire. In addition Greek was used as the 62 Chapter 3 normal language for communication between groups speaking different languages in many Roman provinces of the eastern Mediterranean. ⢠Examples of common words â Common words taken over into Latin at this early time and which subsequently reached French include beurre, bras, chaise, chambre, pierre. ⢠Examples of specialised words â More specialised ones are baume = balsam, girofle = clove, persil = parsley, trèfle = clover. ⢠Examples of words relating to Christianity â An important group of specialised words of Greek origin, taken over into Latin, relate to the Christian Church, as Greek was the language of the New Testament and was used by the early Church in its liturgy. Words such as ange, baptême, église, évêque, martyre, moine, prêtre are typical products of this group. Reference Bouffartigue, J. and Delrieu, A-M. (1981) Trésor des racines latines. Paris: Belin. Chapter 4 Words With a Foreign Origin As stated in Chapter 3, despite the efforts of modern-day protectors of the French language to maintain its so-called purity, to eliminate or at least keep to a minimum undesirable foreign influences, French is in fact a lexical mongrel, made up of elements drawn from an enormous variety of sources. Any language is a mirror of its social, political, cultural and commercial history and none more so than French. Because French history has involved links with many other nations, foreign languages have made a notable contribution to modern French. A number of issues need to be addressed before we can move on to an examination of the words of foreign origin in French. The corpus ⢠It is necessary to define and delimit the corpus to be examined. Foreign words may be of two types. (1) Many of the foreign terms in French have become fully assimilated, an integral part of the language, in other words, they âfitâ. Indeed many of them go unnoticed. (2) Others, on the other hand, stand out as foreign imports. This is not of itself regrettable or reprehensible, as the purists would have us believe, but rather a sign of adaptability, of openness to the outside world, of healthy growth, a sign that French has risen to the challenge of a diverse world, which over the centuries has both increased in size and accessibility. ⢠Both types of foreign words need to be included in the corpus. How do you define a French word? ⢠Answering this question raises a number of issues â What is French? Should we include all social varieties, informal as well as formal, all geographical varieties, those used outside metropolitan France as well as that / those used within? What period(s) should be considered? Many words common in the past are now archaisms: should they be included in a survey of modern French? How does a word qualify as French? How often does it have to be used? What status do foreign words occupy? etc. And when all is said and done, nothing stops any French person creating another neologism! 63 64 Chapter 4 How many words of foreign origin are there in French? ⢠An indication of the number of foreign words in French may be obtained by referring to the introduction of the Dictionnaire des mots dâorigine étrangère (1991). ⢠The dictionary suggests that 11.4% of French words are of foreign origin. The problem of words that transit through a variety of languages ⢠Certain words of foreign origin do not pass directly into French â they pass into French not straight from the original language but by way of the intermediary of another language or other languages. Example In the case of cimeterre = scimitar, the original Persian form was chamchêr; in Turkish it became chimchir, in Italian scimitarra; it is this last word which accounts for the current French form, cimeterre. Should French cimeterre be classed as of Persian, Turkish or Italian origin? â each language has had its contribution to make; the ultimate origin is Persian, the immediate donor is Italian. In tracking the peregrinations and circuitous routes followed by certain lexical items, it is important to be aware of all the staging posts visited en route for French. In other words, it is not enough to be informed that such and such a word is Persian without at the same time being informed as to how that word arrived in standard French: all contributing languages need to be mentioned when the full history of a word is being recounted. Dating ⢠Words that appear for the first time in a written or printed text may well have been circulating in the oral language for some considerable time. This is a particularly serious matter as far as early texts are concerned, since there is a gap of three hundred years or so between the emergence of French as an independent language and a sizeable body of literature recording it. ⢠In addition to the possibility of words being pre-literary, dating is beset with other hazards, since earlier instances of first appearances are discovered from time to time, and those that are recorded may simply be isolated examples, which bear little relation to the actual admission to the language. Example If salir is first attested in 1180, but sale only in the 13th century (Guiraud 30), what conclusions can be drawn? Three explanations are possible â (1) Does that really mean that the derivative preceded the base form by at least a century? â a logical impossibility. (2) Is sale to be considered a back-formation (i.e. derived) from salir? â unlikely. (3) The most likely explanation is that sale predates salir, but was not recorded in any literature (or at least no example has yet been discovered). Words with a Foreign Origin 65 ⢠What complicates the picture still further is the fact that more important in the long run than the first attestation of a word is the time at which that word passes into everyday language and becomes current. Examples football, first noted 1698, did not become current in French until the 19th century, nor festin, first noted 1382, until 1526 (Guiraud 8). Obviously the more recent the period under review, with fuller documentation being available, the more reliable dating becomes. The Borrowing Process Words enter French from a foreign source in one of three ways: they may be brought in, fetched or sent. How words are brought into French How words are brought into French 1 ⢠As a result of military invasion. Examples Most significant amongst early invaders were the Franks whose incursions and subsequent settlement in the country took place from the 4th century onwards (see Chapter 3). Other notable invaders were the Northmen (later known as Normans) in the 9th century and the Germans in the 20th century. How words are brought into French 2 ⢠As a result of trade. Examples In the Middle Ages fairs were highly important commercial and social events, bringing together people not only from the immediate vicinity, but attracting traders from great distances â from Flanders and Italy in particular â and from closer to home â from other regions of France. Dutch and Italian words, and Arabic words via Italian, as well as dialectal terms were introduced into French in this way. During the later Middle Ages, Italians settled in France and established a rudimentary banking system, accounting for the fact that many French banking terms have an Italian origin. How words are brought into French 3 ⢠As a result of royal patronage, combined with cultural development. Examples Marie de Champagne, daughter of Aliénor dâAquitaine, attracted Provençal (Occitan) poets to her court in Champagne in a period spanning the 12th and 13th centuries. Chapter 4 66 Royal marriages between French and Spanish dignitaries also cemented relations between the two countries and facilitated the passage of vocabulary. Particular technical skills offered by foreigners also account for groups of settlers being established and naturally making some linguistic contribution to the language of their host country: for example Dutch engineers assisted in draining certain marshy areas in the early 16th century, and a century later Dutch experts helped reorganise Franceâs weaving, naval construction and hydraulic industries. Words fetched into French How words are fetched into French ⢠As a result of exploration and tourism. French explorers, adventurers or simply visitors, tourists visiting other lands report back on what they see and hear there. Examples They may see animals and plants that they have never witnessed before, topographical features which do not exist in their own country, domestic tools, buildings, means of transport, clothing which are distinctly foreign. Voyages of discovery ⢠From the 16th century onwards European explorers were travelling to many parts of the world and discovering and bringing back to Europe new words for new objects. It is to the Portuguese and their journeys to the east, bringing back words from many languages spoken in Asia, and to the west, bringing back words from Brazil, and to the Spanish and their journeys to Central and Southern America and the Caribbean, that the French are indebted for the presence of words from these languages in their language. ⢠English, the language of the other great exploring nation, has provided French with words from North America, Africa and the East in particular. Words are sent into French How words are sent into French ⢠As a result of ideas which pass from nation to nation. The superior power of another nationâs religion or philosophy may spur another nation to borrow words relating to these phenomena from the one where they originated or at least were largely practised and promulgated. Such words are transmitted by scholars, missionaries, translators. An intellectual channel is, therefore, the means whereby these words are spread from one language to another Examples of how words are sent into French 1 ⢠The Greek or Latin of medieval scholars has often provided the vital stepping-stone into French â Hebrew words relating to Judaism and Christianity arrived in French by that route many centuries ago. Words with a Foreign Origin 67 ⢠In the Middle Ages the intellectual superiority of the Arabs, in the domains of astronomy, mathematics, medicine and science in general, was so great that Arabic words were readily adopted by other scholars and transmitted from language to language. ⢠More recently other words from Arabic, this time relating to Islam, have arrived. ⢠Also, authors, wishing to add local colour to their texts, when they are describing foreign settings, in a sense choose foreign terms out of an intellectual climate which circulates in their environment. Examples of how words are sent into French 2 ⢠Peculiar to the 20th century is the printed or electronic channel. ⢠Words now speed from one language to another because of the power and efficiency of the media. At a time when mass communication is so omnipresent, rapid and simple to exploit, words are, as it were, introduced vicariously through the media, newspapers, magazines, radio, television, cinema, telephone, internet. Documentary programmes on the natural world, customs, habits, the way of life in other countries, fashion and entertainment often provide new words. ⢠Travelling is done via the airwaves rather than in person â direct human intervention in the transmission is no longer the main means for passing words from one language to another. The processes combined â the case of English ⢠Nowadays all three processes may operate simultaneously. ⢠The all-pervasiveness of the influence of the English language in international affairs means that it is brought to France, and elsewhere, by visitors from the UK and the USA and the rest of the anglophone world ⢠English is fetched by French tourists who visit anglophone countries and come into contact with objects, customs and practices and probably also verbal expressions with which they were not previously familiar, who learn the vocabulary applicable to these matters and who then bring back with them the appropriate vocabulary. Perhaps even more obviously the influence of English is sent out from all directions, but especially from across the Atlantic Ocean, via the media in all their manifestations and the world wide web. ⢠The fact of being the worldâs leader in so many aspects of life has endowed the United States with tremendous prestige, with the corollary that English has acquired tremendous prestige too, so that using English words by non-English speakers becomes a mark of accomplishment and a means of enjoying reflected glory. Reasons for Lexical Borrowing Reasons why words are borrowed 1 ⢠The most obvious reason is gap-filling. A gap becomes apparent when there is no equivalent in French for an object 68 Chapter 4 or concept current in another language, and, rather than invent a new name for such an object or concept, speakers use the other languageâs term. The types of words used to fill lexical gaps ⢠Xenisms Some terms have a relevance only to the country from which they originate â words describing specific topography, certain aspects of fauna and flora, buildings, social structure. These terms immediately evoke their country of origin and are known as xenisms, for example ayatollah, escudo, kilt. The types of words used to fill lexical gaps ⢠Words with no obvious cultural base Such words become generalised, adopted as part of everyday speech and are used as if an integral part of the language. The types of words used to fill lexical gaps ⢠In-between words Others words fall between the two previous extremes, in that although they still evoke their country of origin, they are also relevant in the country of adoption. Many recent American anglicisms relating to fast food and entertainment fit into this category â although such words may still have an American connotation, they have also become part of French society, and French speakers do not necessarily think of the USA when they use such terms. Cultural prestige ⢠The purveyors of new words tend to belong to nations who possess high prestige. Prestige is to be counted in terms of economic, cultural, commercial, military might â countries possessing these in large measure exert enormous influence on others. Examples Frankish during the early Middle Ages, Italian in the 16th century, American English in the 20th are all languages belonging to nations with high degrees of prestige. Reasons why words are borrowed 2 ⢠Luxury borrowings The matter of prestige also leads to the second major reason for adopting foreign terms: intellectual snobbery. These are luxury borrowings, borrowed unnecessarily, as a result of a desire to be trendy, to be considered well-informed and up-to-date. These terms are luxuries in the sense that there is already an adequate term available in French: it is just that the foreign term has desirable connotations which make it more attractive to the speaker than the conventional term. Such words are often resisted by the linguistic powers that be in France; Words with a Foreign Origin 69 commissions de terminologie consider them, and sometimes reject them, occasionally accept them as they are and occasionally accept them with a new nuance of meaning. Foreign Borrowings in French 1. Celtic Languages Early Celtic influences (Gaulish) have been discussed in Chapter 3. 1.1. Breton Contact between French and Breton ⢠Refugees from Britain, dislodged by the dominant Anglo-Saxons, invaded France in the middle of the 5th century, settling in the north-west of the country and bringing their Celtic language, Breton, with them. Examples The words of Breton origin in French are few and tend to preserve a local flavour â biniou = bagpipes, dolmen, gallo, menhir. Although goéland = seagull and goémon = seaweed do not specifically evoke Brittany, they are associated with coastal areas. The principal words with a general application are baragouin = nonsense, bijou = jewel, cohue = crowd, mine = appearance. 1.2 Celtic languages of the British Isles Examples These languages are poorly represented in French, and what words from Celtic Britain there are tend to have been mediated by another language. From Gaelic come slogan (via English), whisky, from Irish cloche = bell, from Welsh backgammon (via English), cromlech. 2. Germanic Languages 2.1. Frankish The Frankish contribution has already been discussed in Chapter 3. 2.2. German Old High German / Middle High German ⢠Old High German (spoken between the 9th and 12th centuries) has contributed only a handful of words to French, e.g. étoffe = material, sale = dirty. ⢠The same applies to Middle High German (spoken between the 12th and 16th centuries) with, for example, haillon = rag, blafard = pale. 70 Chapter 4 Contact between French and German ⢠The earliest recorded examples of German words in French date from the 12th century. ⢠It is from the 16th century that the number of German words entering French increased notably, and from the 19th that it increased really dramatically. ⢠The vast majority were borrowed directly into French (well over 90%). ⢠Others were mediated through English and occasionally French or German dialects. The contribution of German-speaking mercenaries ⢠One or two words result from deformations of German expressions, brought to France by German-speaking mercenaries. Examples asticoter = to polish < dass dich Gott ( = may God . . . you), bringue = revelry < (ich) bring (dirâs) ( = cheers). ⢠These mercenaries, from Germany and Switzerland, were also responsible for the introduction of such words as bivouac, cravate = tie. Types of borrowing (a small selection) ⢠Calque Croissant is a calque (translation, see Chapter 5) of Hörnchen, the name given to a pastry made to celebrate raising the siege of Vienna by the Turks in 1689 (the Crescent being the national symbol of the Turks). ⢠Proper names Place names, e.g. berline = saloon car. Personal names (usually inventors), e.g. diesel, fuchsia, mach. A name of nationality â Croat > cravate. Semantic associations (a small selection) ⢠Scientific, technical and intellectual terms What is especially distinctive about the German lexical contribution to French from a semantic point of view is its scientific, technical and intellectual content. ⢠Many inventions and discoveries owe their French name to a German original. In the realm of chemistry ester, physics diesel, ohm, vehicles taxi, anatomy plasma, geology or mineralogy cobalt, quartz, zinc, drugs héroïne, L.S.D., medicine aspirine, gène, musical instruments accordéon, tuba, from the intellectual sphere introversion, paranoïa. Warfare â From the Second World War in particular â military obus, putsch, and types of buildings bivouac, bunker. Economics and politics â cartel, krach, diktat, national-socialisme. Food and drink â croissant, schnaps, vermouth. Human types â nazi, tsigane = gipsy. Words with a Foreign Origin 71 Domestic life, such as clothing, domestic activities and objects â asticoter, album, bock = beer glass, cravate, robe. Sport and music â handball, stand (de tir), lied, valse = waltz. Animals â hamster, vampire. Plants â edelweiss, fuchsia. One or two general words are less easily classifiable â (se) blottir = to curl up, halte = halt. German as intermediary language ⢠German itself has been the means whereby a small number of words from other languages have reached French: from Czech pistolet = pistol, from Hungarian coche = stagecoach, from Swedish nickel. 2.3. Minority Germanic languages Frisian ⢠The contribution from Frisian, spoken in present-day Netherlands and north-west Germany, is very small, the best known word being savon = soap. Gothic ⢠Gothic â the Goths were an East Germanic tribe who had invaded southern and south-eastern Europe during the 2nd century AD â has only contributed a handful of words to French, principally choisir = to choose. Semantic associations (a selection) ⢠Most of the words in this section have human associations â Human types â bâtard = bastard, champion. Appearance â hagard = dazed. Domestic objects â banc = bench, harpe = harp. Parts of buildings and collections of buildings â beffroi = belfrey, bourg. From the inanimate world come a small number of words â Colours â blond, brun = brown, materials â ternir = to tarnish, topography â bois = wood. 2.4. Scandinavian Contact between French and Scandinavian ⢠From 838 onwards, the north and north-eastern coasts of France were invaded by Norsemen who even penetrated as far as Paris in 885. Present-day Normandy was ceded to them in 911. ⢠After a few generations the Norsemen / Normans abandoned their own language and adopted French, leaving behind a few linguistic traces. Chronology and other characteristics of the Scandinavian contribution ⢠Three-quarters of the words of Scandinavian origin passed into French prior to the 17th century. 72 Chapter 4 ⢠The earliest recruits were blémir = to turn pale and marsouin = porpoise from the 11th century and the most recent drakkar from the 20th. ⢠Over half of the words have come directly into French, the others by a variety of routes. Semantic associations (a selection) ⢠Terms with a maritime flavour predominate, from collections of boats â flotte = fleet, to boats â drakkar, to parts of boats â tillac = tiller, to plants â varech = kelp and animals â eider, homard = lobster, to folklore â saga, to climatic conditions â banquise = pack-ice. ⢠Other words relate less readily to the sea â guichet = counter, bidon = can, duvet, regretter = to be sorry, joli = pretty. The contribution of individual Scandinavian languages ⢠Since the 17th century, individual Scandinavian languages have also made small contributions to the French lexicon, although in some cases the words are mediated by another language. From Danish â narval = narwhale. From Icelandic â édredon = eiderdown and geyser (from the name of such a spring in the south of the island). From Swedish â dahlia and tungstène = tungsten. Of the Norwegian words in French over half refer to skiing, including all the most recent borrowings â slalom, ski; the others refer to animals â lemming and northern topograph â fjord, iceberg. 2.5. Dutch Contact between French and Dutch ⢠Words of Dutch origin have entered French at a fairly uniform rate since the 12th century, with a slight peak in the 17th century, but a marked decline in the 20th. Amongst the most recent borrowings is apartheid, evoking the presence of the Dutch (Boers) in South Africa. ⢠Relations between the Low Countries and France were especially close in the Middle Ages, as described earlier. Dutch as intermediary ⢠Dutch has acted as intermediary for a number of words from other languages â From Gaulish â dune. From Picard â cabaret. From Spanish â indigo. And from much further afield â from Malay â jonque = junk. Semantic associations ⢠The Dutch, like their northern Scandinavian neighbours, have contributed much in the way of maritime vocabulary. Words with a Foreign Origin 73 ⢠This all bears witness to the voyages of discovery and overseas trading undertaken by the Dutch, especially in the 16th century. ⢠This is to be seen not only in the lexicon of boats and sailing but also amongst the names of animals and elsewhere. Examples of semantic associations (a selection) ⢠From the maritime realm â flot = wave, flotter = to float, tribord = starboard, as well as the names of various fish â cabillaud = cod, crabe, and birds â pingouin. ⢠Other animals and plants with less connection with the sea â bélier = ram, pamplemousse = grapefruit, pomme de terre (a calque modelled on a Dutch expression with the same meaning). ⢠A very large proportion of the Dutch words in French entail some human association â Human types â mannequin = model, matelot = sailor. Human activities, mainly domestic â graver = to engrave, plaquer = to veneer, stopper = to mend. Human characteristics â drôle = funny, grommeler = to grumble. Domestic objects â bague = ring, drogue = drug, écran = screen, items of clothing â ruban, food and drink â bière = beer, buildings â brique = brick, cabaret. Words describing the conventional Dutch landscape â boulevard, digue = dyke, dune. Human organisation â loterie = lottery, especially the world of economics â action = share, boom, bourse = stock exchange (the hotel of the Van der Burse family, decorated with three moneybags (bourses), became the home of the Bourse de Bruges). 2.6. English The contribution of English to French has, of course, been enormous in recent years. Without entering into the debate of the rights and wrongs or the desirability or undesirability of this, this section examines those mainstream English words which have received approval by being recorded in the dictionaries. The Dictionnaire des mots dâorigine étrangère cites just over 1000 anglicisms in French in the main body of the dictionary (and rejects an even larger number (1491 listed in the Appendix), as not being of mainstream usage). These are all words which are English in origin and which have passed directly from English into French. It was and still is normal for English words to pass directly into French. In addition to these direct borrowings, there are also a good many from other languages for which English has been the channel into French. Contact between French and English ⢠From very small beginnings in the Old and Middle French periods, the break-through for English words came in the 17th century, with substantial development in the 18th century, and with massive growth in the subsequent two centuries. Almost half of the words recorded date from the 20th century. 74 Chapter 4 ⢠However, it is certain that many more English words have entered the language in the 20th century than are as yet recorded in the dictionaries. The earliest English borrowings 10th century â pair = peer; 12th century â bateau = boat, havre = harbour and the names of the four cardinal points of the compass, est, nord, ouest, sud â the maritime flavour of these early borrowings from Anglo-Saxon is unmistakable. Double entries ⢠A number of anglicisms have crossed the Channel twice, being French words which have passed into English, which have changed their meaning and / or form in some way in the latter language and which have then moved back to French with a new form and / or meaning. ⢠Sometimes the French word exists in its English form, sometimes the French form persists, with an additional meaning, in which case there has been a semantic rather than a lexical borrowing. Examples (a small selection) auburn, bugle (bugle = ox; the English form is a truncation of bugle-horn), cash (casse = money-box), confortable (conforter = to uphold), gadget (perhaps < gâchette), gay (gai), grapefruit (grappe), shopping (escope = shop), tennis and tennisman = tennis player (tenez, exclamation used by server in what was originally known as jeu de paume) Proper names (a small selection) ⢠Another plentiful source of anglicisms is proper names. ⢠From a semantic point of view, these words form a microcosm (albeit a large one) of the English contribution to French and to culture and science / technology in general â names associated with plants, clothes, inventions, scientific discoveries, entertainment all figure abundantly. ⢠The following types of names are involved â Personal names â bloomer (after the lady who started the fashion), box-calf (Box being the name of an English bootmaker), jockey (pet version of Jock, applied to grooms), oscar (perhaps ironic when used for an award). Place names â jeans (Gênes), jersey, rugby, scotch (whisky). Trade marks â cellophane, formica, nylon, scotch (sticky tape), scrabble. Morphological considerations â types of anglicisms ⢠The major issue is the distinction between genuine anglicisms and adapted anglicisms. ⢠Just over half of the examples are genuine anglicisms, having exactly the same form in French as in English and just under a third adapted anglicisms. Morphological considerations â adapted anglicisms ⢠In many cases the adaptation merely involves the addition of an accent, e.g. acné, chèque, polaroïd. Words with a Foreign Origin 75 ⢠In many other cases English affixes are given their corresponding French form, e.g. agitateur, contraceptif, déodorant, sophistiqué, starlette. ⢠Suffixation inevitably occurs when a verb is concerned, e.g. disqualifier, dribbler. Because of different pronunciation habits in the two languages, sometimes orthographic variation from the English occurs to facilitate acclimatisation into French â e.g. biftek = steak shows no âs- because of the French aversion for groups of three or more consonants, moleskine acquires an âe to avoid a final nasal vowel in French. Exercise How would you account for the spellings of mildiou = mildew, poney, parquer? Morphological considerations â more extreme cases of adaptation and departure from the original term ⢠In other cases borrowings have departed a considerable morphological distance from their prototypes, especially as far as early borrowings are concerned â e.g. 14th century dogue < dog, 16th century dériver < to drive, écraser < to squash. ⢠A desire to gallicize English terms, especially polysyllabic words or those consisting of more than one semantic item, is seen in boulingrin = bowling green, échiquier = exchequer. ⢠More extreme still are cases where the English prototype has fallen into disuse â e.g. with stylographe / stylo the English term survived into the 20th century but is now no longer used. Morphological considerations â double appearances ⢠In a number of cases, there are two forms in French for an anglicism. ⢠Often it is a question of a pure anglicism versus an adapted form or a deformation â e.g. basket-ball â basket, fuel â fioul, jeans â jean, pull-over â pull, self-service â self. Morphological considerations â deformations ⢠Deformations are those words which have departed still further from their English originals â genuine English words have been truncated in some way â Sometimes by a single letter or sound â e.g. brain-trust, short. Sometimes by loss of a word in a multi-word item â catch < catch as catch can = wrestling, goal < goal-keeper, golden < golden delicious. Morphological considerations â false anglicisms ⢠False anglicisms are items made up of English elements but which in fact are not genuine English words â 76 Chapter 4 e.g. baby-foot = table football, brushing = blow-dry, flipper = machine game, flipper = to be affected by drugs, footing = jogging, lifting = face lift, pressing = dry-cleaning, recordman = record holder, rugbyman = rugby player. ⢠It should be noted that French seems to have acquired new suffixes in -ing and -man (equivalent to standard French -age and -eur / -iste). Semantic considerations â calques ⢠Calques are semantic loans, that is the English meaning has been transferred to French words which translate literally the English word or add a new meaning, usually based on an English metaphor, to an already existing French word â e.g. carotte = incentive, chemin de fer, gratte-ciel, haut-parleur, lune de miel, prêt-à -porter, soucoupe volante. libre-service is a semi-calque, with one half translated, the other not. Semantic considerations â discrepancy between English and French meanings ⢠Occasionally there is a semantic difference between the English and French words. Extension of meaning may be undergone in the French form â e.g. palace = luxury hotel ⢠Conversely there may be restriction of meaning in the French form â e.g. dogue = mastiff, square = public garden. ⢠A different meaning in French from English occurs with a few examples, involving faux amis â e.g. chip = crisp, slip = underpants. ⢠Finally, very occasionally homonymy is caused by the borrowing of two identical anglicisms â e.g. scotch = both adhesive tape and whisky. English as intermediary (a small selection) 1 ⢠Of course, not only has English supplied many words directly to French, but it has frequently acted as a conduit for words from other languages, some near to home, others from much further afield. In fact just as English has supplied more words directly to French than any other language, it has also mediated more than any other. From Gaulish, some with intriguing histories â e.g. budget which, with its original meaning, = leather bag, was borrowed into English, where it acquired its current meaning and which was subsequently taken over by French; similarly tunnel goes back to a Gaulish word = vat, becoming in Old French tonnelle = pipe, then arbour before passing to English and recrossing the Channel to France with its current meaning. From the territory of France, from Normano-Picard acre, cottage, and Anglo-Norman haddock. From Britain Welsh backgammon and Gaelic clan, loch, plaid, slogan, all of which denote typically Scottish traditions. From Frankish bacon, hockey, standard, ticket. Words with a Foreign Origin 77 From German dollar, gène. From Scandinavian languages e.g. from Icelandic geyser, from Norwegian iceberg. From Dutch brandy, dock, doping, gin. From Italian firme, investir, mascara, studio. From Portuguese commando, vérandah. From Spanish, many with an American flavour â alligator, banjo, cargo, marihuana, ranch. From Arabic mohair; but often in conjunction with another language, e.g. albatross through either Portuguese or Spanish before passing through English on the way to French; in a similar way safari passed through Swahili and then English before arriving in French. Persian words likewise had complicated journeys before reaching English and then French â châle = shawl via Hindi, pyjama = pyjamas via Hindoustani, as did Sanskrit words â jute via Bengali, tank via Gujarati and Maratha, punch via Hindi, jungle via Hindoustani. From Chinese ketchup, kumquat, as well as certain words of Anglo-Chinese pidgin origin (all 20th-century arrivals) â chow-chow a breed of dog, pidgin = pidgin language, tchin-tchin = cheers. From Maori kiwi, both fruit and bird. From Polynesian tabou = taboo, tatouer = to tattoo. English as intermediary 2 ⢠English is especially important for the transmission of words from the Indian subcontinent into French â From Gujarati coolie, from Hindi bungalow, dinghy, from Hindoustani shampooing = shampoo, from Sinhalese atoll (Maldives), from Tamil catamaran, curry, from Tibetan polo. From Malay kapok and thé = tea. ⢠Britainâs colonising of Australasia brought a group of words of Australian Aboriginal origin into French, all reflecting indigenous fauna and customs â dingo, kangourou = kangaroo, boomerang. The Americas (see Spanish above) are also represented by certain Amerindian words, specifically from Algonquin; they refer in the main to North American phenomena: animals â opossum, skunk, Red Indians â mocassin, totem, transport across snow â toboggan and Eskimo â kayak. From South America, from Arawak (via Spanish) canoë, mangrove. From Jamaican Creole reggae. The semantic classification of all the items borrowed from English into French would take many pages. What follows can be nothing more than a brief overview of the semantic areas involved. Examples will not be given, but can in most cases be found amongst those given in the linguistic classification. 78 Chapter 4 Semantic associations 1 ⢠Many words relate to flora and fauna and topographical features â many of the words are due to the colonising exploits of the British over a period of four hundred years and come from the four corners of the globe. ⢠It is human life, endeavour, discovery and achievements which account for much of the rest of the material. There are words relating to the human anatomy, to health, to cosmetics; those relating to clothing and food and drink again reflect the cosmopolitan flavour of English loan words, with words originating in the United States featuring quite significantly. ⢠The same can be said of the words relating to buildings and parts of buildings, where again there is a mixture of home-produced items as well as others from more far-flung environments. ⢠There are many words concerning objects, utensils and pieces of equipment relating to domestic and business activities; many of these words have a modern, often electronic, ring. ⢠The realm of invention covers a very wide range of objects, going from the paraphernalia associated with the military and transport to the concepts of chemistry and astrophysics. Linked with invention are the names of a quite large number of materials which have been discovered or invented in the English-speaking world, including textiles and other domestic or commercial materials. There are also many words with an intellectual value, involving the social sciences, linguistics, philosophy, economics, politics, the latter being a particularly large contributing area. Semantic associations 2 ⢠Human types figure prominently amongst the words denoting humans in general, sometimes because they denote a type which is typically or originally British or American or because anglophone speakers gave a name to this type of individual before anyone else: there are words with a political, professional, sporting, religious or philosophical connotation, other indicating an evaluation, to be admired or deprecated, or an age-group or marking a position in an hierarchy. ⢠The sporting life has of course spawned a very large number of terms relating to various sports, most of which originated on British soil, although there is a smattering of American items as well: amongst these are names of sports, organisations and competitiveness and the tactics involved. ⢠It is in fact the world of entertainment, in which of course sport plays an important part, that has caused many anglicisms to be adopted by French. There are words relating to games, music and dance crazes, musical instruments, the theatre and shows of various types, books, magazines and journalism, travel and holidays. ⢠From the more shady side of life come terms concerning drugs and crime. ⢠On the more personal level, there are many words denoting human characteristics and states of mind. Words with a Foreign Origin 79 ⢠Mankindâs attempts to organise the world and put their stamp upon it are crystallised in many of the anglicisms of French â for example the names of measurements, currency and cash, business and its conduct, legal terms, care of products and marketing. ⢠Communication has become exceedingly important and complex in recent years, and this is reflected in the large number of anglicisms related to it, with publishing and the mass media being extremely significant. Meetings and their conduct also make their contribution. ⢠Both pleasant and unpleasant aspects of human relations figure, as do names of nationality and languages, social groups, folklore. ⢠In addition there are many terms whose meanings are either extremely general and apply in many areas or so vague that they cannot be tied down to one particular area. 3. Romance Languages 3.1. Occitan Contact between French and Occitan ⢠Since they share very close geographical proximity, being spoken on the same national territory, it is not surprising that there have been many borrowings into French from Occitan. ⢠It is customary nowadays to use the term Occitan rather than Provençal to refer to the collection of southern dialects known historically under the title langue dâoc; strictly speaking Provençal is simply one of these dialects (albeit the most prestigious, historically at least). ⢠Occitan words have passed into French in considerable numbers during the whole of its history with peaks in the 16th and 19th centuries. Each of these two centuries saw an Occitan renaissance take place. Another peak occurred in the 17th century. ⢠The first direct borrowings took place in the 11th century â olive, port = mountain pass; the latest ones, from the 20th century, include fada = stupid, pétanque, pissaladière = fish salad. Occitan as intermediary language ⢠As is to be expected, the vast majority of Occitan borrowings, having their roots in French soil, passed directly into French. ⢠A few were mediated by other languages or dialects. ⢠On the other hand, Occitan has served as the intermediary for many words on their journey into French â from Arabic luth = lute, from Frankish garer = to park, from Hebrew canne = cane, from Italian anchois = anchovy, from Sanskrit muscade = nutmeg, from Spanish soubresaut = somersault. Chapter 4 80 Semantic associations (a small selection) ⢠Quite a high proportion of the words of Occitan origin in French relate to the natural world, very often that of the Occitan area itself: names of plants, especially fruit and vegetables â brugnon = nectarine, figue, piment = pepper, names of animals â abeille = bee, aigle = eagle, tortue = tortoise, words relating to climate â brume = haze, mistral, to topography â brousse = scrub-land, cap = headland, to regional dishes â aïoli, bouillabaisse, to local buildings â auberge = inn, mas = Provençal farmhouse. ⢠Associations with the sea are also prominent â cargaison = cargo, chavirer = to capsize. ⢠Another large proportion of the Occitan words in French relate to the human sphere: words denoting human types â cambrioleur = burglar, troubadour, clothing â foulard = scarf, domestic activities â biner = to hoe, domestic objects â cadeau (which has undergone an interesting succession of associated meanings: from Latin caput = head, to chief, to capital letter (13th century), to decorative lettering, to superfluous words (17th century), to entertainment offered to a lady (17th century) to its current meaning (end 18th century)), casserole, flûte, human activities â railler = to mock, rôder = to prowl, human characteristics â ébouriffé = dishevelled, jaloux = jealous. 3.2. Italian Contact between French and Italian ⢠Italian has been supplying French with new words since the 12th century, and in very large numbers since the 14th, doubling in numbers between the 14th and 15th centuries and quadrupling in the 16th, which represents the zenith in Italian borrowings. It was of course at this time that a vogue for things Italian, including military matters, the arts, science, intellectual and daily affairs, swept France. The number of borrowings was halved in the 17th century with a gradual reduction in the 18th and 19th, followed by a relatively small number coming across into French in the 20th. ⢠However, it should be noted that, after English, Italian remains the most generous lexical contributor to French. ⢠Amongst the first words of Italian origin to be found in French were cape and perle = pearl. ⢠The 20th-century borrowings relate mainly to food â cannelloni, pizza, politics â fascisme = fascism, 20th-century discoveries (or lack of same!) â analphabétisme = illiteracy, marina, pizzeria. Italian as intermediary (a small selection) ⢠Italian itself has served as an intermediary language in a large number of cases, the majority of which arrived in French during the heyday of Italian influence, the 16th century. The languages involved are particularly European, but also include some from further east. Words with a Foreign Origin 81 ⢠From within Europe â from Gaulish brio, from Frankish groupe, from Longobardic balcon = balcony, from Basque bizarre (the word itself has had an appropriately unusual semantic history: from Basque bizar = beard, then = energetic man, to Spanish bizarro = bold, to Italian bizarro = hot-headed, to its current meaning). ⢠From further afield (and many of the terms came to French from Italian only after being mediated through one or more other languages) â from Arabic (a large number of words are involved) coton = cotton, zéro, from Persian bronze, douane = customs, from Sanskrit riz = rice, from Turkish caviar. Proper names (a small selection) ⢠A particular feature of Italian influence is that a considerable number of common nouns in French owe their origin to Italian proper names. ⢠Personal names â pantalon = trousers (Venetian actor, Pantaleone), volcan = volcano (Vulcan). ⢠Place names â charlatan (an inhabitant of Cerreto, famous for its peddlers of medicines and indulgences), galerie = gallery (Galilee, the name given to a church porch where, like Galileans at the time of Christ, people came to hear the word of God), gorgonzola (Italian town). Semantic associations (a small selection) ⢠The natural world: animals â calmar = squid (originally = writing desk; the change of meaning was occasioned through the association between the liquid secreted by squids and the ink used at such desks), guépard = cheetah, perroquet = parrot; plant names comprise trees, flowers, fruit, vegetables and spices â brocoli = broccoli, chou-fleur = cauliflower (a calque), citrouille = pumpkin, lavande = lavender, mandarine, orange; climate â rafale = gust, and topography â cascade = waterfall, piste = track, plage = beach. ⢠Humans are represented by their anatomy â torse = torso and especially their clothing, with Italian influence in the area of fashion being particularly striking â costume = suit, veste = jacket, parfum = perfume. Related to clothing are a number of names of fabrics as well as of other types of materials, a number of which are associated with volcanoes â brocart = brocade, faïence = earthenware, lave = lava. Human types themselves account for a large proportion of the Italian words in French, from the cowardly to the brave, from the young to the old, from the clergy to the military, from the lowly to the most exalted â altesse = highness, assassin, ballerine = ballerina, caporal = corporal, capucin = Capuchin (friar), partisan, soldat = soldier. ⢠These human types are accompanied by a similarly wide range of human attributes and characteristics, going from altier = haughty to caprice to fougue = enthusiasm, to politesse = politeness to svelte = slim. Semantic associations 2 ⢠Human activity is well represented, again with a vary wide range of meanings, from accaparer = to hoard to caresser = to caress to fracasser = to smash to Chapter 4 82 trajet = journey, as are the objects associated with such activities â balle = ball, carton = cardboard, médaille = medal, valise = suitcase. ⢠Italian influence can also be seen in a number of other areas of human existence, the organisation of society â agence = agency, camp, police = policy, vogue = fashion, maritime, concerning in particular the structure of the boat and its lading â escale = port of call, proue = prow, remorquer = to tow, and military matters â the military terms have the flavour of battle about them, consisting of names of weapons, summonses to war, battle formations and so on â alarme = alarm (originally a cry to arms), bataillon = batallion, bombe = bomb, canon = cannon. ⢠Linked to these terms are some from the realm of transport â ferroviaire = railway, frégate = frigate, gondole = gondola. Semantic associations 3 â culture and economics ⢠The lexis of Italian origin in French is pervaded by a sophisticated, cultured atmosphere, reflecting in particular the progress made by Italy in the realm of the arts and finance in the 16th and 17th centuries. This is the really original part of the Italian contribution to French. Most of these words were borrowed between the 16th and 18th centuries. ⢠The artistic side covers a wide range of activities: words from architecture â balustrade, colonnade, from painting â aquarelle = water-colour, dessiner = to draw, from dance â ballet, entrechat, from literature â nouvelle = short story, sonnet, theatre â burlesque, intermède = interlude, names of buildings with Italian prototypes, and where Italian concepts and designs are often clearly evident â casino, citadelle = citadel, vestibule = hall. ⢠Of course many musical terms have been borrowed from Italian, most of which relate to the style in which a piece of music is to be played, a few of which are names of musical instruments (many of the terms have an identical form in English) â adagio, air, mandoline = mandolin, mezzo-soprano, violon = violin. ⢠Italyâs contribution to economics is seen in such words as banque = bank, bilan = balance sheet, solde = balance. ⢠In more recent times, Italian cooking has contributed a wide menu of terms to French â caviar, semoule = semolina, tagiatelli (see also the beginning of the section). ⢠A handful of terms defy classification, mainly because of their very general application. Most common amongst them are briller = to shine, calme = calm, chiffre = number (originally from Arabic), risque = risk. 3.3. Portuguese Contact between French and Portuguese ⢠Portuguese words first appeared in French in the 15th century, and a few have entered the language in each century since that time, with nearly half arriving in the 17th, the century of major Portuguese colonial expansion. Words with a Foreign Origin 83 ⢠The first Portuguese word recorded is caravelle = boat; the most recent demonstrate the linguistic importance of Brazilian Portuguese in the 20th century â bossa nova, favela = slum. Portuguese as intermediary (a small selection) ⢠Portugalâs sea-faring reputation from the late 15th century onwards is reflected in many words reaching French via Portuguese from many parts of the world. In fact more words have passed from more distant countries into French via Portuguese than from Portugal itself. Portuguese influence in the east accounts for words from Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, various Indian languages, Malay, Chinese and Japanese. From Arabic mousson = monsoon. From Persian via Hindi bazar = bazaar. The Indian subcontinent has also supplied a number of terms via Portuguese â from Sanskrit via Tamil pagode = pagoda, from Tamil mangue = mango. From Malay bambou = bamboo. From further east Portuguese has channelled words from Chinese cangue = shackle and Japanese bonze = Buddhist priest or monk into French. From Africa â from Bantu banane = banana. From the Tupi-Guarani language of Brazil acajou = mahogany, ananas = pineapple. Semantic associations (a small selection) ⢠From a semantic point of view no one category figures particularly prominently amongst the mainstream Portuguese terms in French. However, if all the words, from whatever source, whether they are pure Portuguese or adopted from some other language, are taken as a whole, the most striking feature is their exotic flavour, the result of Portugalâs colonial achievements. ⢠In the words from Tupi-Guarani, flora and fauna are very conspicuous; in those from the east it is plants which dominate, with a few names of human types. ⢠Words arriving in French directly from Portuguese are marked by a (P). From all sources there are a number of words relating to human types â albinos (P), mandarin, nègre (P) and human activities, involving entertainment, e.g. dances â bossa nova (P), samba and a song fado (P) and trade â bazar. Human organisation â caste (P), fétiche (P) = fetish, paria, coins cruzado (P), roupie. Food and drink â marmelade (P), sangria. The names of buildings with a Portuguese origin evoke Portugalâs colonial exploits â case = hut (P), favela (P), pagode, as do the words denoting transport â jonque, and those denoting meteorological phenomena â mousson, typhon. Animals and plants with Portuguese names similarly recall Portugalâs Chapter 4 84 past: animals â cobra (P), jaguar, piranha, zèbre (P), plants â ananas, bambou, banane. 3.4. Spanish Contact between French and Spanish 1 ⢠Contacts between France and Spain are of long-standing and of many types, geographical, cultural, political, religious as well as personal. ⢠Historically speaking, there is only a sprinkling of Spanish terms in French dating from before the 16th century. Amongst the earliest words attested are cuirasse = breast-plate from the 13th century and baie = bay, épagneul = spaniel from the 14th. Contact between French and Spanish 2 ⢠Thereafter words from Spanish have entered the language in fairly copious numbers, with peaks in the 17th and 19th centuries, each accounting for about one quarter of the words. ⢠The most recent terms are very diverse, including food and drink â paella, xérès = sherry, entertainment, often with an American (both north and south) flavour â canasta, rodéo, rumba, especially bull-fighting terminology â toréer = to be a bull-fighter and 20th-century values â machisme, macho. ⢠A distinction amongst these 20th-century terms can be drawn between those Spanish borrowings of European origin and those from the Americas. ⢠From the Americas come such words as cañon, macho, more specifically lasso, tango from Argentina, rumba from Cuba, marihuana from Mexico. Spanish as intermediary 1 ⢠The majority of Spanish borrowings have passed directly into French. However, a relatively small number of Spanish words have been mediated by other languages: Old French, Dutch, Italian and especially English and Occitan. ⢠On the other hand Spanish itself has acted as an intermediary for a large volume of words from other European languages and beyond, reflecting various aspects of the contacts which the Spanish have had firstly with neighbouring and then with more distant nations. ⢠Some such words originated amongst the early Iberian tribes, who came from Africa, in about the 6th century BC and occupied the south-west area of present-day France as far north as the Loire â baraque = hut, carapace = shell. ⢠Spanish has also channelled a small number of other words of fairly ancient origin into French: from Celtic silo, from Frankish estampille = stamp. ⢠It has acted in the same way for another group of words, this time from Latin and the Romance languages: from Latin embargo, vanille = vanilla, from Occitan romance, from Italian volcan, from Portuguese créole, embarrasser = to embarrass. Words with a Foreign Origin 85 Spanish as intermediary 2 â Arabic (a small selection) ⢠The invasion of Spain by the Arabs in the early 8th century and the subsequent five centuries-long occupation by them made the Spaniards the vehicle for the dissemination of Arabic culture and the Arabic language in western Europe. ⢠A number of words of Arabic origin owe their presence in French to Spanish intervention â rame = ream (of paper), récif = reef, tabac = tobacco. ⢠Arabic was also the staging-post for a number of other words from the languages of neighbouring countries which passed into French after a stop-over in Spanish and sometimes in another language: from Turkish gilet = waistcoat, from Berber sagaie = assegai, from Persian sarabande = saraband. ⢠Very circuitous was the route followed by aubergine, from Sanskrit via Persian and Arabic before being taken over into Catalan and then on to French. Spanish as intermediary 3 ⢠In the case of a few other words of eastern origin, Portuguese was the original contact language, from which Spanish subsequently borrowed them before passing them on to French, e.g. Sanskrit carambolage eventually = cannon in billiards and traffic pileup (the original term denoted an exotic red fruit) began its lexical journey via Marathi (a language spoken in western India) before reaching Portuguese. Proper names ⢠Place names â épagneul (Spanish), gitan = gipsy (Egyptian), havane = cigar (Havana, Cuba), mayonnaise (Mahon, Menorca, to celebrate the capture of the town by the duc de Richelieu). ⢠Personal names â véronique (named after Saint Veronica, the sweeping gesture of the torero resembling that of the saint, wiping Christâs face) ⢠Trade mark â gomina = hair cream. Semantic associations (a small selection) ⢠Semantically speaking, the words of Spanish origin in French and those mediated by Spanish fall into well-defined categories and often clearly evoke their Spanish origin. Those words with an Arabic origin are denoted by (Ar) after the word. ⢠Human types â camarade = friend, gitan = gypsy, guérillero = guerilla, nègre = negro. ⢠Rather surprisingly there are no parts of the human anatomy with a Spanish name, whereas a number of human qualities and characteristics have â brave, embarrasser, macho, svelte. ⢠Human activities, among which entertainment figures very strongly, dancing â flamenco, rumba, tango, bull-fighting â corrida = bullfight, cardgames â canasta, chess â case = compartment (originally referring to the squares on a chessboard), and dicing â hasard (Ar) = chance; more general words are palabre = palaver, sieste. Chapter 4 86 ⢠Intellectual words, related to orthography â cédille = cedilla and literature â romance. ⢠Human organisation â coins â peso, language â sabir = lingua franca, political ⢠⢠⢠⢠activities â démarcation (a word created by Pope Alexander VI in 1493 to separate Portuguese East Indies from Spanish West Indies), firme = firm and interpersonal relationships â compliment. Domestic objects (both European and South American) â musical instruments â castagnettes, guitare (Ar), tools â lasso, machete, cosmetics â gomina = hair cream; carafe (Ar), rame (Ar) = ream (of paper). Buildings â alcove (Ar), mosquée (Ar) = mosque, patio. Clothing, food and drink â clothing â casque = helmet, gabardine, sombrero; food â caramel, mayonnaise, pastille = pastille. Smoking also owes much of its vocabulary to Spanish influence â cigare, havane, tabac (Ar). Semantic associations 2 ⢠Maritime transport and associated activities: boats â embarcation = small boat, flottille = flotilla, parts of a boat â misaine = foresail, equipment â embarcadère = landing stage, trade â embargo (originally used in shipping). ⢠The military contribution is much smaller â guérilla = guerilla warfare. ⢠The animal kingdom is well represented â albatross (Ar), bourrique = donkey, canari = canary, épagneul = spaniel, moustique = mosquito. ⢠Most of the words which derive from Spanish relating to flora and topography in general not only betray their origin but also evoke the voyages of discovery and subsequent exploration associated with the Spanish from the 16th century onwards â plants â abricot (Ar) = apricot, jonquille = daffodil, topography â baie = bay, volcan = volcano. ⢠Names of materials and minerals â jade, satin (Ar) (named after the Arabic version of the Chinese town name where satin was produced). ⢠Climate â rafale, tornade = tornado. Spain and the New World ⢠Another major factor in the Spanish contribution to French was its New World maritime and colonial adventures starting in the 16th century. As a result Spanish became the vehicle whereby many words from Central and South America and the Caribbean reached France, particularly words from Arawak (spoken in Latin America and the Caribbean), Carib (spoken in the Caribbean and Guyana), Nahuatl (spoken in Mexico) and Quechua (spoken in Peru). Examples (a selection) All the words clearly evoke local conditions and phenomena. Arawak â canoë = canoe, hamac = hammock, iguane = iguana, maïs = maize and ouragan = hurricane. Carib â caïman = cayman, cannibale = cannibal, pirogue = dugout. Words with a Foreign Origin 87 Nahuatl â mescaline = mescaline (derived from an agave), ocelot, types of plants â cacao = cocoa, chocolat, haricot = bean, tomate = tomato. Quechua â the names of animals figure large â condor, lama = llama, puma; also gaucho and caoutchouc = rubber. 4. Dialects of French and the Regional Languages of France 4.1. Dialects 4.1.1. Southern dialects Examples 1 (a selection) None of the southern dialects has supplied more than a handful of words to French. Gascon â cèpe = boletus, cagnotte = kitty, traquenard = trap (originally it described the way a horse trots, then a trap for trapping animals before acquiring its figurative sense), tôle = sheet metal. Languedocien â palombe = woodpigeon, banquette = seat. Béarnais â béret, bagarre = fighting. Savoyard â grèbe = grebe, crétin. Examples 2 Lyonnais (the largest contribution from the southern dialects but still relatively small). Many of the most recent borrowings have a somewhat derogatory or low register connotation â bafouiller = to splutter, frangin = brother, jacasser = to chatter, moutard = brat. ⢠Borrowings from other dialects tend to involve obscure or esoteric meanings. 4.1.2. Northern dialects Examples The contribution of the northern dialects is considerably greater than that of the southern dialects, and some of the items show distinctive northern associations. Walloon â mining terms figures prominently â faille = fissure, houille = coal, rescapé = survivor. Picard â also some mining terms â coron = minerâs house, porion = miner, but also common terms â figer = to fix, cabine = cabin, gribouiller = to scribble. Normano-Picard â accabler = to overwhelm, cabrer = to rear up, colimaçon = snail, crevette = prawn. Norman (the largest contingent of terms) â car = coach, cassette = casket, éclair = flash, sâenliser = to sink in. Vaudeville takes its name from the Norman village of Vau-de-Vire, famous for its musical entertainments. Norman as intermediary â from Gaulish quai = embankment, from Frankish ricaner = to grin, from Germanic houle = swell, from Scandinavian crique = creek. Anglo-Norman â pieuvre = octopus. Chapter 4 88 Northern words of unspecified origin â usine = factory. Most have an informal ring â taule = bedroom, toqué = crazy. ⢠These dialects also mediated a number of words â from Gaulish boue = mud, from Frankish danser = to dance, from Dutch dégingandé = awkward. ⢠The lexical atmosphere created by the words borrowed from northern dialects is qualitatively different from that created by those from the south: industrialisation, factories and mines are apparent in the former rather than foodstuffs and topographical features. What is also interesting is that human types and characteristics with northern names express either a humble or an undesirable social position â maquereau = pimp, saligaud = bastard, nor are the nouns describing the human form particularly flattering â caboche = head, cloque = blister, mafflu = heavy-jowled. 4.1.3. Western dialects Semantic associations 1 ⢠The contribution of the western dialects is about a third of that of the northern dialects. ⢠There is quite often an atmosphere of disreputableness similar to that pervading many of the northern terms. This is especially seen in the names of human types â dupe (based on the name of the huppe = hoopoe, âa notoriously stupid birdâ!), filou = crook and words expressing human characteristics, e.g. billeversées = nonsense, sâengouer = to have a craze, fâcher = to annoy. Semantic associations 2 ⢠Words with a domestic connotation â lessive = washing, pichet = small jug. ⢠The climate of the west of France and its effects â bruine = drizzle, noroît = northwesterly wind, gadoue = mud. ⢠Seafaring preoccupations of its population in the past â bernicle = limpet, chaloupe = trawler. ⢠Plants â aubépine hawthorn, cassis = blackcurrant, and perhaps surprisingly liane = creeper (from the Caribbean) which recalls the voyages of discovery made from the west coast. 4.1.4. Central and eastern dialects Examples The contribution from these areas is very small indeed. Central area â poussière = dust, rillette = potted meat. Eastern area â beurre = butter, oie = goose, ronchonner = to grumble. 4.2. The regional languages Of the regional languages, it is Occitan which has supplied by far the largest number of words to French â see Section 3.1 â with Breton a very poor second â see Section 1.1. The other regional languages have contributed little and what there is generally evokes the appropriate region. Words with a Foreign Origin 89 Examples Alsatian words tend to have a culinary association â choucroute = sauerkraut, quiche, riesling. For Basque it is pelote â pelotari = pelote player. For Corsican the local vegetation and related activities â maquis, vendetta. For Flemish â kermesse = fair. 4.3. French outside France As with the regional languages, words from Francophonia tend to evoke local phenomena and are consequently quite esoteric. Examples From Louisiana â cajun. From Caribbean creole â biguine, zombi. 5. Hamito-Semitic languages 5.1. Arabic Contact between French and Arabic ⢠A large majority of the words of Arabic origin in French arrived via other languages. Arabic lexical influence reached its zenith in the 16th century when Arabic influence in so many areas of culture was also at its highest. About quarter of the Arabic terms in French entered the language at that time. A resurgence occurred in the 19th century, largely as a result of renewed interest in North Africa and the beginnings of colonialisation by French and other European settlers. Early and late examples ⢠The earliest Arabic word to be used in French was amiral = admiral. ⢠The 20th-century terms document the re-emergence of Islam as a world force, with such words as ayatollah, fedayin = fedayee, moudjahid, ramdam = ramadam, and a renewed interest in the Arab way of life, especially foodstuffs, such as merguez = sausage. Arabic as mediated and intermediary language ⢠Many of the earlier arrivals were mediated by other languages. In fact only just over a third of the Arabic words arrived directly in French â most of these referred to specifically Arab phenomena, Islam and religious practice and Arab customs and civilisation. ⢠Of the major contributors to French, Arabic is the language which has seen its words follow the most diverse of routes into the receiver language. ⢠The major intermediary languages, accounting mainly for terms of a less localised nature, were Italian, Latin, Spanish. ⢠Arabic has been instrumental in mediating words from the Middle East to French. Chapter 4 90 ⢠From Persian tasse = cup, but more often Arabic figures in combination with a European language in the mediation of Persian words into French â azur = blue, douane = customs, échecs = chess, épinard = spinach, jasmin = jasmine, sucre = sugar. Proper names Personal name â ottomane = ottoman (furniture). Place names â fez, mousseline = muslin, oasis. Béni-oui-oui = yes-man is a hybrid, consisting of Arabic béni = son of + reduplication of French oui. Semantic associations ⢠The vast majority of the words clearly evoke the Arab world. Human types â these provide an intimate summary of the structure of Arab society â ayatollah, bédouin, cheik = sheik, chiite = Shiite, musulman = Muslim, toubib = doctor. Human characteristics â maboul = crazy; human activities â masser = to massage and nouba = spree (originally designating an Algerian military band). Islam â Coran = Koran, islam, ramadan. Domestic objects â divan, tasse, cosmetics â khôl = kohl, clothing â caftan, djellaba, fez, food and drink â couscous, élixir, merguez, buildings â harem, médina, souk. Military terms â baroud = fight, matraque = club, razzia = raid. Scientific or technical terms â alcali = alkali, azimut = azimuth (a bearing in astronomy). Fate â baraka, nadir, zénith. Natural world: animals â gazelle, plants â haschisch, henné = henna, moka = mocha, topography â bled = rolling countryside, erg = dune. Materials â laiton = brass, ouate = cotton-wool. 5.2. Hebrew Semantic associations ⢠The early borrowings from Hebrew, usually via Latin and / or Greek, tend to have a Christian connotation, the later ones a Jewish / Israeli one, but on the whole it is Christian terms that are the most notable from a semantic point of view â alléluia, amen, Pâques = Easter, sabbat = sabbath. ⢠In addition there are some examples of calques, all of which have a Christian connotation â ange (Hebrew malâak = messenger > Greek aggelos = messenger, then Latin angelos), calvaire = calvary (Hebrew golgotha = place of the skull > Latin calvariae locus). ⢠General words â canne = cane, cidre = cider, sac = bag. ⢠German accounted for two borrowings â sémitique = Semitic, yod. ⢠The earliest Hebrew borrowing in French is chérubin from the 11th century and the latest kibboutz from the 20th. Words with a Foreign Origin 91 5.3. Persian Contact between French and Persian ⢠A relatively large number of words of Persian origin have been borrowed into French, most having been mediated by other languages. ⢠Although Persian words from all sources have entered French in all centuries, the summit was reached in the 15th and 16th. Persian as a mediated language ⢠Most Persian words arrived in French after a circuitous journey, often involving more than one intermediary language. A single language: Arabic tasse = cup, Italian bronze, Latin pêche = peach, persienne = blind, Turkish kiosque = kiosk. Two languages were involved in the following cases: Arabic and Italian douane = customs, Arabic and Latin épinard = spinach, Greek and Latin paradis = paradise, Hindi and English tigre = tiger, Hindi and Portuguese bazar = bazaar, Hindoustani and English pyjama = pyjamas, Turkish and Italian turban = turban. The place name pârs = Persia is involved in pêche, pers = sea-green, perse = Persian, persienne. 5.4. Sanskrit Contact between French and Sanskrit ⢠There has been a steady flow into French of words from Sanskrit since the 12th century, with a notable increase in the 19th century, and, as with Persian, only a few, and most of these of recent date, have arrived in French direct from Sanskrit. The others have had complicated journeys, with quite often three earlier ports of call (sucre = sugar boasts five!). Sanskrit as a mediated language (a selection) ⢠Persian and Arabic are the common denominators in a certain number of cases, together with Greek and Italian for cramoisi = crimson, with Greek and Latin for muguet = lily of the valley, with Greek, Latin and Italian for sucre, with Latin for nénuphar = waterlily, poivre = pepper, with Italian for orange = orange (orange arrived in French from Italian where it had the form arancia; the French town Orange, being famous for the sale of such fruit, exerted phonetic influence upon its form, hence orange); Persian, Greek, Latin and Italian provided riz = rice. ⢠Quite often an Indian language is involved: Bengali and English for jute, Hindi and English for punch, Hindi, English and Portuguese for sangria, Hindoustani and English for jungle. ⢠Words that have arrived directly in French often have a religious association, whether through philosophy â nirvana, svastika = swastika, yoga, zen, or through the names of practitioners â gourou = guru, yogi. Chapter 4 92 5.5. Turkish Examples of Turkish as a mediated and intermediary language ⢠Only a few words of Turkish origin have entered French directly â chagrin = leather, yaourt / yoghourt. ⢠Various languages have acted as intermediaries for other words â Italian caviar, Arabic and Spanish gilet = waistcoat. ⢠Turkish itself has been the means whereby a number of Persian words in particular have gained access to French â kiosque, tulipe, turban. 5.6. Various other Hamito-Semitic languages Mediated languages and semantic associations ⢠The words from these languages in French tend, as might be expected, to be mediated by other languages (usually Arabic, Greek or Latin) and to have a local flavour. Egyptian ébène = ebony, oasis, pharaon = pharaoh. Syriac damas = damask (from Damascus). ⢠However, the Aramaic terms in French have a religious connotation â Judaistic rabbin = rabbi, Judaeo-Christian messie = messiah, Roman Catholic abbé = abbot. 6. Other languages Many other languages have made a smaller contribution to French. They are listed below by continent rather than language group. 6.1. Africa Contact between French and African languages ⢠African words began to appear in French from the 16th century onwards. The first such word was gri-gri / gris-gris = amulet (of Ewe-Fon origin). Examples From the Bantu group (the largest contribution) â chimpanzé = chimpanzee, tsé-tsé. From Malgasy â raphia = raffia. ⢠Mediation Some words have passed direct into French. Others have been mediated by European languages, especially Portuguese and English â Via Portuguese banane = banana, macaque. Via English okapi, mandrill. ⢠Semantic associations African flora and fauna are strongly reflected in the borrowings. Words with a Foreign Origin 93 6.2. Asia Chinese ⢠Linguistic contacts with China date back to the 16th century, the earliest direct borrowing being litchi / letchi = lychee. ⢠A fair proportion of the words of Chinese origin have been mediated by other languages, especially English, e.g. ketchup, kumquat. ⢠The vast majority of the words relate directly to China or the Chinese way of life. Japanese ⢠Most of the Japanese words in French arrived in the 19th and 20th centuries. ⢠Semantic associations As with the Chinese borrowings, they reflect many of the customs and especially the martial practices of their society. Martial arts â jiu-jitsu, judo, karaté, with words for types of suicide, hara-kiri, kamikase and another denoting the samouraisâ code of honour bushido. Drink and clothing â kimono, saki. Professions â geisha, mikado, samouraï. The Indian subcontinent and Tibet ⢠Words from the Indian subcontinent and Tibet entered French in relatively large numbers in the 17th and 19th centuries. Over half the words have been mediated by a European language before reaching French, principally English. ⢠Semantic associations Most of the words involved have precise values, many evoking specifically Indian phenomena, such as the names of local animals â panda, zébu, names of materials or clothing â calicot, sari and human types â dalaï-lama, sherpa. Indonesian and Malay ⢠The East â Indonesia and Malaya â was of considerable interest and importance to travellers particularly between the 16th and 18th centuries, and this is reflected not only in the semantic fields represented by the borrowings but also by the number of European nations which have channelled words into French â Dutch, English, Portuguese, Spanish. Names of animals predominate â émeu = emu, orang-utan. 6.3. Australasia Australasia ⢠Words from Australia and New Zealand have usually been mediated by English and have a strong local flavour. 94 Chapter 4 Aboriginal dingo, kangourou = kangaroo, boomerang. Maori kiwi = kiwi, both fruit and bird. Polynesia tabou = taboo, tatouer = to tattoo and bikini (a trade name derived from the name of an atoll). 6.4. Europe (in addition to contributions from languages discussed in earlier sections) Northern and Central European languages ⢠In comparison with the Scandinavian contribution, dealt with earlier, that from other northern European languages is very small. Baltic area â élan = eland; Finnish sauna, Lapp toundra = tundra. Central Europe â Czech pistolet = pistol, robot; Hungarian paprika, goulache / goulasche = goulash; Polish polka, meringue. Russian ⢠The largest contribution, with examples dating back to the 15th century. ⢠The largest contingent arrived in the 20th century and has a distinctly Soviet and post-Soviet flavour â goulag, soviet, glasnost, perestroïka, rouble. ⢠Some of the words relating to human types reflect the pre-Soviet period â cosaque, tsar. The Russian way of life is illustrated by such words as datcha, balalaïka, samovar, icône = icon, steppe. 6.5. America 6.5.1. North America (in addition to those words from North American English, dealt with in Section 3.10.) Amerindian languages ⢠A very small contribution. Algonquin caribou, Choctaw bayou and Iroquois séquoia. Eskimo igloo, anorak. 6.5.2. South America Mediated languages ⢠Spanish has been the intermediary language for the following South American languages â Arawak, spoken in Latin America and the Caribbean, Carib, spoken in the Caribbean and Guyana, Nahuatl, spoken in Mexico, Quechua, spoken in Peru (see Section 4.4). ⢠Portuguese has mediated a sizeable proportion of the relatively large number of Tupi-Guarani words in French. Most of the words refer to animals â toucan, tapir. Words with a Foreign Origin 95 7. Summary â The Major Contributors Certain languages have emerged as particularly influential in determining the shape of modern French. The most notable languages in this respect are, in decreasing numerical importance, English, Italian, Occitan, Spanish and Frankish. The links between the nations using these languages and French are clear. Historically the fortunes of these nations and France have been closely intertwined. The fate of Occitan, spoken on French soil, has been dictated by political decisions made in Paris. Rivalry and occasionally co-operation mark the relationships between the other nations and France. In the case of English, French was a net contributor to the developing language from the 12th century and for a number of centuries thereafter. The tables were not turned in that relationship until the 18th century, when English became a very serious factor in enlarging the French lexicon with terms from many areas of contemporary life. English and French belong to different linguistic families â Germanic as opposed to Romance. In the case of two of the other contributing languages mentioned above, Italian and Spanish (and the same also applies to Portuguese, ranked 10 amongst contributing languages), what they have in common with French is membership of the same linguistic family. This definitely facilitates movement between the languages, as there are fewer structural barriers to overcome â words from such origins are more easily assimilated into French than words from unrelated languages. Not only are there strong historical links between all these major contributory languages and French, but closely connected to that is the fact that they are also close geographically, their land masses in some cases being contiguous to each other, and with only a narrow stretch of water separating the English-speaking domain from France. This principle of geographical proximity would also account for the relatively large impact which the various dialects of France have had upon the standard language. Speakers of French dialects and also the regional languages, of which Occitan is one, have been or still are to a greater or lesser extent bilingual, which would make passing of words from the former into the latter more easy. The following table presents the languages in descending order of importance of contribution to French (down to a contribution of 1% and excluding pre-IndoEuropean and Gaulish). The figures speak for themselves: as is well known, English is the largest contributor of loanwords to French, accounting for almost a third of the total and surpassing its nearest rival, Italian, by over 10%. Italian accounts for one fifth of the total, and then there is an even larger drop to the third and fourth ranks, Occitan (8%) and Spanish (7%). Thereafter other languages and the French dialects come pell-mell. References Dictionnaire des mots dâorigine étrangère, compiled by Henriette and Gérard Walter (1991). Paris: Larousse. Guiraud, P. (1965) Les Mots étrangers. Paris: Presses Universitaires de Paris. 96 Chapter 4 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Name of language English Italian Occitan Spanish Frankish Northern dialects German Dutch Arabic Portuguese Southern dialects Western dialects Germanic Scandinavian Russian Proportion of contribution (%) 30.5 20 8 7 5 4.5 3.5 3 2.5 2 2 1.5 1 1 1 Chapter 5 Words with a Short History â Neologisms The French vocabulary is changing constantly, undergoing a permanent process of renewal. Words drop out of use â consulting dictionaries of earlier periods will soon confirm this. Exercise Which of the following are likely to have disappeared from use and are unlikely to be still recorded in a dictionary of contemporary French? Why? balance des paiements = balance of payments besanter = to decorate with besants (coins from Byzantium) congé de maternité = maternity leave coût-efficacité = cost-effectiveness festage = tax paid to lord when ridge-piece of roof laid gonfanon = pennant attached to a lance se guimpler = to put on a wimple joste = joust missile de croisière = cruise missile pull = pullover But more importantly new words â neologisms â are being constantly produced. These fall into three major categories â (1) Borrowings from other languages. (2) Internal creations â words made from elements already existing in French. (3) Changes of meaning of already existing French words. Neologism For our purposes neologisms are those words which have entered French, by whatever means, over the past fifty years, in other words since the middle of the 20th century. Caveat 1 ⢠Only some of the words created every year will become permanent features of the language, but it is a risky business trying to predict which ones will survive and which will disappear. ⢠Obviously those which are tied to a particular event, which was significant at the time but which soon fades into obscurity, or an individualâs name, that of 97 Chapter 5 98 a star or politician who occupied centre stage for a short period but who was soon forgotten or replaced by another star or politician, are the least likely to find their way into dictionaries. Examples Do you remember Edouard Balladur from whose name, during his period of political influence, the term balladurien was derived, or Raymond Barre who, during his, donated barriste? Caveat 2 ⢠Even those new words which do eventually find a permanent slot for themselves in the language do not have an easy time of it, and are regularly criticised by members of the Académie française as ugly or unnecessary. ⢠However, to their chagrin, it is not the Academicians who decide the fate of new words, but ordinary speakers, and especially the trend-setters of the time. Exercise Suggest who the trend-setters of the second half of the 20th century have been and who they are likely to be in the 21st. The need for neologisms ⢠On the whole, neologisms serve two main purposes â firstly, to fill a gap in the lexicon and secondly, to embellish the language, to provide a different way of expressing something. ⢠See Chapter 4. Exercises What sort of gaps are likely to appear in a languageâs lexicon? Why are âluxuryâ items needed? Foreign borrowings â these have been dealt with in Chapter 4. Internal Creations The most important types of new words encountered under this heading are derivatives, compounds, shortenings. It should be noted that derivation has always been a source of new words for French; composition less often, and word shortening was relatively rare before the 20th century. In what follows we shall concentrate mainly upon words that have entered French since the second half of the 20th century. Words With a Short History â Neologisms 99 Derivation Derivation The simplest way to create a new word in French is to add an affix, either a prefix or a suffix to one which already exists. Derivation is a process which is convenient, neat, economical and usually unambiguous. Prefixation Prefixation Prefixes are elements which are appended to the beginning of an already existing word. Normally the prefix cannot stand by itself, although one or two prefixes have gained word status as a result of ellipsis or word-shortening, e.g. super, télé. Prefixes may be divided into a number of categories according to their meanings. Prefixes denoting opposition ⢠The 20th century having been a century of change, revolutions, reversals, inventions, there has been a great need for prefixes to form antonyms to express the opposite of what is denoted by the original term. Examples The most common prefixes of this type are â anti, contre, dé, in, non. anti â examples â des phares anti-éblouissants = anti-dazzle, une loi anti-grève, un médicament anti-stress, une politique anti-européenne. contre â examples â des mesures contre-ingérence = counter-insurgency, une contre-offensive, une contre-culture. dé â examples â déforester, la dépénalisation des stupéfiant = decriminalisation, le déstockage dâune entreprise = off-loading of stock, se désaltérer = to quench oneâs thirst in (in becomes il, im, ir before l, m, r respectively) â examples â ininfluençable = uninfluencable, lâilliquidité = lack of liquidity, irrelié = unconnected, imbiodégradable = unbiodegradable (note the two prefixes). non â examples â la non-agression, la non-prolifération des armes nucléaires, le non-remplacement des départs = natural wastage. Chapter 5 100 Exercise Do you think that these prefixes are interchangeable or is it possible to detect some semantic distinctions between them? Prefixes denoting degree ⢠Not only is the 20th century a century of radical change, it is also a century of superlatives â the biggest, the smallest, the strongest, the fastest, in short, the best. ⢠This is reflected in the host of prefixes suggesting some type of degree. Examples Prefixes denoting a high degree â archi, méga, super, sur, ultra archi â examples â archicomble = full to bursting, archi-faux = utterly wrong, archiplat = extremely dull. mega â examples â une méga-pôle = mega-city, une mégatournée = mega-tour. super â examples â superchouette = absolutely brilliant, supersophistiqué, un supermouchard = supergrass. sur â examples â les pays surendettés = debt-burdened, surprotéger = to overprotect, une star surmédiatisée = with excessive media coverage. ultra â examples â ultraconfus = hopelessly confused, ultrasimplifiée = extremely simplified, ultraperfectionné = ultra-sophisticated. Less common prefixes to be included here are macro, maxi. Examples Prefixes denoting a small degree â micro, mini, sous micro â examples â un micro-émetteur = micro-transmitter, un micro-Etat = mico-state, un micro-problème = minor problem. mini â examples â une minicrise = minor crisis, une mini-croisière = mini-cruise, un miniscandale = miniscandal. sous â examples â sous-représenté = under-represented, une sous-évaluation = under-estimation, sous-peuplé = under-populated. Examples Prefixes denoting a number or a multiplicity â bi, demi, mono, tri, multi, pluri, poly. bi â examples â un bicorps = two-volume, bi-emploi = dual purpose, la bipolarisation = (bi)polarisation. demi â examples â une demi-finale = semi-final, un demi-tarif = half-fare, une demi-volée = half-volley. mono â examples â monocanon = single barrel, une monoexportation = single product exporting, un monoréacteur = single-engined jet aircraft. Words With a Short History â Neologisms 101 tri â examples â un tricorps = three-volume, un triréacteur = three-engined jet. multi â examples â multicompétent = multi-skilled, le multipartisme = multi-party system, la multirisque = all risks / comprehensive insurance. pluri â examples â pluriculturel = multicultural, pluriethnique = multiethnic, le pluripartisme = multi-party system. poly â examples â polyhandicapé = with multiple disabilities, polylingue = multilingual, polyinsaturé = polyunsaturate. Prefixes relating to science or technology ⢠An amazing number of prefixes have been used in the 20th century to denote scientific advances or discoveries, many with a clear Greek or Latin origin. In the following list, normally just one example will be given for each prefix. Examples aéro â lâaérodynamisme = aerodynamics. agro â lâagroalimentaire = food-processing industry. audio â une audioconférence. bio â biomédical. cryo â la cryochirurgie = cryosurgery (low-temperature). chrono â la chronobiologie = study of bio-rhythms. dermo â la dermo-cosmétologie = skin and beauty care. électro â lâélectroménager = household electrical appliances. géo â la géopolitique = geopolitics. hémo â un hémo-test = blood test. hydro â lâhydromassage = hydromassage. immuno â un agent immunosuppresseur = immunosuppressive. magnéto â la magnéto-optique = magneto-optics. neuro â la neuroscience = neuro-science. paléo â la paléopathologie = paleopathology. photo â une photocopieuse = photocopier. psycho â un psychoparmacologue = psychopharmacologist. techno â un technoparc = techno-park. turbo â le turboforage = turbodrilling. Polyvalent prefixes ⢠One or two prefixes have more than one value. Examples télé is ambiguous because it can (1) mean âat a distanceâ and preserves its original meaning, (2) be a shortened form of télévision or (3) of téléphone (see below for further discussion of word shortening), and in both these cases the meaning of the deleted element is transferred to the prefix. Chapter 5 102 ⢠Examples télétravail = teleworking, téléchargement = remote loading. une télépièce = play for television, téléprêcheur = telly evangelist. téléopérateur = telephone operator, une télécarte = phone card. ⢠auto can be (1) an abbreviation of automobile, but (2) much more often it retains its original meaning = self (as it does in the long form automobile). Examples un autoradio = car radio, une autoécole = driving school. lâautodétestation = self-hate, sâautoquereller = to quarrel among themselves. ⢠radio is used as a truncated form of (1) radiodiffusion = broadcasting, or (2 )of radiographie or (3) of radioactif. Examples un radio-taxi, radiotélévisé = broadcast both on the radio and television. la radiodermite = radiodermititis, un radiophysicien = X-ray physicist. radio-élément, un radio-isotope. Miscellaneous prefixes ⢠There is still a large number of prefixes unaccounted for, some of which seem to be fairly loosely connected. ⢠Some refer to time â après â lâaprèsâ2000 = post-millennium, lâaprès-mousson = post-monsoon. néo â le néo-puritanisme. péri â péri-informatique = computer environment. post â le post-krach. pré â préprogrammer. ⢠Others to position (allowing âpositionâ a wide meaning) â en â enturbanner = to put a turban on. extra â extramuros = out of town. inter â interbancaire = inter-bank, interethnique. outre â outre-Méditerrané = on the other side of the Mediterranean. para â paracommercial. sub â subsaharien. Recent productive prefixes ⢠Other prefixes have spawned many neologisms in recent years. ⢠euro is sometimes an abbreviation of (1) Europe, sometimes of (2) the Union Européenne. Examples européaniser, eurovision. eurodéputés, europarlementaires; it has reached its apotheosis in being used to designate the new currency, lâeuro. éco â lâécosocialisme = green socialism, un écomusée = museum devoted to the environment. Words With a Short History â Neologisms 103 ethno â lâethnomusicologie. narco â un narco-terroriste = drug terrorist. pétro â un pétro-dollar. ⢠Old but still productive prefixes â re can be attached to virtually any already existing word (see Chapter 3). co â un coanimateur = co-presenter. pro â progouvernemental. Reprefixation ⢠Occasionally a neologism is produced by replacing a prefix on a well-established word by different one. Examples consensus > dissensus = area of disagreement, convolution > involution = regression, recrutement > décrutemen = out-placement (helping workers to find another job). Exercise It was claimed earlier that derivation is a neat and economical way of creating new words. Using some of the examples of prefixation given above, how would you confirm â or deny â such a claim? Suffixation Suffixation Whereas prefixation involved appending elements to the beginning of an already existing word, suffixation involves appending an element at the end of an already existing word. Whereas it is convenient to classify prefixes by their meanings, it is more usual to classify suffixes by the word class they help produce. Suffixation and verbs ⢠The situation regarding the formation of new verbs is very straightforward â only the first conjugation (verbs ending in âer) is productive. ⢠The only new examples belonging to the second conjugation which have been created in the 20th century are alunir, amerrir, which are clearly modelled on the much older atterrir. ⢠In these cases a prefix has been added to the original word at the same time as the suffix. ⢠The addition of -er has led to the creation of a very large number of new verbs. Some of the stems to which it is added are traditional French ones. Chapter 5 104 ⢠Others come from a variety of other sources. Examples archiver = to file, patoiser = to speak in a patois, graffiter = to paint graffiti, scrabbler = to play Scrabble. ⢠Sometimes the simple -er is supported by another element, producing a number of new verbs ending in -ifier, -iser in recent years. Examples complexifier = to complicate, fluidifier â to fluidise, charteriser = to charter, maximiser = to maximise. Suffixation and adverbs ⢠There is of course only one adverbial suffix in French, -ment; consequently there is little scope for originality. Even so, one or two fairly striking new adverbs have appeared â but how long, or if, they will survive is a different matter. Examples démentiellement = insanely, majoritairement = for the most part, prioritairement = as a priority. Suffixation and nouns and adjectives 1 ⢠It is with nouns and adjectives that suffixation really comes into its own. A selection will have to be made, as the number of different suffixes involved is considerable. ⢠Suffixes denoting agents, activities and collections. Amongst the most common suffixes denoting agents are â -aire, -ard, -eur / -euse, -ien, -iste. less common are â -crate, -esse, -logue, -mane, -naute, -phile, -phobe. ⢠It will be noticed that o is often used as a linking element. Two examples will be provided for the more common suffixes, one for the others. -aire â un décisionnaire = decision-maker, un gestionnaire = administrator. -ard â (normally with a pejorative value) un laïcard = supporter of secularism, un soixante-huitard = veteran of the 1968 protests. Suffixation and nouns and adjectives 2 -eur / -euse â un blablateur = waffler, un pacageur = packager; une rockeuse = rockânâroll fan, une shooteuse = junkie. -ien â un pentathlonien = pentathlete, un plasticien = plastic surgeon. -iste â un documentaliste = archivist, un bédéiste = cartoonist. -crate â un hétérocrate = someone dominated by heterosexual values. -esse â une monstresse. -logue â un argotologue = slang expert. -mane â un wagnéromane = Wagner fan. -naute â un cybernaute = cybernaut. -phile â un jazzophile = jazz lover Words With a Short History â Neologisms 105 -phobe â un bruxellophobe = eurosceptic. ⢠Some fascinating new creations based on -phile occur â un copocléphile = collector of key rings, un glicophile = collector of sugar wrappers. Exercise What is un bédéphile, un matouphile, un télécartophile? Suffixation and nouns and adjectives 3 ⢠Suffixes denoting activities 1 -age, -ation, -ement, -isme, -ite, -ité, -itude, -lâtrie, -logie, -manie, -phobie. -age â le formattage = formatting, le parrainage = sponsorship. -ation â la loubardisation = descent into thuggery, la starisation = elevation to star status. -ement â le défraiement = payment of expenses, le voilement = wearing the (Islamic) veil. -isme â le catastrophisme = catastrophism, lâhexagonalisme = excessive French nationalism. -ite â la bétonnite = frenzied building activity, la tégévite = high speed train mania. ⢠Suffixes denoting activities 2 -ité â la garcité = bitchiness, la réactivité = excitability. -itude â la francitude = Frenchness, la maigritude = thinness. -lâtrie â la mitterrandolâtrie = hero worship of François Mitterrand. -logie â la bébéologie = study of babies, la contactologie = science of contact lenses. -manie â la groupusculomanie = mania for forming splinter groups, la muséomanie = museum madness. -phobie â la nippophobie = fear of Japan, la téléphobie = television phobia. ⢠Suffixes denoting collections -arium, -at, -erie, -thèque -arium â un instrumentarium = synthesiser, un insectarium = insect house. -at â le fonctionnariat = civil service, le lectorat = readership. -erie â une bouquinisterie = second-hand bookshop, une déchetterie = waste collection centre. -thèque â une cellulothèque = blood-cell bank, une ludothèque = games library. Suffixation and adjectives 1(a large group) ⢠Some of them have a (quasi-)scientific flavour â -gène, -cole, -phone, -phage, -vore. -gène â criminogène = encouraging crime. -cole â aquacole = aquicultural. -phone â néerlandophone = Dutch-speaking. Chapter 5 106 -phage â téléphage = addicted to watching TV. -vore â télévore = addicted to watching TV. Suffixation and adjectives 2 ⢠Other suffixes have a less easily classifiable meaning which may be defined as âassociated with, related toâ â -able / -ible, -aire, -ais, -al, -atif, -atoire, -el, -esque, -eux, -ien, -if, -ique, -iste, -istique. -able / -ible â diffusable = able to be broadcast, constructible = suitable for building. -aire â postmortuaire = relating to a post mortem, télévisionnaire = television. -ais (used with proper names) â burundais = Burundian, hongkongais = Hong Kong. -al â libidinal, mandarinal = relating to the establishment (ironical). -ard (normally with a pejorative value) â ramenard = big mouth. -atif â récapitulatif = summarising. -atoire â masturbatoire = masturbatory. -el â gravitationnel, informationnel. -esque â himalayesque = gigantic, jargonnesque = jargon-ridden. -eur â activateur = activating, introspecteur = introspective. -eux â crapoteux = toadlike. -ien â malien = Malian, tontonien = due to âTontonâ ( = President Mitterrand, see below). -if â réactif = quick to react. -ique â hédonique = full of pleasure, pharonique = extravagant. -iste â consensualiste = favouring consensus politics, parisianiste = Parisian-style. -istique â capitalistique = dependent on capital. Suffixation and adjectives 3 ⢠Still other suffixes have a more specific value â -issime, -mane, -phobe. -issime = excessive (often ironical) â importantissime, snobissime. -mane = lover of â lyricomane. -phobe = hater of, shy of â néophobe, publiphobe. Suffixes appearing as prefixes ⢠Very rarely an affix which is normally a suffix appears as a prefix. Examples -phile â un philopin = pinâs ( = badge) collector, le philosémitisme = prosemitism, philorévolutionnaire = pro-revolutionary. Resuffixation ⢠Another fairly rare phenomenon is resuffixation: this occurs when a word, already composed through suffixation, has the suffix deleted and replaced by another, usually with a low register value. Words With a Short History â Neologisms 107 Examples alsacien > alsako, portugais > portosse, télé > téloche, variétés > variétoche = light music. Composition Sometimes the dividing line between derivation and composition is somewhat blurred: what is considered a prefix or suffix by some is considered an independent lexeme by others. Composition In principle composition is the process whereby two independent words are joined together to form a new single lexeme. The process takes a number of forms in French and in some ways is rather anarchic, with all sorts of bizarre creations which do not conform to any general pattern. Composition 1 ⢠Words may be fused together more or less exactly as they are, that is without significant adjustment of form (however, a final âmuteâ may be lost in the process). Examples énergivorace = energy-consuming, malvie = poor quality of life, rhônalpin, une vidéotransmission. aquaboniste = defeatist; here three words have been combined plus the addition of a suffix ( = < à quoi bon + iste). ⢠Many formations are nonce words â i.e. they are formed for particular effect at a particular moment, but are unlikely ever to be used again Example tontonmaniaque was coined to describe ardent admirers of President Mitterrand (referred to as tonton = uncle), but with a future that is clearly bleak. ⢠Use with place names In a series of cases a place name involving a multiple lexeme produces a single-word adjective incorporating the elements of the place name but in an unfamiliar order; it also sometimes happens that the place name is recomposed and slightly latinised. Examples Bourg-la-Reine > réginaborgien, Fontainebleau > bellifontain, Ile-de-France > francilien, Pont-à -Mousson > mussipontain, Pont-Saint-Esprit > spiripontain. Partial latinisation also occurs in examples such as lâhorodatage = recording of time. 108 Chapter 5 Composition 2 ⢠More common than the previous scenario is that where two, and sometimes more, words, previously independent, are joined by a hyphen to denote a new concept. The following sub-categories provide some idea of the scope of this particular type of compound. Examples 1 (1) The two words have equal value in the compound â un spectateur-auditeur = viewer, une fusée sol-air = ground-to-air missile, ni-ni = policy of no further nationalisation, un prospecteur-placier = job-finder, vrai-faux = something which appears not to be what it is. (2) One word has adjectival value â un bateau-usine = factory ship, une cité-satellite = satellite town, un homme grenouille = frogman, lâaïoli-rock = rock music from Marseille, un congé-formation = training leave, un roman-BD = strip-cartoon novel, le gouvernement nord-coréen = North Korean, les pays latins-américains = Latin-American. (3) A phrase may also be hyphenated turning it into a more cohesive expression. Various possibilities exist â the first element is a preposition â les hors-travail = unemployed, les sans-papiers = illegal immigrant workers, à -plat = flat tint, un entre-deux-vols = stop-over, un à -valoir = down payment, un contre-la-montre = race against the clock. the second element is an adverb â le parler-faux = double talk, le parler-vrai = straight talking. Examples 2 ⢠Very common is a combination where the first element is a verb â un chauffe-eau = water-heater, un sèche-cheveux = hair-drier, un pare-douche = shower cubicle, un pare-sida = AIDS-preventer, porte-instruments = instrument-carrying, un repose-jambes = foot-rest. ⢠Other types of combinations â un pas-de-chance = no-hoper, un père-la-rigueur = stickler for discipline, un père-la-morale = holier than thou, le va-t-à -la-messe = church going, va-tâen-guerre = gung-ho, lâêtre-ensemble = togetherness. ⢠On the analogy of prêt-à -porter = ready-to-wear come by analogy a whole series of similar hyphenated phrases â prêt-à -voir = off-the-peg (spectacles), prêt-à -jeter = disposable (goods), prêt-à -écouter = easy listening (music). Exercise Using the verb + noun pattern, find the French for dish-washer, drill, windscreen, car bumper. Words With a Short History â Neologisms 109 Composition 3 ⢠This group of compounds involves two, and sometimes more, words being linked by an -o. ⢠In the written form, if just two words are involved, the words often occur as a single unit (i.e. without a hyphen), underlining the integrated nature of the compound. ⢠When more than three words are combined in this way, there is the danger of mental overload, as the hearer / reader attempts to hold an excessive number of concepts in his / her mind at the same time. ⢠These compounds generally evoke a pedantic tone. Examples lâafropessimisme = pessimism about Africa, un narcotrafiquant = drugs dealer, pharmacodépendant (? prefix) = drugs dependent, pifométrique = intuitive, vitrocéramique = ceramic, occidentalocentrisme = preocupation with the West, un primo-arrivant = new arrival, un primo-migrant = first generation immigrant, ibéro-américain = Latin-American, câblo-opérateur = cable (TV) company, hospitalo-universitaire = university hospital, islamo-progressiste = Islamic progressive, la manico-dépression = chronic depression, les relations israélo-arabes = Arab-Israeli. des explications poético-psychologico-métaphysico-mystiques. Composition â linking elements ⢠It occasionally happens that i is used instead of o as the link. Examples céréaliculture = cereal production, gréviculture = habit of striking, riziculture = rice production. Composition 4 ⢠Other combinations occur which are not linked by a hyphen and / or are not linked by an i / o and which, therefore, are looser in formation. ⢠Because the combinations seem to function as single mental entities, despite the fact that in formal orthography they are not integrated, they will be treated under the compound heading. ⢠A number of possibilities exist. Examples noun + preposition + noun, of which there are many, many examples â le garde au sol = road holding, la mise sous cloche = putting on the back-burner, la gestion de patrimoine = personal portfolio management, un produit dâappel = loss leader, un député de base = backbencher, un placement dâattente = short-term investment, une imprimante à jet dâencre = bubble-jet printer, une carte à mémoire, un mouchoir en papier = paper handkerchief, une planche à voile = wind-surfer. noun + adjective, again very common â une famille élargie = extended family, un pot catalytique = catalytic 110 Chapter 5 converter, une axe rouge = clearway, un pirate informatique = computer hacker, la remontée capillaire = rising damp, le non-remplacement des départs = natural wastage, un cheveu lingual = hair-lip. noun + noun; this combination is very close (if not identical with ellipsis, discussed below) â une date butoir = deadline, la gauche caviar = champagne socialist, le génie logiciel = software engineering. verb + noun â un tue lâamour = turn-off. Word shortenings Not only are new words formed by adding already existing elements together, other new words come into being through the deletion of an element. This procedure is known as word shortening. A number of processes are involved, which go from the loss of a single sound, to the loss of a syllable to the loss of all but the initial letters of word groups, complex lexemes. They all illustrate one of the major trends of modern French, which is the desire to communicate as economically and efficiently as possible, discarding certain sounds which are not essential to comprehension. The most convenient way to examine them is under the following headings: Sigles, Acronyms, Truncation, Ellipsis, Blends Sigle This process involves abbreviation by initial letters. Sigles â history ⢠The process was rare before the 19th century, and sigles did not appear in domains where they seem to be absolutely essential nowadays, especially in newspapers, with reference to political parties, trades unions and other organisations, until the Second World War. ⢠Sporting vocabulary seems to have been the major instigator of early examples, from where the process moved into the military and commercial domains. ⢠In these early examples, the abbreviated form did not appear until well after the full form had been in existence for some time. ⢠Nowadays, the two forms, the full and the abbreviated, appear simultaneously. What is extremely common, in the press, is for the abbreviated form to take precedence over the full form, and for the latter to be provided in parentheses after the abbreviated form. ⢠In fact sigles are essentially the product of the written medium rather than of speech. Words With a Short History â Neologisms 111 Examples (a small selection) ⢠Examples abound in the realms of trade unions â CGT = Confédération générale du travail, FO = Force ouvrière. ⢠Education â CEG = collège dâenseignement général, CES = collège dâenseignement secondaire, CET = collège dâenseignement technique. ⢠Commercial enterprises and practices â BNP = Banque nationale de Paris, CL = Crédit lyonnais, PDG = présidentdirecteur général, PME = petites et moyennes entreprises, VPC = vente par correspondance. ⢠National institutions and services â SNCF = Société des chemins de fer français, PTT = Postes, télécommunications et télédiffusion, RMI = revenu minimum dâinsertion, TGV = train à grande vitesse. ⢠Political parties â PC = Parti communiste, PS = Parti socialiste, RPR = Rassemblement pour la République, UDF = Union pour la démocratie française. ⢠Less technically, les SDF = sans domicile fixe and les VTT = vélos tout terrain are all part of the landscape. ⢠Whereas a few years ago the names of a number of countries were denoted by initial letters (for example, RDA = République démocratique allemande, RFA = République fédérale allemande), the United States is now the only country regularly denoted in such a way â E-U = Etats-Unis (even USA). Exercise Discover the full forms of the following sigles and assign them to one of the above groupings â or, if necessary, suggest extra groupings â EU, IVG, ONG, RATP, RER, TF1, BCBG, HS, TVA. Sigles and pronunciation ⢠It should also be noted that there are certain sigles which appear only in the written form and are never pronounced. These sometimes consist of more than just the initial letter(s) â bvd, exp = expéditeur, F = féminin, kg, M., Mme, svp. Acronym Acronyms are a subgroup of sigles, the difference being that the letters constituting the former may be pronounced as single words, whereas the letters constituting the latter are pronounced individually. This means that acronyms may sometimes be treated as conventional words; this possibility is emphasised when the combination appears in lower case script. Chapter 5 112 Acronyms â history ⢠Acronyms did not come onto the scene until after the Second World War, but have become more and more common in recent years. Occasionally one has the impression that the abbreviated form was conceived first and a long form invented to fit it! Examples Amongst the best known examples are â capès = certificat dâaptitude au professorat de lâenseignement du second degré, ovni = objet volant non-identifié = UFO, sida = syndrome immuno-déficitaire acquis = AIDS, smic = salaire minimum interprofessionnel de croissance. Some are borrowed from English, e.g. laser, radar. Names of national and international organisations proliferate and are often denoted by acronyms â FNAC = Fédération des achats des cadres, OTAN = Organisation du traité de lâAtlantique du nord, ONU = Organisation des Nations unies, OPEP = Organisation des pays exportateurs de pétrole, INSERM = Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, INSEE = Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, ORSEC = Organisation des secours, SOFRES = Société française des enquêtes par sondage. Some organisations retain an English acronym in French, e.g. UNESCO, YMCA. More recent examples are â le PAF = paysage audiovisuel français; le tuc = travail dâutilité collective, NAP = Neuilly-Auteuil-Passy, the equivalent of the British yuppy. Sigles and antonyms and derivatives ⢠With both sigles and more especially acronyms, it is possible to form derivatives, as if the abbreviated form was a base in its own right. Examples words derived from sigles â cégétiste, vététiste, RMIstes. words derived from acronyms â onusien, sidéen = suffering from AIDS, sidénologue = AIDS specialist, tuciste. Blends Blend A blend is the result of truncation and composition â elements of two words are lost and what remains is joined to form a new word. Many of such creations have a technical ring about them, since they are formed to describe a scientific discovery which unites two processes or two items. Words With a Short History â Neologisms 113 Examples Probably the best known example of a blend is franglais < français + anglais. Other examples progiciel < programme + logiciel, plapier < papier + plastique, fanzine < fanatique + magazine, foultitude < foule + multitude. ⢠It seems that often this type of blend is invented by journalists as a source of humour and consequently has only a short life-expectancy. Exercises What do you think are the original two forms which make up frantalien, francitan? What forms were involved in creating the following blends? â célibattante = militant unmarried feminist, plasturgie = plastic surgery, tapuscrit = typed script, zapanthrope = disillusioned (TV) channel switcher. Ellipsis Ellipsis Words which carry little semantic information are deleted from an expression â often grammatical tool words â the context generally being sufficiently clear to prevent confusion. Even without a context, the words juxtaposed regularly succeed in informing on each other, and the connection between them is soon discerned. This process is also much loved by journalists, as like blends and sigles, it speeds up the delivery of a message. Examples 1 la pause déjeuner = lunch break, le trafic poids lourd = heavy goods traffic, fin septembre = the end of September, un prix choc = rock-bottom price, une touche effacement = delete key, une ville fantôme = ghost town. Examples 2 ⢠Sometimes a seemingly more vital part of an expression is lost â ⢠For example the first noun in a complex lexeme may disappear, leaving the qualifying element (adjective or noun group) to take over the role played by the head word â la ville capitale > la capitale, un bateau à vapeur > un vapeur, un costume à deux-pièces > un deux-pièces, un fromage de Brie / de Camembert, etc. > un brie, camembert, etc., les élections législatives / présidentielles / européennes, etc. > les législatives / présidentielles / européennes, etc. and more recently, les chaussures de basket > les baskets = trainers. Chapter 5 114 Ellipsis and false anglicisms ⢠Ellipsis is in fact the source of many so-called false anglicisms in French: one element of an English lexeme, often the main sense-bearing component, is dropped and its sense transferred to the remaining element. Examples la holding (company), le compact (disc), le skin (head), le sweat (shirt). Truncation Truncation Truncation, or clipping, as it is also know, involves the suppression of certain sounds, usually, but not always, a whole syllable or syllables, from a word and retaining the rest of the word. The syllables or sounds retained are normally those which on the one hand bear the most information and which on the other have a relatively low frequency: in other words, the element retained is retained because it is less likely to fall victim to homonymy. Truncation â history ⢠Some truncations go back a long way and are so well established that they have replaced their full counterparts, and speakers are barely aware that a longer form exists. Indeed using the longer forms would sound pedantic and pompous. ⢠Truncations are very much part of casual speech, found especially in the mouths of young people. Exercise What are the original forms of the following well-established truncations? â métro, cinéma, photo, pneu, vélo. There are a number of points of interest to note. Position of the break ⢠There seems to be no restriction on the position of the break, sometimes at a morpheme boundary, usually after a prefix, but it may equally well occur later on in the word, and may even cut across morpheme boundaries. Exercise Sort the following examples into the appropriate categories â break at morpheme boundary, break later on in word, break within morpheme â séropo, info, micro, amphi, survêt, préado, pub. Words With a Short History â Neologisms 115 Final sounds ⢠As far as the final sound of a truncation is concerned, it is usually a vowel and usually -o. Exercises Find examples of truncations ending in a vowel and work out for yourself, from your own sample, which vowels are more common than others. From the same examples calculate how many syllables are excised in each case, and work out the average number of syllables excised and the average number of syllables remaining. Truncation and suffixation ⢠Truncation is sometimes combined with suffixation. This seems to happen primarily when there is not already an -o in the word for which a truncation is sought. Consequently the word is cut at a convenient point and a new suffix, in -o, added. Examples intellectuel does not include an -o, but such is the popularity of that sound in word-final position that one is added â intellectuel > intello. Similarly, socialiste > socialo, technicien > technico. ⢠Ironically in the last two cases the original number of syllables is restored (so much for the urge to save effort!). Exercise Compound lexemes are not immune to this process, sometimes resulting in unusual forms. What do you think the original forms of the following truncations of compound lexemes are? â aprèm, beauf, prêtap, petit-déj. (Hint â think of a time of day, a relation, off-the-peg clothes and a meal.) Word-shortening and ambiguity ⢠A problem that is common to certain of these types of word-shortening is ambiguity. The shorter a word, the more likely it is have a homonym. Examples ME = machine à écrire, musée dâethnographie. micro = microphone, micro-ordinateur, four à micro-ondes. PAF = paysage audiovisuel français, police de lâair et des frontières. Exercise In some of these cases, gender saves the day â how? Chapter 5 116 Verlan Verlan is the newest of the processes to be reviewed in this chapter. Verlan Verlan involves the inversion of the syllables or sounds in a word (occasionally a phrase). Verlan itself is the result of the inversion of the syllables of lâenvers = back-to-front. Verlan â history ⢠Although sporadic examples exist from the late 19th century, it was not until the end of the 1970s that it became common, first in Paris and then spreading to other urban areas. ⢠Verlan is associated mainly with disaffected young people, who try to disguise the meaning of their words by making them impenetrable to adults and other uninitiated outsiders. Verlanisation 1 ⢠In phrases consisting of two words, the words are reversed â Examples comme ça > ça comme, par terre > terre par, fais voir > vwarf (with deletion of the final syllable). ⢠In words of two syllables, the two syllables are interchanged â Examples ⢠Since verlan is essentially an oral phenomenon, the orthography of the neologisms is not always certain. barjot = jobard = gullible, béton = tomber (laisse béton! = forget it!), chébran = branché = with it, ripou = pourri = corrupt, tromé = métro, zarbi = bizarre. ⢠Words of three syllables are less often involved â Example garetsi = cigarette. ⢠In monosyllabic words, the form of the new word depends upon whether (1) an open syllable (i.e. the word ends in a vowel) or (2) a closed syllable (i.e. the word ends in a consonant) is involved. ⢠In (1) the sounds are inverted â Examples chaud > och, fou > ouf, pied > yep, pue > up = stink. Verlanisation 2 ⢠In (2), there are three possibilities â (a) if the word ends in a mute e, the e is sounded, and the resulting two syllables, are reversed and the second syllable is deleted. Words With a Short History â Neologisms 117 Examples femme > *femmeu > *meufem > meuf (* = hypothetical, unattested form), mère > rem, père > rep. ⢠(b) a new syllable in / É / is added to words which do not end in mute e, and the syllables are reversed. Examples dur > redu, taf > feuta = fag, tronche > chetron. ⢠(c) the same process occurs as in (b), except that the final syllable is deleted. ⢠Examples flic > keuf, mec > keum. The rules of verlanisation ⢠The above has been a simplification of the rules. In fact, the rules themselves are not without exceptions, the most notable being â arabe > beur. where the first syllable of the original term is also deleted. Reverlanisation ⢠Verlanisation is a living process which continues to evolve. ⢠Words that have been verlanised once become reverlanised â in other words, if a word becomes familiar to those who are not supposed to understand it, it is modified by the verlanisants in order to keep the code cryptic. Examples flic > keuf > feukeu, arabe > beur > rebeu. Change of Meaning Many of the same considerations apply here as when changes of meaning were discussed in relation to developments in Vulgar Latin (in Chapter 3), namely that it is extremely difficult to classify them satisfactorily. Categories are broad and based upon the mechanics of the process rather than upon the meaning processes themselves. Certain trends are discernible in French neologisms. However, it should be stressed firstly that it is not always possible to place certain neologisms squarely in a particular category, secondly that certain neologisms seem to belong to more than one category and thirdly that the categories are not so distinct as might be desired (e.g. generalisation of meaning at times comes very close to metaphorical usage; specialisation of meaning often involves transference of a word from use in one specialised sphere to another). Generalisation of meaning Examples abouti = successful (originally only past participle of aboutir = to succeed). boulimique = compulsive, e.g. un collectionneur boulimique (la boulimie = compulsive eating). cartonner = to be a hit (originally = to bind (i.e. embellish) a book). Chapter 5 118 décapant = revealing (e.g. une photographie décapante) (originally décaper = to scour). un intégriste = whole-hearted supporter (originally = fundamentalist with religious connotation). surfer = to coast, to freewheel. tétaniser = to paralyse, to reduce to inaction, also to stimulate (originally only = to tetanise). tonique = breezy (e.g. une femme tonique) (originally relating to health). un turbo = driving force (e.g. les rapatriés ont été le turbo de la France des années 70). le zapping = moving from one form of entertainment to another (originally restricted to changing television stations). Specialisation of meaning Examples lâassistance = (emergency) assistance (for break-downs, etc.). une brève = news bite (or perhaps ellipsis). une chaîne = television channel. les armes conventionnelles = non-nuclear weapons. gauchir = to move to the left (politically). numérique = digital (originally = numerical). une piste = runway, ski slope. une raffinerie = oil refinery. spécialisé = dedicated (of computers). tourner = to make a film. Metaphor Examples les barrages = play-offs (in sport) (originally = barrier to progress). être en béton = to be safe ( = made of concrete). avoir une langue de bois = to use clichéd expressions. une cascade = film stunt. une comète = a rising star (extending idea of star). un travail de chartreux = painstaking work (les Chartreux = monks). les dents de scie = ups and downs (of life). geler = to take out of production. un tremblé = a wavy line. son vaisseau dâamiral = his flagship (e.g. of hotel, product). It is interesting to note how certain domains are particularly productive of metaphors. Centres of metaphoric attraction ⢠Many names of animals have been enlisted to denote human types (in addition to those which have been in existence for a long time and those which have a universal application, e.g. les colombes et les faucons = doves and hawks). Words With a Short History â Neologisms 119 Examples un crocodile = shark, un éléphant = die hard, un gorille = bodyguard; associated with these are words like un kangarou = baby sling, un cocon = safe seat (in the Assemblée Nationale). ⢠In addition, there are metaphorical expressions with culinary associations â Examples la cerise sur le gâteau = the cherry on the cake, mettre les bouchées doubles = to work twice as hard. ⢠with military associations être dans le colimateur = to have your sights on someone, monter au créneau = to step into the breach, rectifier le feu = to adjust your aim ⢠with domestic associations Examples jeter le bébé avec lâeau du bain = to throw the baby out with the bathwater, enfoncer le clou = to ram the point home, renverser la vapeur = to turn the tables, avoir plusieurs casquettes = to wear several hats ( = to have several responsibilities). Metonymy Examples la blanche = nickname for gendarmerie départementale (based upon the colour of their épaulettes), heroine or cocaine. bof = apathetic (originally an interjection equivalent to a shrug of the shoulders, now used as an adjective). le charbon = hard work (used in extracting coal). la galère = difficult time (reminiscent of slaves rowing on a galley). la piscine = nickname for HQ of French Secret Services (opposite the Piscine des Tourelles in Paris). une plume = writer. tremper son biscuit = to dip his wick (sexual). les Verts = Green political party (through association with environmental concern). Abstract nouns used to denote concrete items Examples la direction = management. la rédaction = editorial board. la vitesse = gear (of car, etc.). Hyperbole Examples une caricature = mug (face). éclater = to disperse (e.g. éclater un système devenu ingouvernable). sâenflammer = to speak with passion. Chapter 5 120 géant = great. planétaire = world-wide. Change of word class Examples agir â verb > noun = action. e.g. la âThéorie de lâagir communicationnelâ est son oeuvre maîtresse. Express, 12.6.87 charrette â noun > adjective = overburdened. e.g. Charrette. Débordé. Exemple: âJe suis charretteâ. Expansion, 6.9.94. classe â noun > adjective = stylish. e.g. ils étaient âcheapâ, les âsynthésâ: ils deviennent classe. Express, 27.11.87. fraîche â adjective > noun = cool of the morning. e.g. Autrefois réservés à lâheure de lâapéritif, ils [TV games shows] assaillent les lucarnes à la fraiche. Dès 10 heures du matin. Express, 22.11.85. Conclusion And so, with the inventiveness of modern French ringing in our ears, we have reached the end of the challenge of grappling with French words. We have seen how they are constructed, we have seen how to define a word, we have seen where French words come from and the techniques being used to create new words. The message is that French has a noble history, drawing on the resources of many other languages to renew itself, as well as having an impressive array of internal devices at its disposal enabling it to create new words. The language is alive and well. It has the ability to keep abreast of current scientific and technical advances, of developments taking place throughout the world. For its birth it was reliant upon the forces at work in Gaul. Now, having reached maturity, it can bend the resources of other languages to suit its purposes and manipulate its own resources to continue to progress. May it be a source of inspiration to you. 121 Appendix Answers to Exercises in Chapter 1 Exercise 1. admettre, commettre, émettre, omettre, permettre, promettre, remettre, soumettre, transmettre. Exercise 2. fortiche, fortifiant, fortification, fortifié, fortissimo.Note that sometimes more than one morpheme is involved (fort + -ifi- + -ant > fortifiant, fort + -ifi- + -cation > fortification). Exercise 3. froidement, froideur, froidure, refroidir, refroidissement, refroidisseur; allongement, allonger, longer, longévité, longitude, longuement, longueur, rallonge, rallonger. Exercise 4. capital + isme, dés + human+iser, en + soleill + é, re + tomb + é + e, rigour + euse + ment, sur + abond + ance. Exercise 5. You should be able to identify the following morphemes â -e: fatal, grand, humain, lent, meilleur, petit; -euse: consciencieux, heureux, peureux; -trice: conservateur; stem variation: ancien, blanc, bon, complet, dernier, gentil, las, léger, muet, premier, secret, solennel, sot. Exercise 6. You should be able to identify the following morphemes â -e: agent, avocat, étudiant, protestant; -esse: hôte, prince, ère: boulanger, fermier; -ine: héros; -euse: acheteur, danseur, vendeur; -trice: éditeur, exécuteur, moniteur; stem variation: chat, chien, époux, lion, veuf. Exercise 7. -s: exercice, semaine, violent; -aux: animal, corail, normal, verbal; -x: bijou, cheveu, chou, pou, voeu. Exercise 8. -ons, -ez, -ont. Exercise 12. au = two morphemes, à la = three morphemes, aux = two morphemes. Answers to Exercises in Chapter 3 p.36. bellus > beau / bel, rapidus > rapide, nudus > nu. p.37. cantare > chanter, portare > porter, plorare > pleurer. p.38. canem > chien, dormire > dormir, hibernum > hiver, mica > mie, patrem > père, lactem > lait, florem > fleur. 122 Appendix 123 p.42. Vowel VL [i] VL [e] VL [ε] VL [a] Tonic Blocked Free amicum, filum, servire credere, bibit, habere, me ferrum, novellum, porcellum VL [É] clarum, errare, lavare, matrem, mortalem, pelare, probare novem, soror VL [o] VL [u] furorem Countertonic Blocked Free pelare errare, servire amicum, habere, lavare mortalem, porcellum novellum, probare furorem p.43. annum > an, bon(i)tatem > bonté, cantat > chante, famem > faim, fontana > fontaine, frenum > frein, granum > grain, lentum > lent, linum > lin, pontem > pont, tentare > tenter, tonum > ton, venit > vient. p.44. aquila > aigle, boscum > bois, canalem > chenal, capillos > cheveux, ecclesia > église, facere > faire, jacere > gésir, medianum > moyen, nocere > nuire, octo > huit, otiosum > oiseux, pejor > pire, rationem > raison, regalem > royal, sex > six, tectura > toit, tractare > traiter, troja > truie. p.46. consonants in strong position â ardentem, caballum, carbonum, corona, donum, gustum, longum, privare, rupta, vita. consonants in weak position â ardentem, caballum, carbonum, corona, donum, gustum, longum, privare, rupta, vita. p.46. scola > école, scribere > écrire, scutum > écu, spatha > épée, sponsum > époux, strictum > étroit. p.47. carbonem > charbon, fleb(i)lem > faible, inflare > enfler, patrem > père, rupta > route, scriptum > écrit, servire > servir, sufflare > souffler, viv(e)re > vivre. p.47. castellum > château, costa > côte, ess(e)re > être, gustum > goût, piscare > pêcher, spasmare > pâmer, testa > tête, vespa > guêpe. p.47. caballum > cheval, carum > cher, cantare > chanter, centum > cent, cinerem > cendre, cubitum > coude, collum > col, cor > coeur, bucca > bouche, vacca > vache, peccatum > péché, porcellum > pourceau, rad(i)cina > racine. 124 Appendix p.47. cima > cime, corona > couronne, dolorem > douleur, farina > farine, finire > finir, fumat > fume, luna > lune, nova > neuve, parare > parer, tela > toile, lavare > laver. p.48. avicellum > oiseau, augustum > août, caballum > cheval, debere > devoir, jocare > jouer, locare > louer, necare > noyer, nepotem > neveu, pacare > payer, placere > plaisir, probare > prouver, regina > reine, ripa > rive, rota > roue, ruga > rue, sudare > suer, videre > voir, viginti > vingt, vita > vie. p.49. brevem > bref, caelum > ciel, capum > chef, carum > cher, cor > coeur, crudum > cru, florem > fleur, gratum > gré, hospitalem > hôtel, novum > neuf, ovum > oeuf, per > par, sal > sel, scutum > écu, solum > seul, vadum > gué. p.49. diurnum > jour, jam > ja(mais), tibia > tige, sapiam > sache; agnellum > agneau, montanea > montagne, signa > signe, unionem > oignon, vinea > vigne. p.49. habere > avoir, herba > herbe, hominem > homme, homo > on, hora > heure. p.59. considérer generalisation, = to contemplate the stars; crétin euphemism, = Christian; cuisse = thigh, metonymy through juxtaposition in space, < coxa = hip; finance specialisation, < finir = to bring to a conclusion; pondre specialisation, < ponere = to put down; révéler generalisation, = to remove a veil. Bibliography Battye, A. and Hintze, M.-A. (2000) The French Language Today (2nd edn). London: Routledge. Brunet, E. (1981) Le Vocabulaire français de 1789 à nos jours (3 vols). Paris: Slatkine-Champion. Brunot, F. (1905â1953) Histoire de la langue française des origines à nos jours (13 vols). Paris: Colin. Calvet, L.-J. (1994) LâArgot. Paris: PUF Que Sais-Je? Désirat, C. and Hordé, T. (1988) La Langue française au 20e siècle. Paris: Bordas. Guilbert, L. (1975) La Créativité lexicale. Paris: Larousse. Guiraud, P. (1965) Les Mots étrangers. Paris: PUF Que Sais-Je? Guiraud, P. (1967) Structures étymologiques du lexique français. Paris: Larousse. Hope, T.E. (1971) Lexical Borrowing in the Romance Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. Mitterand, H. (1968) Les Mots français. Paris: PUF Que Sais-Je? Nyrop, K. (1930â1968) Grammaire historique de la langue française (6 vols). Copenhagen: Glydendal. Sanders, C. (1993) French Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Walter, H. (1988) Le Français dans tous les sens. Paris: Robert Laffont. Wise, H. (1997) The Vocabulary of Modern French: Origins, Structure and Function. London and New York: Routledge. and many, many dictionaries! 125 Conduire Un Vehicle Promenade Pdf Converter Download
Annie SUSSEL Agregee d'anglais
Isabelle PERRIN Agregee d'anglais, maitre de conferences a I'universite Paris III Sorbonne Nouvelle Bernard CROS Agrege d'anglais, maitre de conferences a I'universite Paris X Nanterre ~ HACHETTE Iiltt:tj Education Conception graphique: Couverture: Olivier Calderon Interieur .8â¬J)i'MM Responsable de projet: Jean-Benoit Ormal-Grenon Cartographie : Pascal Thomas L'editeur tient a remercier Laurence Demazeux pour son aide precieuse au cours de I'elaboration de cet ouvrage. Credlts photographlques : © stock.xchng® vi, pour I'ensemble des photos, dont Caroline Keyzor, p. 22 (m) i Ruben Joye, p. 52 (m) i Stacy Braswell, p. 73 (h) i Steve Woods, p. 87 (h) i Shlomit Wolf, p. 128 (b) i Oscar Dahl, p. 150 (b) i Mee Lin Woon, p. 151 (h) i Eiskje Clason, p. 151 (b) i Steve Woods, p. 162 et 176 (h) ; Paulljsendoorn, p. 178 (b) ; Svilen Milev, p. 194 (h). © HACHETTE LIVRE 2008, 43, quai de Grenelie, 75905 PARI ISBN 978-2-0116-9695-3 Taus dro;ts de traduction, de reproduction et d'adaptation reserves pour tous pays. Le Code de la propriete intellectuelle n'autorisant, aux termes des articles L.122.4 et l.122.S, d'une part, que les « copies ou reproductions strictement reservees a I'usage prive du copiste et non destinees a. une utilisation collective », et, d'autre part, que « les analyses et les courtes citations» dans un but d'exemple et d'illustration, « toute representation ou reproduction integrale au partielle, faite sans Ie consentement de I'auteur ou de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite ». Cette representation ou reproduction par quelque proce:de que ce soit, sans autorisation de 'editeur ou du Centre fran~ais de I'exploitation du droit de copie (20, rue des GrandspAugustins 75006 Paris), constituerait done une contrefa~on sanction nee par les articles 425 et suivants du Code penal. Ce vocabulaire s'adresse atous ceux qui, pour des raisons personnelies, scolaires ou professionnelies, souhaitent pouvoir s'exprimer a I'oral et a I'ecrit en anglais et, pour cela, ont besoin de consolider et d'enrichir leurs connaissances par un apprentissage methodique. On sait que Ie vocabulaire est indispensable pour communiquer en langue etrangere, ainsi que pour exprimer une pen see nuancee. ('est ce que souligne Ie linguiste D.A. Wilkins While without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. » (Linguistics in Language Teaching, 1972 «Sans grammaire on ne peut pas dire grand chose, mais sans vocabulaire on ne peut rien dire du tout ».) t t Deux soucis ont guide I'elaboration de cet ouvrage prendre en compte les elements de langage recurrents dans les situations de communication contemporaines du quotidien et concevoir un outil facile a utiliser. La richesse des entrees, dans un format con~u pour rester maniable, permet de repondre a tous les besoins langagiers les plus frequents. Ainsi I'utilisateur; qu'il soit coliegien, Iyceen, etudiant ou professionnel, ne sera plus limite ou trahi par ses eventuelies lacunes lexicales. En d'autres termes, I'ambition de cet ouvrage est de rapprocher Ie plus possible Ie « pouvoir dire » du « vouloir dire ». Pour ce faire, il explore trois axes majeurs vocabulaire, civilisation, communication. Le vocabulaire est regroupe en fiches thematiques qui couvrent tous les domaines, du plus concret au plus abstrait. Pour tenir compte de I'importance de I'accentuation, les voyelies accentuees des mots polysyllabiques sont indiquees en caracteres gras. Par ailieurs, la prononciation de certaines voyelles est retranscrite phonetiquement entre crochets. Les variations orthographiques et lexicales entre anglais britannique et anglais americain sont systematiquement mentionnees (a I'exception des doublons -our GB/ -or US, simplement sign ales par des parentheses i ainsi neighbour GB / neighbor US sera indique neighbo(u)r.) Les douze sequences intitulees Pour aller plus loin qui separent les differentes sous-parties de I'ouvrage offrent un aper~u de la civilisation du Royaume-Uni, des ttats-Unis et du monde anglophone en general. Enfin, la section Situations de communication regroupe les termes, expressions et phrases utiles pour la communication orale ou ecrite au quotidien, ainsi que pour I'analyse de documents en classe ou lors d'examens. ⢠Les fiches thematiques de vocabulaire sont organisees en doubles pages, qui se presentent ainsi ⢠page de gauche liste des mots lies a un theme precise dans Ie titre de la page. Des sous-titres permettent d'affiner la recherche. A I'interieur de chaque sous-partie, I'ordre de presentation est Ie suivant noms, adjectifs et adverbes, verbes. Tous les verbes irreguliers, hormis les auxiliaires be et have, sont signales par un asterisque (*). ⢠page de droite - la rubrique Phrases et expressions usuelles regroupe les mots et expressions en contexte, proverbes, et expressions imagees lies au theme de la double page ou formes a partir d'un mot figurant dans la double page; - les mises en garde lexicales ou grammaticales sont signalees sous la rubrique Pieges et difficultes ; - selon la tradition BLED, des exercices de verification des acquis (exercices a trous, themes, etc.) permettent a I'utilisateur de s'autoevalue~ grace aux corriges qui figurent integralement en fin d'ouvrage. Les auteurs Les symboles phonetiques de I'anglais La prononciation de I'alphabet en anglais 9 9 L/~TRE HUMAIN ET SON ENVIRONNEMENT t LE CORPS HUMAIN D Les etapes de la vie - The stages of life II L'anatomie - Anatomy III L'apparence physique - Physical appearance Les soins corporels - Bodily care &I La sante - Health........................ .................. ⢠Les vetements - Clothes D Pour aller plus loin ⢠Les tailles, les pointures - Faire du shopping a New York O'ou vient Ie mot jean ? ⢠Les Etats-Unis, une nation au regime Le saviez-vous ? Les expressions autour de la mort t 22 23 RAISON ET SENTIMENTS D Les facultes intellectuelles - Intellectual faculties iii Les activites intellectuelles - Intellectual activities . . Les opinions - Opinion 1m La personnalite - Personality Les sentiments - Feelings Les emotions - Emotions Les reactions affectives - Emotional reactions m m m Pour aller plus loin ⢠La Saint-Valentin, fete de I'amour Le saviez-vous ? Les superstitions autour de la Saint-Valentin ⢠Halloween, fete de la peur Le saviez-vous ? Les expressions autour de I'amour et de la peur t 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 LA PERCEPTION m Les cinq sens - The five senses m Les sons - Sounds 40 42 44 46 48 50 Pour aller plus loin ⢠Les unites de mesure anglo-saxonnes - Les nombres cardinaux Les nombres ordinaux......................................... ⢠La temperature - Les fuseaux horaires ............................ 52 53 OJ Se situer dans Ie temps - Time 1m Se situer dans I'espace - Space Colours, light and shapes iii Couleurs, lumiere et formes - 1m La quantite - Quantity ⢠LA NATURE, LE MONDE II!J Les arbres, les fleurs et les plantes - Trees, flowers and plants HI Les fruits et les legumes - Fruit and vegetables III Les animaux domestiques - Domestic animals m Les animaux sauvages - Wildlife m Le temps qu'il fait - The weather m L'environnement - The environment 58 60 62 64 fD L'univers - The universe fBI La geographie physique - m 54 56 66 Physical geography Les pays du monde - Countries of the world Pour aller plus loin ⢠Les emblemes nationaux : animaux et plantes ⢠La conquete de I'espace - Le saviez-vous ? Le nom des planetes 68 70 72 73 L'ACTIVITE HUMAINE ⢠LA VIE QUOTIDIENNE fI1 La ville - The city Housing Dans la maison - Inside the house lEI Les activites de la maison - Housekeeping activities OJ La nourriture et les boissons - Food and drink III La cuisine et les repas - Cooking and meals 1m L'habitat - m Pour aller plus loin ⢠D'ol! vient Ie mot« sandwich» ? - Une recette ⢠Veggies ou vegans? - Floor et storey 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 87 ⢠LES LOISIRS III L'image et Ie son - Image and sound Home computers Les hobbies et les passe-temps - Hobbies and pastimes 1m Les jouets et les jeux - Toys and games 1m Les sports - Sports Em Les activites de plein air - Outdoor activities 1m L'informatique - m Pour aller plus loin ⢠Football ou soccer? - L'origine du rugby...................... .... ⢠Quelques passe-temps insolites Le saviez-vous? Blog, pixel, podcast, spam......................... .. 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 101 ⢠LES VOYAGES m Voyager par la route - Road travel If) Les transports - Transport III Le tourisme - Tourism Em Le tourisme culturel - Cultural tourism III Les vacances it la mer et it la montagne - Summer and winter holidays Pour aller plus loin ⢠La culture surf - Les stations balneaires anglaises ⢠Le saviez-vous ? Pourquoi les Britanniques roulent-ils it gauche? ........ . 102 104 106 108 110 112 113 t LES ARTS ET LES SCIENCES Em La litterature - Literature 1m Les sciences humaines - Social sciences III Les sciences - Sciences III La recherche scientifique - Scientific research 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 Pour aller plus loin ⢠Le saviez-vous ? William Shakespeare - L'influence de Shakespeare Les titres de quelques contes de fees ⢠Hollywood - Quelques styles musicaux 128 129 ED Les spectacles - Shows Em Les arts visuels - Visual arts IEPl La musique - Music LA SOCIETE t LE LIEN SOCIAL II) La famille - The family III Les relations humaines - Human relations III La communication - Communication K:! La presse ecrite - Print media L'audiovisuel- Broadcast media 1m L'ecole - School Bl Le systeme educatif - The educational system La foi - Faith Les religions - Religions m rm 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 m 146 Pour aller plus loin ⢠⢠Les ecoles privees britanniques - Le saviez-vous ? Oxbridge ⢠L'Eglise anglicane - Les universites de l'lvy League ⢠La presse britannique - La television aux Etats-Unis ⢠Quelques fetes britanniques - Quelques fetes americaines 148 149 150 151 t LA POLITIQUE rII Les institutions politiques - Political institutions r:IJ La politique au Royaume-Uni et aux Etats-Unis - 152 r:m Les relations Nord-Sud - North-South relationships m La guerre - War r:m Les relations internationales - International relations 154 156 158 160 Pour aller plus loin ⢠Les partis politiques au Royaume-UniLe saviez-vous ? L'histoire du drapeau britannique ⢠Les partis politiques aux Etats-Unis Le saviez-vous ? L'histoire du drapeau des Etats-Unis 162 Politics in the UK and in the USA t 163 LES SUJETS DE SOCIETE m L'immigration et I'integration - Immigration and integration ma La fracture sociale - The wealth gap .... ........................ 164 166 r:tl Les grands debats contemporains fiJ La criminalite - Crime Modern issues m L'ordre public - Public order m La loi et lajustice - Lawandjustice 168 170 172 174 Pour aller plus loin ⢠Le droit de vote ⢠L'abolition de la peine de mort ⢠L'immigration aux f:tats-Unis - La statue de la Liberte ⢠La criminalite aux f:tats-Unis - Le saviez-vous ? The Miranda Warning t 176 177 178 179 L'f:CONOMIE til La science economique - Economics m L'agriculture - Agriculture m L'industrie - Industry flI Le monde de I'entreprise - m Le commerce - Trade &a La finance - Finance fIl Le marche du travail - The corporate world The labour market Pour aller plus loin ⢠Les noms de marques - 115 ont parle de I'argent Le saviez-vous ? Pound, sterling, dollar ⢠L'histoire de Wall Street - Ce n'est que de I'argent 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 195 SITUATIONS DE COMMUNICATION em En societe - Socializing 196 III Les conversations telephoniques et la correspondance Phoning and writing liB A la recherche d'un emploi - Seeking employment OJ Debattre - Debating m Le vocabulaire de I'analyse de texte - The vocabulary of text analysis 198 202 205 206 GIl Presenter et analyser un texte de fiction Presenting and analysing fiction 208 Presenting and analysing a newspaper article 210 em Presenter et analyser un article de journal iii Presenter et analyser un document visuel Presenting and analysing a visual document 212 Corriges des exercices 214 Sigles et abreviations 232 f:tats du monde, noms et adjectifs de nationalite 236 Cartes geographiques : Les Ties britanniques.......................... Les f:tats-Unis Le monde anglophone L'lnde L'Australie - L~frique du Sud 241 242 243 244 245 Verbes irreguliers 246 Index thematique ............................................ 250 8 LES SYMBOLES PHONETIQUES DE L'ANGLAIS Voyelles et diphtongues [i:) see [J) ago [I] sit [eI] page [e) ten home [Jul [a::] hat [aI) five [u:] arm [m] fire [au] (0) got now [):] saw [aue) flour [)I] [u] put join [u:] too [IJ] near [e;)] [A] cup hair [3:) fur [UJ) poor Consonnes pen bad tea dip cat [g) got [tI] chin [d3] June [f] fall [v) voice (8) thin [p] [b) [t] [d) [k] [s) [z] [II (3) [hI [m] [n) [lJ] [I] [r) [il so zoo she measure how man no sing leg red yes LA PRONONCIATION DE L'ALPHABET EN ANGLAIS a b c d e f g [eI) [bi:) [si:) [di:) Ii:] [ef] [d3i:] h j k I m n [elrIl [aI) [d3eI) [keI) [el) [em) [enl 0 p q s t u [JU) [pi:) [kju:) [u:] [es) [ti:) [ju:) v w x y z [vi:) [dAbJlju:) [eks] [waI) [zed) I:fttl. youngt pregnancy [e) la grossesse a mother-to-be [/) une femme enceinte a maternity hospital une matemite a midwife [I) une sage-femme childbirth = the delivery I'accouchement a baby [eI) un bebe a newborn [j u:) un nouveau-ne twins des jumeaux a surrogate mother une mere porteuse infancy [I) la toute petite enfance an Infant un nourrisson a nappy GB = a diaper US une couche a bottle [0) un biberon a bib un bavoir a cradle [eI) un berceau a pram une poussette a dummy GB =a pacifier USune tetine a birth certificate [I) un acte de naissance a birthmark [3:) une tache de naissance pregnant [e) enceinte premature [e) premature stillborn [I) mort-ne to expect a baby attendre un bebe to give' birth accoucher to be born naitre to live vivre to be alive [aI) etre vivant, etre en vie to breastfeed' [e) allaiter Childhood and adolescence a toddler [0) L'em.nce maturity [jua) an adult = a grown-up a man pl. men a woman pl. women middle age la maturite un adulte un homme unefemme I'agemur _,mo,l.,.,.⢠ISJ:j!:+,!1 les personnes agees une canne un appareil auditif un fauteuil roulant une maison de retraite gateux vieillir avancer en age .,ml. '!'!!:':'. un mort / une morte un cadavre un enterrement une chambre mortuaire, un funerarium unemorgue un entrepreneur de pompes funebres un fossoyeur un linceul un cercueil un corbillard une couronne mortuaire unetombe une pierre tombale un cimetiere un cimetiere (pres d'une eglise) a widow / a widower [I) une veuve / un veuf an orphan [J:) un orphelin an orphanage un orphelinat a guardian [0:) un tuteur award un pupille mourning [J:) ledeuil a will un testament an heir / an heiress [e a) un heritier / une heritiere an inheritance [e) un heritage a legacy [e) un legs dying [aI) mourant dead / deceased Ii:) mort / decede late defunt, feu to die mourir to pass away / to pass on s'eteindre to bury [e) enterrer, inhumer to cremate [eI) incinerer to outlive sb [I) survivre aqqn to be in mourning etre en deuil to mournsb porter Ie deuil, pleurer qqn to inherit =to come' heriter into an inheritance . un bebe (qui fait Se5 premiers pas) un enfant la croissance lajeunesse unjeune lesjeunes adolescent grandir devenir majeur etre majeur â¢â¢1GM'. the old =the elderly [e) a walking stick [J:) a hearing aid [Ia) a wheelchair Ii:) an old people's home dotty [0) to grow' old =to age to be getting on in years a dead man / woman a corpse a funeral [j u:) a funeral parlour GB, a funeral home US a mortuary [J:) an undertaker GB = a mortician US. a grave-digger [I) a shroud a coffin [0) a hearse [3:1 a wreath Ii:) a grave =a tomb a tombstone [u:) a cemetery =a graveyard a churchyard [3:) etr~ a child pl. children a boy a girl a teenager = an adolescent growth youth a youth = a youngster [/) young people teenage Ii:) to grow' up to come' of age to be of age jeune t< vieux mur unga~on unefille un adolescent 1!£!Ii! ::!11 10 Phrases et expressions usuelles 'How old are you?' 'I'm fifteen.' I was born 2!! February 20th, 1997. She has just turned twenty. I'm older than he is. I'm five years older than him. = I'm older than he is .!2x five years. They're in their teens. She is in the prime of life = in her prime. He is middle-aged. She is 2!! maternity leave. To have a miscarriage To die a natural death / an early death My deepest sympathy. =I'm sorry for your loss. Prove'' et aprealoll$lmagdes To be alive and kicking He is like a babe in arms. Boys will be boys. The generation gap It's as old as the hills. He is at death's door. He is slipping away. He is as dead as a doornail. Dead or alive To push up the daisies = To be six feet under Ashes to ashes, dust to dust. ! o « Quel age as-tu ? - J'ai quinze ans. » Je suis ne Ie 20 revrier 1997. Elle vient d'avoir vingt ans. Je suis plus age que lui. J'ai cinq ans de plus que lui. Ce sont des adolescents. Elle est dans la fleur de I'age. II est entre deux ages. / II n'est plus tout jeune. Elle est en conge de maternite. Faire une fausse couche Mourir de mort naturelle / prematurement Toutes mes condoleances. £tre bien vivant II est innocent comme I'enfant qui vient de naitre. II faut bien que jeunesse se passe. Le conflit des generations C'est vieux comme Herode. II est aI'article de la mort II est pres de la fin. II est mort et bien mort Mort ou vif Manger les pissenlits par la racine Souviens-toi que tu es poussiere et que tu redeviendras poussiere. Pieges et difficultes ⢠The + un adjectif au singulier designe la totalite du groupe auquel s'applique I'adjectif: the young les jeunes the elderly les personnes agees the dead les morts the living les vivants ⢠On traduit les verbes exprimant la maniere par un « chasse-croise» Ie verbe anglais est rendu en fran~ais par une locution, la locution anglaise est rendue par un verbe To rock a baby to sleep. ~ Endormir un bebe en Ie ber~ant. Exercices ⢠Completez chaque phrase avec I'un des mots suivants : walking stick - prime - midwife - grave - pregnant - teenagers - outlived a. She is expecting a baby; she is b. They are aged between 13 and 19; they are c. She died three years after her husband; she him by three years. d. She helps women to give birth; she is a e. He is over 50; he is no longer in the of life. f. To walk, old people sometimes use a .. g. After his funeral, there were lots of flowers on his 2 ⢠Traduisez en anglais. a. Les enfants grandissent si vite ! b. Les enfants aiment les personnes agees. c. Son frere est plus age qU'elie de trois ans. d. II est ne Ie 2 janvier 2001. 'itAIm, _!traM the face the features [i:] the countenance [au] the forehead = the brow an eye [aI] an eyelid an eyelash an eyebrow the nose a nostril [0] a cheek a cheekbone [i:] a dimple [I] freckles [e] an ear [I;J] the earlobe the eardrum the mouth a lip the upper / lower lip Ie visage les traits I'expression du visage Ie front un reil une paupiere un cil un sourcil Ie nez une narine une joue une pommette une fossette des taches de rousseur une oreille Ie lobe de I'oreille letympan la bouche une levre la levre superieure / inferieure la machoire la langue une dent une gencive Ie menton Ie teint les cheveux un poil, un cheveu Ie crane (un front) degarn i (un menton) fuyant (un nez) retrousse the jaw [):] the tongue [A] a tooth pl. teeth agum[A] the chin the complexion [e] the hair a hair the skull [A] receding (hair) (a) receding (chin) (a) turned-up (nose) The parts of the body the skeleton [e] a bone the backbone = the spine a vertebra pl. vertebrae the spinal cord [aI] a rib the rib cage a limb a joint [)I] a collarbone [0] a shoulder [;Ju] a shoulder blade an arm an armpit = an underarm an elbow [e] a forearm [):] a wrist a hand a fist a finger [I] a fingernail the thumb [A] the forefinger [):] the middle finger the ring finger the little finger a knuckle [A] a leg ahip a thigh a knee [i:] a kneecap a calf pI. calves ashin an ankle [a:] a foot pl. feet the sole of the fQPt a heel a toe a toenail the neck the nape of the neck the throat the trunk the back a breast the chest the waist the pelvis [e] the stomach [A] the belly[e] the belly button = the navel a buttock [A] the groin [)I] the genitals [e] the skin the flesh blood [A] a vein an artery [u:] the heart the brain a nerve [3:] a muscle [A] a lung [A] the liver [I] the bladder [a: ] a kidney [I] Lespartles ducorpl - - Ie squelette un os la colonne vertebrale une vertebre la moelle epiniere une cote la cage thoracique un membre une articulation une clavicule une epaule une omoplate un bras une aisselle un coude 12 un avant-bras un poignet une main un poing un doigt un ongle Ie pouce I'index Ie majeur I'annulaire I'auriculaire une jointure (du doigt) une jambe une hanche une cuisse un genou une rotule un mollet un tibia une cheville un pied la plante du pied un talon un orteil un ongle (du pied) Ie cou la nuque la gorge Ie tronc ledos un sein la poitrine, Ie torse la taille Ie bassin tie ventre 2.I'estomac Ie ventre Ie nombril une fesse I'aine les organes genitaux la peau la chair Ie sang une veine une artere Ie creur Ie cerveau un nerf un muscle un poumon lefoie la vessie un rein Phrases et expressions usuelles o Agreen-eyed / blue-eyed / brown-eyed boy His hair is white. To shake sb's hand = to shake hands with sb To blow one's nose To pick one's nose To thumb one's nose To bite one's nails To knit one's brows To scratch one's head To purse one's lips To keep a straight face To walk arm in arm Un ga~on aux yeux verts / bleus / marron II ales cheveux blancs. Serrer la main de / aquelqu'un Semoucher Se mettre les doigts dans Ie nez Faire un pied de nez Se ronger les ongles Froncer les sourcils Se gratter la tete Pincer les levres Garder son serieux Marcher bras dessus, bras dessous Proverbes et expressions Image. An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. He paid through the nose for his car. It cost them an arm and a leg. She always pays on the nail. Hands off! Handsupl He gets under my skin! He won't stir a finger. To fight tooth and nail It's getting out of hand. Lend me a hand! He gave me the cold shoulder. To get cold feet CEil pour CEil, dent pour dent II a paye Ie prix fort pour sa voiture. ~ leur a colite les yeux de la tete. Elle paie toujours rubis sur I'ongle. Bas les pattes I / Pas touche I Haut les mains I II m'enerve I II ne levera pas Ie petit doigt Se battre bee et ongles La situation nous «happe. Donne-moi un coup de main! II m'asnobe. Se degonfler ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠En anglais, on emploie Ie plus souvent un adjectif possessif devant les parties du corps ou les objets personnels, alors qu'en frans;ais on a tendance aemployer un article defini I had the word on the tip of.!:!!t tongue. J'avais Ie mot sur Ie bout de Jg langue. I washed .!:!!t hair yesterday. Je me suis lave les cheveux hier. ⢠L'article indefini anglais peut correspondre a« par» You must brush your teeth three times! day. II faut se brosser les dents trois fois Qill: jour. Exercices 3t Choisissez Ie mot qui convient pour completer chaque phrase. a. The ribs make up the rib dimple / chest / cage. b. The flat bones in your back are your shoulder knives / cages / blades. c. Your jaws / arms / legs are not limbs. d. Your eyelids / eyebrows / eyelashes close when you shut your eyes. e. The navel is the belly bone / dimple / button. f. The brain is protected by the back / groin / skull. g. She has stayed too long in the sun, her face is covered with dimples / freckles / hair. h. I thought he was my friend but he gave me the cold ankle / hand / shoulder. 4t Traduisez en anglais. a. Ne te gratte pas Ie nez ! b. II est entre Ie chapeau sur la tete et les mains dans les poches. c. Elle se lave les cheveux deux fois par semaine. d. On ne maitrise plus la situation. 13 Labeaut6 et Ia laideur good looks good-looking [u) beautiful [j u:) handsome [re) pretty ~ plain attractive ~ unattractive [re) lovely [II) charming [0:) sweet =cute ugly [II) hideous [I) to look +adj la beaute beau (homme ou femme) belle (femme) beau (hom me) joli ~ quelconque seduisant~ sans charme tres joli charmant mignon laid hideux avoir I'air iiI1iUit!I1i the build weight plump fat stout big = large slim =slender [e) thin = lean skinny [I) small =short tall squat [0) thickset [I) stocky [0) lanky [re) chubby [II) flabby [re) overweight ~ underweight [eI) obese [i:) sturdy [3:) strong ~ weak naked leI) la carrure Ie poids dodu, potele gros corpulent fort mince maigre tres maigre petit grand courtaud trapu rible degingande potele, rondelet flasque trop gros ~ trop maigre obese vigoureux fort ~ faible nu The motions of the arms and hands a gesture [e) a wave [eI) a hug [II) to motion sb to do sth to point at sth to pinch totake* to catch* to hold* to grasp un geste un signe de la main une etreinte, un calin faire signe aqqn de faire qqch montrer qqch du doigt pincer prendre attraper tenir empoigner Aquoi ressemble-t-il ? What does he look like? She looks like her father. She doesn't look her age. He looks young ~ old. He looks a mess. How tall are you? I'm taller than him Qx a head. How much do you weigh? To put on weight ~ to lose weight He's got a paunch =a beer belly. A broad-shouldered ~ a narrow-shouldered man She has a lot of charm. I don't like the look of him. To lean 12 one side, to lean on sb / sth To tremble =to shiver with cold To quake =to shudder with fear To hold sth at arm's length To give sb a hug Elle ressemble ason pere. Elle ne fait pas son age. II fait jeune ~ vieux. II a une mine de deterre. Combien mesurez-vous ? Je Ie depasse d'une tete. Combien pesez-vous ? Grossir ~ maigrir II a une bedaine / du ventre. Un hom me aux larges epaules ~ aux epaules etroites Elle a beaucoup de charme. II a un air qui ne me revient pas. Se pencher de cote, s'appuyer sur qqn / qqch Trembler de froid Trembler de peur Tenir qqch about de bras Faire un calin aqqn / Prendre qqn dans ses bras Proverbes et expressions Imagees Don't judge by looks. He is as thin as a rake. He's as strong as a horse. To be as ugly as sin Looks aren't everything. Ne jugez pas les gens sur leur mine. ' est maigre comme un clou. ' est fort comme un Turc. ~tre laid comme un pou La beaure n'est pas tout ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠En anglais, I'ajout d'une particule aun verbe peut en changer Ie sens. to look avoir I'air to look at regarder to look for chercher to look up / down lever / baisser les yeux to look after 5'occuper de to look down on mepriser to look like ressembler a to look up to admirer to look about / around regarder autour de soi to look away detourner les yeux ⢠Dans la description des mouvements et attitudes, attention ane pas confondre I'action (verbe + particule) et son resultat (be + verbe + -ing) to stand up se lever .. to be standing etre debout to sit down s'asseoir .. to be sitting etre assis to lie down s'allonger . to be lying etre allonge to kneel s'agenouiller .. to be kneeling etre agenoux Exercices 5 t Trouvez Ie contraire des mots suivants ; iI peut y avoir plusieurs solutions. beautiful - ugly - plump - weak - tall - slim 6 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Fais-moi un calin ! b. Elle n'a pas I'air d'une imbecile. c. ' fait view< pour son age. d. Jane s'etira, puis se mit debout. e. L'un est tres maigre, I'autre est gros ils ressemblEmt a Laurel et Hardy! 15 '' W'tm the bathroom [Q:] la salle de bains a bath un bain a bath = a (bath )tub US une baignoire asink un lavabo a shower une douche shower gel du gel douche soap [au] lesavon a bar of soap un (morceau de) savon a soap-dish un porte-savon bath salts des sels de bain a bubble bath [II] un bain moussant a sponge une eponge a (face) flannel GB = - un gant de toilette a wash-cloth US a towel [au] une serviette a towel rail un porte-serviettes a bathrobe [Q:] un peignoir toilet paper du papier hygienique a tissue [I] un mouchoir en papier a wet wipe une lingette cotton wool GB = du coton cotton US[D] a cotton bud GB = un coton-tige aQ-tip®US a shaver = an electric razor un rasoir electrique shaving cream [eI] de la creme araser shaving foam de la mousse araser a shaving-brush un blaireau a razor [eI] un rasoir a razor blade une lame de rasoir a toothbrush [u:] une brosse adents toothpaste Ie dentifrice a deodorant [au] un deodorant clean - dirty [3:] propre - sale to wash (se) laver to soap oneself se savonner to dry oneself se secher to scrub oneself se decrasser to shave se raser ':6iil;iil Ii +,.!.]j,}i-.f,TI10m shampoo [u:] a comb [au] a hairbrush [e a] rollers = curlers a hairdryer [aI] halrspray a halrclip = a halrslide a halrband a lock of hair a head of hair a curl [3:] a fringe GB = bangs US du shampooing un peigne une brosse acheveux des bigoudis un seche-cheveux de la laque une barrette un serre-tete une meche de cheveux une chevelure une boucle une frange bunches GB = pigtails US a ponytail [au] a bun [II] a plait GB = a braid US the parting GB = the part US a barber [Q:] a hairdresser = a hairstylist a hairdressing salon a haircut a bob a crew cut dandruff [if! ] a perm a wig bald [J:] straight / wavy / curly / frizzy (hair) to cut· sb's hair des couettes une queue de cheval un chignon une tresse / une natte laraie un coiffeur pour hommes un coiffeur un salon de coiffure une coupe de cheveux une coupe au carre une coupe en brosse des pellicules une permanente une perruque chauve (des cheveux) raides / ondules / frises / crepus couper les cheveux de qqn iIil!E1!Gi!i& l!}i{-!! ,fJIj'rrPf·t!W a mirror [I] a wrinkle [I] cosmetics [e] un miroir une ride 1.Ia cosmetique 2. les produits de beaure Ie maquillage une creme de jour / de nuit Ie fond de teint la poudre Ie fard ajoues, Ie blush Ie rouge ajoues Ie rouge alevres Ie fard, I'ombre apaupieres un crayon asourcils une pince aepiler Ie vernis aongles Ie dissolvant une lime aongles un coupe-ongles des ciseaux aongles une brosse aongles un coton ademaquiller une creme anti-rides Ie lait, la lotion demaquillant(e) Ie demaquillant pour les yeux une lotion hydratante un after-shave un salon de beaute make-up [eI] day / night cream foundation (cream) [eI] powder [au] (powder) blwher rouge lipstick [I] eye shadow [if!] an eyebrow pencil tweezers [i:] nail polish = nail varnish nail polish remover a nail file nail clippers [I] nail scissors [I] a nail brush a cotton pad an anti-ageing cream cleansing milk = cleansing lotion eye make-up remover a moisturizer [JI] an after-shave lotion a beauty parlour = a beauty salon a cosmetician = a beautician une estheticienne Phrases et expressions usuelles A long-haired ,.t short-haired girl A fair-haired =blond-haired boy A ginger-haired =red-haired woman A dark-haired / grey-haired man Salt and pepper hair He is rather thin on top. / He is balding. He's shaving. To put on lipstick She is too heavily made up. Her mascara has run. To pluck one's eyebrows To wax one's legs To get rid of one's pimples =spots / blackheads To trim one's beard / moustache He has bad breath. He had a mole / a wart removed. o Une fille aux cheveux longs ,.t courts Un ga~n aux cheveux blonds Une femme aux cheveux roux Un homme aux cheveux bruns / gris Des cheveux poivre et sel II sedegamit lise rase. Se mettre du rouge alevres Elle est trop maquillee. Son mascara a coule. S'epiler les 50urcils S'epiler les jambes Se debarrasser de ses boutons / points noirs Se tailler la barbe / la moustache II a mauvaise haleine. II s'est fait enlever un grain de beaut!! / une verrue. Proverbes et expressions Image. To be as bald as an egg To be as clean as a whistle Let your hair down! Keep your hair onl It made my hair stand on end. To split hairs ! £tre chauve comme un (Euf £tre propre comme un sou neuf Detends-toi I / Laisse-toi aller ! Ducalmel Cela m'a fait dresser les cheveux sur la tete. Couper les cheveux en quatre Pieges et difficultes ⢠Les divers sens de for She bought a new hairdryer for her mother. Elle a achete un nouveau seche-cheveux pour sa mere. For your hands to be thoroughlY clean, rub them together for at least one minute. Pour gue tes mains soient vraiment prop res, frotte-Ies pendant au moins une minute. For all her make-up, she is not attractive. Malgre tout son maquillage, elle n'est pas seduisante . ⢠Remarquez I'emploi de I'adjectif possessif en anglais dans les expressions suivantes She's washing her hair. Elle se lave ~ tete. He brushed his hair. II s' est brosse les cheveux. I got ~ hair cut. Je me suis fait couper les cheveux. She dyed her hair. Elle s'est teint les cheveux. He's growing his hair. II se laisse pousser les cheveux. She's making up her face. Elle se maquille. They removed their make-up. Elles se sont demaquillees. Exercices 7 ⢠Completez Ie texte a I'aide des mots suivants : hair - hairdryer - shower - make-up - towel After getting up early and having breakfast, she had a .. She dried herself with a .., and then dried her hair with a Then she combed her and put on some 8 ⢠Traduisez en anglais. a. II vaut mieux prendre des douches que des bains. b. Je voudrais me faire couper les cheveux. c. ('est une femme aux cheveux bruns. d. ('est un hom me aux yeux bleus et aux cheveux blancs. 17 La sante et Ia maladie good health ~ la bonne sante ~ poor health la mauvaise sante health disorders [:>:] des troubles de la sante an Illness =a disease une maladie pain la douleur agony [re] une douleur atroce a backache [re] un mal de dos a headache [e] un mal de tete a stomach ache un mal au ventre a germ = a bug un microbe a sore une plaie a rash une eruption an itch une demangeaison a trauma [:>:] un traumatisme a bruise [u:] une ecchymose, un bleu a graze une eraflure, une ecorchure a burn [3:] une brlliure a blister [I] une ampoule a cold = a chill un rhume, un coup de froid influenza = flu la grippe a heart attack [re] une crise cardiaque aids Ie sida HIV-positive seropositif healthy ~ sick = ill en bonne sante ~ malade tired [al] fatigue exhausted = worn out epuise painful ~ painless [el] douloureux ~ indolore infected [e] infecte terminally ill en phase terminale deadly = lethal = fatal mortel to itch demanger to cough [0] tousser to sneeze [i:] eternuer to sniff renifler to sweat = to perspire [al] transpirer to faint = to pass out s'evanouir to swell enfler to fester [e] suppurer Health and illness Chez Ie mededn a GP (General Practitioner) un medecin generaliste a consultant [1] un medecin specialiste a paediatrician [I] un pediatre the doctor's surgery Ie cabinet du medecin blood pressure [e] la tension a blood test une analyse de sang a screening test [i:] un test de depistage a diagnosis [au] un diagnostic a prescription [I] une ordonnance medicine [e] la medecine a medicine = a drug un medicament an antibiotic [0] un antibiotique a painkiller [el] a tablet [re] a pill a capsule [re] a syrup [I] a drop an ointment [:>1] a plaster GB = a Band-Aid® US a shot =an injection [e] a syringe [I] a side-effect recovery [1] a relapse [re] to prescribe [al] un analgesique uncomprime une pilule unegelule un sirop 1. une pastille 2. une goutte unepommade un pansement (adhesif) une piqllre une seringue un effet secondaire Ie retablissement une rechute prescrire At the hospital a unit =a ward un service the casualty ward GB = Ie service des urgences the emergency room US palliative care [re] les soins palliatifs a waiting-room 1;1] une salle d'attente surgery [3:] la chirurgie an operating theatre GB = un bloc operatoire an operating room US a surgeon [3:] un chirurgien a lancet [a:] un bistouri a nurse, a male nurse une infirmiere, un infirmier an orderly [:>:] un aide-soignant the paramedics [e] -leSAMU an ambulance [re] une ambulance a stretcher [e] un brancard an X-ray une radio a drip une perfusion a cast un platre a scar une cicatrice une entorse, une foulure a sprain la reeducation, physiotherapy GB = la kinesitherapie physical therapy US une blessure an Injury / a wound blood poisoning [:>1] une septicemie to bleed' saigner to dress a wound panser une plaie to operate (on sb) operer (qqn) to Injure oneself se blesser At the dentist's toothache [u:] a cavity [re] a drill a filling [I] braces [el] a crown dentures [e] '3 m a mmn une rage de dents une carie une roulette un plombage un appareil dentaire une couronne un dentier To be taken ill To go to the doctor~ / to the dentist~ How do you feel? I'm not feeling well. =Ifeel out of sorts. Ifeel dizzy =giddy. Ifeel sick. It hurts. / It smarts. I'm sore all over. To run a fever = to have a temperature I've got a sore throat / a splitting headache. I've got a runny nose. He has a heart condition. She is prone to throat infections. Her condition / Her health is improving. She dislocated her knee. He broke his leg. I sprained my ankle. His arm is in a sling. To diagnose an illness To treat / to cure a patient To recover fr9m an illness To undergo surgery / to have an operation He had stitches on his arm. The epidemic broke out in July. To be on sick leave Over-the-counter' on prescription To pull out a tooth Tomber malade Aller chez Ie medecin / chez Ie dentiste Comment vous sentez-vous ? Je ne me sens pas en forme / pas bien. J'ai la tete qui tourne. J'ai la nausee. <;:a fait mal. / <;:a fait tres mal. J'ai mal partout. Avoir de la fievre J'ai mal ala gorge / horriblement mal ala tete. J'ai Ie nez qui coule. II a Ie C(Eur fragile. Elle est sujette aux angines. Elle va mieux. Elle s'est luxe Ie genou. II 5'est casse la jam be. Je me suis foule la cheville. II a Ie bras en echarpe. Diagnostiquer une maladie Traiter / guerir un patient Se remettre d'une maladie Se faire operer On lui a fait des points de suture au bras. L'epidemie s'est declaree en juillet. £tre en conge de maladie En vente libre ' sur ordonnance Extraire une dent Prolferbes et expressions Imagees She is bursting with health. To be as fit as a fiddle To be in a bad way Time is a great healer. A healthy mind in a healthy body To be under the weather Elle respire la sante. £tre en pleine forme Filer un mauvais coton Le temps arrange tout. Un esprit sain dans un corps sain Ne pas etre dans son assiette Exercices 9 ⢠Completez les phrases avec les mots donnes : a. headache - throat - broke - sling - temperature - chill She caught a .. yesterday and has got a high She is in bed with a sore .. As to her brother; he fell and .. his arm so that he's got it in a .. and a splitting b. healer - sorts - prescribed - fit He is out of today because his girlfriend has left him. But time is a great .. and he should be .. as a fiddle soon. The doctor has .. a sedative that should help him to recover. 10. Traduisez en anglais. a. Je suis aile chez Ie dentiste hier. b. II m'a plombe une dent. c. Elle travaille au service des urgences. d.1I est medecin. e. On I'a opere hier. 19 - Clothes =clothing Les v6tements a garment [0:) un vetement a dress une robe a skirt [3:) une jupe a blouse [au) un chemisier, un corsage a suit [u:) un costume / un tai IIeur a pullover = a sweater = un pull-over a jumper a cardigan [0:) un gilet (de laine) trowers GB = pants US un pantalon jeans un jean hipsters [I) un pantalon taille basse a shirt [3:) une chemise a waistcoat GB = a vest US un gilet (de costume) a dinner jacket GB = un smoking a tuxedo US overalls [dU) un bleu (de travail) dungarees [i:) une salopette a coat un manteau an overcoat [d u) un pardessus a mackintosh = a raincoat un impermeable a jacket [(f) une veste, un blouson a wlndcheater GB = un coupe-vent a windbreaker US an anorak [(f) un anorak the fly la braguette a collar [0) un col the neckline [e) I'encolure a sleeve [i:) une manche a lapel [e) un revers (de veste) a pocket [0) une poche a hood une capuche turn-ups les revers de pantalon underwear [i) les sous-vetements a bra un soutien-gorge a petticoat = a waist slip unjupon a slip une combinaison a T-shirt un tee-shirt a vest GB= un maillot de corps an undershirt US [i) a sock une chaussette an ankle-sock [(f) une socquette a stocking [0) un bas tights GB= un collant pantyhose US [(f ) knickers GB = panties US un slip (de femme) underpants un slip (d'homme) a thong un string boxer shorts [0) un cale~on pyjamas GB= un pyjama pajamas US [0:) a dressing gown [e) une robe de chambre long-sleeved . a manches longues . short-sleeved a manches courtes casual = informal loose = baggy [ee) tight = close-fitting [I) wm'Â¥- satin [ee) silk cotton [0) wool velvet [el lace lei) linen [I) plain striped with polka dots [0) checked [e) crumpled = creased decontracte ample, lache serre, ajuste Ie satin lasoie Ie coton lalaine Ie velours la dentelle Ie lin uni it rayures a pois a carreaux froisse Les accessolres et Ies bljoux a shoe [u:) une chaussure a boot une botte a half-boot une bottine a flip-flop une tong a trainer = a sneaker US une basket a slipper [I) un chausson a scarf pl. scarves une echarpe a headscarf pl. headscarves un foulard a belt une ceinture a glove [i) un gant a mitt = a mitten [I) une moufle an umbrella [e) un parapluie a hat un chapeau a cap une casquette a tie [aI) une cravate a bow-tie un nreud papillon a necklace [e) un coli ier a bracelet [ell un bracelet a ring une bague an earring [Id) une boucle d'oreille a handbag GB = a purse US un sac a main a wallet [0) un portefeuille a handkerchief [ee) un mouchoir Accessories and jewels a designer [aI) couture [u d ) a model [0) the catwalk [ee) tailor-made . ready-to-wear fashionable [(f I smart = elegant [eI un createur (de mode) la haute couture un mannequin Ie podium fait sur mesure . en / de pret-a-porter a la mode elegant Phrases et expressions usuelles What size do you take? That dress needs altering. She was wearing a blue dress with matching hat. Do you have a size 10? You must change (into other clothes). I've got a ladder in my stocking / in my tights. One of your buttons has come off. The colour has faded / has run. Shoes may be made of leather or suede. He had a green cap on. It's the new trend. Fur is out of fashion / has gone out of fashion. To put on / to wear clothes To try on / to slip on a dress To button up a shirt To fasten / to zip up a skirt Proverbes et expressions Imapa It fits you like a glove. They have something up their sleeve. She's dressed to kill! That's where the shoe pinches. Keep it under your hat. That's old hat! They've lined their pockets. They have deep pockets. Quelle taille faites-vous ? II faut retoucher cette robe. Elle portait une robe bleue avec un chapeau assorti. Est-ce que vous avez un 38 ? II faut que tu te changes. J'ai un bas / un collant file. Un de tes boutons s'est decousu. La couleur est passee / a deteint Les chaussures peuvent etne en cuir ou en daim. II portait une casquette verte. ('est la nouvelle tendance. La fourrune, c'est demode. Mettne / porter des vetements Essayer / enfiler une robe Boutonner une chemise Remonter la fermetune eclair d'une jupe <;:a te va comme un gant 115 ont plus d'un tour dans leur sac. Elle a un look d'enfer ! ('est la que Ie bat blesse. N'en parlez a personne. <;:a, c'est de la vieille histoine I 115 s'en sont mis plein les poches. 115 sont tres riches. , Pieges et difficultes ⢠En anglais, tous les vetements et objets personnels formes de deux parties symetriques sont au pluriel et correspondent a un singulier fran~ais I'm going to wear my jean~ today. Je vais mettre mon jean aujourd'hui. I love my green short~. J'adore mon short vert. ⢠Prepositions differentes en anglais et en fran~is She wears a ring on her ring finger, a bracelet round her wrist, and a necklace round her neck. Elle porte une bague ~ I'annulaire, un bracelet ill,! poignet et un collier au cou. Exercices 11 t Dans chaque serie, chassez I'intrus. a. Women's clothes: dress - skirt - underpants - cardigan - pullover - blouse. b. Men's clothes: suit - waistcoat - trousers - jacket - skirt - blazer. c. Underwear: sleeves - knickers - tights - stockings - bras - vests - thongs. d. Fabrics: velvet - lace - silk - linen - slipper. e. Accessories: hat - lapel - tie - shoe - bag - scarf - belt - glove. 12 t Trouvez I' expression idiomatique anglaise equivalente. a. Don't you tell anyone! b. They've made a lot of money. c. You can't keep the same clothes on. d. That suit is not perfect; some alterations are necessary. 21 . a. M~ ⢠1. . ~'ilillliilIlllliilLilllilllllIiliilllIiii Attention, les tailles de vetements et de chaussures ne sont pas les memes en France, en Grande-Bretagne et aux Etats-Unis. Les equivalences ci-dessous sont approximatives. Les chaussures d'homme F GBjUSA 6 1/ 2 39 40 7 41 7 1/ 2 42 8 1/ 2 43 9 44 10 11 45 46 12 F 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Les chaussures de femme GB USA 3 6 3 1/ 2 6 4 7 5 7 6 8 7 8 8 9 Les vitements d'homme F GBjUSA 28 38 40 30 42 32 44 34 46 36 48 38 50 40 52 42 54 44 F 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Les vitements de femme GB USA 4 8 10 6 12 8 12 8 10 14 16 12 16 12 18 14 20 16 If you go to New York, you may want to buy some clothes. If you have plenty of money to spend, don't hesitate to go shopping on Third Avenue or Fifth Avenue. Si vous allez a New York, vous aurez peut-etre envie d'acheter des vetements. Si vous avez beaucoup d'argent adepenser, n'hesitez pas afaire vos courses dans la Troisieme ou la Cinquieme Avenue. At Bloomingdale's, a chain of department stores, three storeys are dedicated to designer clothing. And Saks is the most exclusive boutique in the Big Apple (i.e. New York). Chez Bloomingdale's, une chaine de grands magasins, trois etages sont consacres aux grandes marques. Et Saks est la boutique de mode la plus chic de la Grosse Pomme (c'esH-dire New York). If you don't want to pay through the nose for a T-shirt or a pair of jeans, why not try the vintage and thrift shops in Greenwich Village? Si vous ne voulez pas qu'un T-shirt ou un jean vous coute les yeux de la tete, pourquoi ne pas essayer les boutiques d'occasion ou bon marche de Greenwich Village? Levi Strauss was an immigrant who began as a street peddler in New York before migrating to San Francisco. A shrewd and hard-working businessman, he was faced one day with a shortage of fabric to manufacture trousers. So he used the canvas reserved for ships' sails, a canvas which came from Genoa, in Italy. Hence the word 'jean' to refer to the material. As to 'denim' (a synonym of jean), it was simply the same type of canvas imported from Nimes, France ('de Nimes'). Levi Strauss etait un immigre qui fut d'abord colporteur a New York avant de partir s'installer a San Francisco. Homme d'affaires habile et travailleur, il dut un jour faire face aune penurie de tissu servant afabriquer des pantalons. Alors il utilisa la toile reservee aux voiles des navires, une toile qui venait de Genes, en ltalie. D'ol! Ie mot « jean» pour deSigner Ie tissu utilise. Quant au « denim» (synonyme de jean), c'etait tout simplement Ie meme type de toile, mais importee « de Nimes », en France. The United States is one of the richest countries in the world and Americans should therefore be in very good health, but they are plagued with a rich country's disease: obesity. Since the mid-70s, the number of overweight and obese people has increased sharply, and this applies to children as well. It is now close to 100 million. Les £tats-Unis sont I'un des pays les plus riches du monde et les Americains devraient donc etre en excellente sante, mais ils souffrent d'un mal qui affecte les pays riches: I'obesite. Depuis Ie milieu des annees 1970, Ie nombre de personnes en surpoids ou obeses est monte en fleche, y compris chez les enfants. II frole aujourd'hui les 100 millions. These increasing figures raise concern because of their implications for the health of Americans. Obesity is responsible for 300,000 deaths every year. Indeed, when there is an excessive amount of fat stored in the body, it increases the risks of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and some cancers. Ces chiffres en augmentation inquietent en raison de leurs implications pour la sante des Americains. L'obesite est responsable de 300 000 deces chaque annee. En effet, quand Ie corps emmagasine trop de graisse, les risques de maladies cardio-vasculaires, de diabete et de certains cancers augmentent The American diet and lifestyle account for this epidemic. Many Americans don't have time to prepare meals, and they eat pre-cooked dishes that are loaded with sugar, fats and many more ingredients detrimental to people's health. Les habitudes alimentaires et Ie style de vie des Americains sont a I'origine de cette epidemie. Beaucoup d:Americains n'ont pas Ie temps de preparer des repas et man gent des plats cuisines bourres de sucre, de graisses et de beaucoup d'autres ingredients nuisibles ala sante. ⢠What about children? On average an American child sees more than 10,000 food ads on TV each year. Most advertise high-fat and high-sugar foods. Not only does the food industry spend billions each year on marketing, it has also entered schools (cafeterias, vending machines). ⢠Qu'en est·11 des enfants ? Un enfant americain voit, en moyenne, chaque annee, plus de 10 000 publicites pour des aliments a la television. La plupart vantent des produits ahaute teneur en graisse et en sucre. Non seulement I'industrie agro-alimentaire depense des milliards en publicite chaque an nee, mais elle est aussi presente dans les ecoles (cantines, distributeurs automatiques). Scientists are addressing this serious health issue, the objective being to reduce the prevalence of obesity among adults to less than 15% of the population. Many obese people are now learning to change their diet. They are aware that cutting down on meat products and high sugar foods, while incorporating whole grains, five-vegetables-and-fruita-day into the diet is the only way to recover health. Les scientifiques se penchent sur ce grave probleme de sante, I'objectif etant de ramener Ie taux d'obesite chez les adultes en dessous de 15 % de la population. De nombreux obeses apprennent maintenant a changer leur regime. 115 sont conscients que reduire leur consommation de viande et d'aliments trop sucres et, par ailleurs, introduire dans leur regime des cereales completes et les cinq-Iegumes-et-fruitspar-jour est Ie seul moyen de recouvrer la sante. It is not easy to do away with the unhealthy habits of a society but, in America, it has become a necessity. II n'est pas facile pour une societe de se defaire de ses mauvaises habitudes, mais en Amerique, c'est devenu une necessite. Le saviez-vous ? Sans doute parce que les humains ont peur de la mort, iI existe beaucoup d'expressions imagees qui permettent de ne pas employer Ie verbe to die (mourir). ⢠Les euphemismes to pass away, to depart, to cease to live, to demise, to expire, to breathe one's last.. ⢠Les expressions aconnotation religieuse to meet one's Maker, to reach a better world, to go the way of all flesh, to give up the ghost.. ⢠Les expressions familieres to croak, to snuff out, to go west, to kick the bucket.. .amll~~~II~. II!i tjjtl i!i:umJ the mind genius [i:] a genius pl. geniuses a gift cleverness [e ] insight [I] wisdom [I] common sense ability = capability = capacity competence [0] lucidity [I] a skill consciousness [0] intelligent / bright clever / smart brilliant [I] quick-witted [I] gifted [I] cunning [/I] sharp shrewd [u:] skll(l)ful [I] competent;t incompetent [0] able (to do sth) = capable (of doing sth) careful = attentive conscious ;t unconscious aware ;t unaware understandable [a:] reasonable [i:] wise;t unwise [aI] I'esprit Ie genie un genie un don I'intelligence / I'ingeniosite la perspicacite la sagesse Ie bon sens la capacite, I'aptitude _~III·laa,. silliness = foolishness idiocy [I] an idiot = a fool a nitwit = a halfwit stupid [j u:] silly = foolish dumb = dim backward = mentally-retarded simple-minded attentif conscient;t inconscient conscient ;t inconscient comprehensible raisonnable sage, avise ;t deraisonnable ~ a nervous breakdown a hang-up [a:] eccentricity [I] absurdity = nonsense delirium [I] madness a madman = a lunatic a maniac [eI] a lunatic asylum = a madhouse a stral(gh )tjacket [eI] eccentric [e ] mixed-up crazy = mad = insane [eI] delirious [I] simple d' esprit ,!-j',:St:JII blL1j:tll!ll.CiJ llitlt. la betise, la niaiserie I'idiotie, la stupidite un idiot, un imbecile un nigaud, un cretin stupide bete niais attarde, arriere un souvenir (mental) II'E'4!.E'U.i.M oublier I'imagination, la fantaisie I'inventivite une impression une illusion une illusion trompeuse un reve un reve eveille un cauchemar un pressentiment une apprehension, un doute an omen [Ju] un presage an intuition = a hunch une intuition imaginary [a:] imaginaire foreseeable = predictable previsible to imagine imaginer to fancy [a:] 1. imaginer 2. avoir envie de to invent inventer to guess deviner to delude oneself se faire des illusions to dream· rever to muse [j u:] revasser to foresee· [i:] prevoir to predict = to forecast· predire = to foretell· to sense (pres )sentir capable (de faire qqch) _?'4'i·'f. I'amnesie inoubliable se rappeler fancy [a:] inventiveness [e ] an impression [e] an illusion [u:] a delusion [u:] a dream a daydream [eI] a nightmare [all a foreboding [JU] a misgiving [I] la competence la lucidite un talent, une aptitude la conscience intelligent intelligent, astucieux brillant aI'esprit vif doue malin, astucieux vif astucieux, perspicace habile, adroit, doue competent ;t incompetent a memory = a recollection [e] a keepsake [i:] a reminder [aI] oblivion [I] amnesia [i:] unforgettable [e ] to remember = to recall = to recollect to forget· [e] un souvenir (objet) un rappel, un pense-bete I'oubli 24 La sante mentale etlafollt une depression nerveuse un complexe / une obsession I'excentricite I'absurdite Ie delire la folie un fou un fou dangereux un asile de fous une camisole de force eccentrique perturbe fou deli rant I have! feeling =the impression that.. To be under the impression that.. She's got a high IQ. He's a computer whizz. It makes sense. I'm well.aware that.. He has got a short attention span. A lapse of memory From memory He reminds me of his father. We must bear / keep in mind that.. I'll refresh his memory! Stop being so stupid! You must be out of your mind! =You can't be in your right mind! He lost his head / mind! Come to your senses! What a moron! His worst nightmare came true. He drives me mad. Don't get mad! J'ai I'impression que.. Avoir I'impression que .. Elle a un QI eleve. C'est un as en informatique. C'est logique. J'ai bien conscience que.. II a une capacite d'attention limitee. Un trou de memoire Dememoire II me rappelle son pere. Nous ne devons pas oublier que .. Je vais lui rafraichir la memoire Arrete de faire I'imbecile ! Tu es devenu fou ! II a perdu la tete! Ressaisis-toi ! Quel cretin! Son pire cauchemar s'est realise. II me rend fou. / II m'exaspere. Ne vous fachez pas ! Proverbes et expressions Imagees Can I pick your brains? She's the brains of the family. To be as mad as a hatter She's mad about cats. It rings a bell. Sweet dreams! She's a real dream. Fancy that! Dream on! Nonsense! Forget it! r J'ai besoin de tes lumieres. C'est la grosse tete de la famille. ~tre fou alier Elle adore les chats. <;:a me dit / rappelle quelque chose. Fais de beaux reves ! Elle est vraiment adorable. Tiens, tiens I / Voyez-vous cela ! Tu reyeS ! / On peut toujours rever! N'importe quoi I Laisse tomber I Picges et difficultes ⢠Les faux amis : sane sain d' esprit, sense sensible sense sober 1. sobre 2. pondere, serieux hysterics une crise de nerfs Exercices 13. Compl4~tez les phrases avec I'un des mots suivants: hatter - come - brains - mind (x 2) - refresh a. You must be out of your to make such a suggestion! b. He has forgotten to pay what he owed me; I'll his memory. c.. to your senses! Don't be foolish! d. She has not been in her right .. since her husband died. e. He is as mad as a .. f. She's the brightest person in the family; she is the of the family. 14. Traduisez en anglais. a. J'ai I'impression que vous adorez les chiens. b. Tu as perdu la tete? Ressaisis-toi ! c. Laisse tomber ! II est fou a lier. d. C'est une femme tres perspicace. 25 IIIIt liu.J'§Uii i!i·:gdrtJ understanding [re) la comprehension reflection [e) la reflexion reason Ii:) la raison an idea =a notion une idee an Inkling [I) une vague idee curious [jua) curieux thoughtful [:>:) pensif unthinkable [I) impensable to conceive Ii:) concevoir to understand* =to grasp comprendre, saisir to perceive =to make* out saisir, percevoir to observe [3:) observer to notice [au) remarquer to concentrate on = se concentrer sur to focus on to contemplate [0) envisager to consider [I) t considerer 2. prendre en compte to ponder over = reflechir longuement a, to meditate on mediter sur to look Into sth examiner, etudier qqch to reflect (up)on sth reflechir aqqch to realize [I) se rendre compte know-how [au) learning [3:) Ie savoir-faire tl'erudition 2. I'apprentissage education [el) l'education,I'instruction general knowledge la culture generale literacy [I) tie fait de savoir lire et ecrire 2.I'alphabetisation I'analphabetisme, illiteracy I'illettrisme meaning Ii:) la signification Ignorance [I) I'ignorance an intellectual [e) un intellectuel educated ~ uneducated [e) instruit, cultive ~ inculte cultivated / cultured [A) cultive learned / erudite erudit, savant illiterate analphabete, iIIettre Ignorant [I) ignorant self-taught [:>:) autodidacte unknown inconnu to know* savoir to mean· signifier, vouloir dire l;iÂ¥U.],'1jD logic [0) a theory [Ia) a hypothesis [0) lalogique unetheorie une hypothese a supposition = an assumption = a presumption Inference / deduction analysis [re) an explanation [el) a solution [u:) a conclusion = an outcome a fact proof = evidence [e) rational ~ irrational [re) logical ~ illogical consistent ~ inconsistent [I) groundless [au) accurate [re ) theoretical [e) to baffle = to puzzle to look for = to search = to seek· to deduce = to infer to suppose = to-e.ssume = to presume to speculate on / about to interpret [3:) to suspect [e) to prove [u:) to find· to discover = to find· out to solve to explain [el) to demonstrate / to establish to confirm [3:) to reveal = to disclose to expose [au) une conjecture, une supposition, une hypothese la deduction I'analyse une explication une solution une conclusion, une issue un fait des preuves rationnel ~ irrationnel logique ~ iIIogique coherent ~ incoherent infonde, sans fondement precis theorique deconcerter, laisser perplexe chercher deduire sup poser faire des suppositions sur interpreter t supposer 2. soup~onner prouver trouver decouvrir resoudre expliquer fublir / demontrer confirmer reveler denoncer .upuaM l!11ittl a comparison [re) a decision [I) a contrast [0) a dilemma [e) a preference [e) choosy = picky favo(u)rite undecided [al) compared to [e a) comparatively [re) preferably [e) to decide [al) to compare [e a) to oppose = to contrast to pick out to choose· une comparaison une decision un contraste undilemme une preference exigeant, difficile prefere indecis compare a, par rapport a par / en comparaison de preference decider com parer opposer selectionner, choisir choisir Phrases et expressions usuelles Qu'en pensez-vous? What do you think? What are you thinking of? She always thinks big! On second thoughts.. Let me think.. To formulate a hypothesis To bear out =to confirm a hypothesis It has just dawned on me that.. It stands to reason. Draw your own conclusions. It's up to you. To make a decision To make up one's mind To change one's mind Do as you choosel Voyons voir.. Formuler une hypothese Confirmer une hypothese II me vient $Oudain aI'esprit que.. Cela va de $Oi. Tirez-en les consequences. Atoi de decider. Prendre une decision Se decider Changer d'avis Faites comme vous voulez I Proverbes ..... ' .... A penny for your thoughts! It's the thought that counts. Knowledge is power. Dis-moi aquoi tu penses I C'est I'intention qui compte. Le savoir, c'est Ie pouvoir. ! Aquoi pensez-vous ? Elle voit toujours les choses en grand. A la ref!exion .. Pieges et difficultes ⢠On peut exprimer la preference aI'aide du verbe to prefer, mais aussi avec I'expression 'd rather (contraction de would rather). Toutefois, cette seconde formulation implique qu'un autre choix a ete propose auparavant : I prefer work to holidays. Je prefere Ie travail aux vacances. 'What about going out for a while?' 'I'd rather stay at home and work.' « Que dirais-tu de sortir un peu ? - Je prefere(rais) rester ala maison et travailler. » ⢠En anglais, I'ajout d'une particule change Ie ser d'un verbe to think about penser a to think sth over reflechir aqqch to think up inventer, concevoir to think back se reporter en arriere par la pensee to think ahead anticiper to think sth out bien reflechir aqqch Exercices 15. Associez les mots de la colonne droite. a. an assumption b. to grasp c. to choose d. to search e. to reveal f. to oppose g. after thinking the matter over de gauche a leur synonyme de la colonne d, 1. to pick out 2. on second thoughts 3. to contrast 4. to disclose 5. a supposition 6. to look for 7. to understand 16. Traduisez en anglais. a. « A quoi penses-tu ? - A rien de particulier. » b. II ferait bien de n%khir vite ! c. Je pretererais sortir, mais c'est atoi de decider. d. Je suppose qu'on va trouver une preuve. e. Je n'ai aucune explication logique a cette decouverte. 27 - Certainty and uncertainty Lacertltucle at I'lncertitude truth [u:) doubt belief . disbelief [i:) la verite Ie doute la conviction, la certitude . I'incredulite possibility . impossibility la possibilite . I'impossibilite probability = likelihood la probabilite a lie un mensonge a liar [aI) un menteur error, an error [e) I'erreur, une erreur a mistake [eI) une erreur, une faute correct =right exact incorrect errone true to false vrai to faux possible' impossible [0) possible to impossible probable = likely probable improbable =unlikely improbable, peu probable incredible =unbelievable incroyable positive [0) affirmatif sceptical GB = skeptical USsceptique certainly =definitely = certainement, absolutely absolument supposedly [;m) soi-disant doubtless [au) sans doute, certainement to doubt douter to believe [i:) croire, penser to lie =to tell' lies mentir Irr:r!QllltYh' I!Jl!Jt1lUIlI an opinion = a view(point) une opinion, = a standpoint un point de vue a criticism [I) une critique a prejudice [e] un prejuge a bias [al] un parti pris an assessment = une evaluation an appraisal = an evaluation critique (envers qqn) critical (of sb) [I] tolerant . intolerant [0 ] tolerant' intolerant partial, qui a des prejuges prejudiced =biased unprejudiced =unbiased impartial to judge [II] juger critiquer to criticize [I] jauger, evaluer qqn to size sb up to assess =to appraise = evaluer, estimer to evaluate estimer to estimate = to rate to value [a; ] apprecier, faire grand cas de a question [e) an answer = a reply une question une reponse une discussion 1. un argument 2. une dispute an agreement = an assent un accord an approval [u:) une approbation a refusal [j u:) un refus a disagreement = a dissent un desaccord a controversy [d ) une polemique a statement [el) une affirmation, une declaration un commentaire a comment [0) a hint =an allusion [u:) une allusion a misunderstanding [a;) un malentendu douteux, discutable doubtful = dubious arguable = debatable = discutable, contestable questionable convaincant convincing [I) confused [j u:) confus, peu clair polemique, controverse contentious = controversial contradictoire contradictory [11 debattre, argumenter to argue [a:] debattre to debate [el) to react to [a;) reagir a reagir a, repondre a to respond to [0] to answer = to reply repondre etre d' accord . to agree to ne pas etre d'accord to disagree [i:) donner son accord to assent [e) to assert [3:] affirmer approuver to desapprouver to approve (of) . to disapprove (of) [u:) defendre un point de vue to hold' an opinion pretendre, affirmer to contend [e] suggerer to suggest [e ] 1. nuancer 2. qualifier to qualify [0) considerer to consider = to deem to convince [I) convaincre reconnaltre to recognize = to acknowledge refuser to refuse [j u:) to refute [j u:) refuter to deny [aI) nier protester (contre qqch) to object (to sth) to contradict [I] contredire souligner, mettre I'accent sur to emphasize [e) sous-estimer to underestimate to neglect [e) negliger conceder to concede [i:) to exaggerate [a; ) exagerer to imply [al) so us-entendre, laisser entendre to insist [I] insister minimiser to downplay [el) a discussion [II) an argument [a:) Phrases et expressions usuelles In my opinion,.. In other words,.. To speak one's mind As far as I can judge.. To pass judgment on somebody In all likelihood When all is said and done To tell you the truth .. The pros and cons Agreedl Arguably, she's the best. Believe it or not, it's true. A pack of lies He has strong opinions. He owned up to his mistake. A mon avis.. En d'autres termes, .. / Autrement dit, .. Dire franchement ce qu'on pense Pour autant que je puisse en juger.. Juger quelqu'un Selon toute probabilite Tout bien considere Avrai dire.. Le pour et Ie contre C'est d'accord I On peut dire qu'elle est la meilleure. Croyez-moi si vous voulez, mais c'est vrai. Un tissu de mensonges II a des opinions bien arretees. II a reconnu son erreur. Proverbes et expressions lmagles We see eye to eye. Sure as night follows day. The proof of the pudding is in the eating. When in doubt, forbear. Nous sommes tout afait du meme avis. Aussi sur que deux et deux font quatre. II faut juger sur pieces. Dans Ie doute, abstiens-toi. ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Attention! Le sens de I'expression be sure change selon Ie type de complement qui la suit: Rick is sure that he will come. Rick est certain qu'il viendra. Rick is sure to come. II ne fait aucun doute que Rick viendra. ⢠Notez les diverses structures des yerbes to agree et to disagree He suggested leaving early, and I agreed. II a suggere de partir tot, et j'ai dit oui. Iagree with him on this issue. Je suis d'accord avec lui sur cette question. They agreed 12 increase wages. 115 ont decide d'augmenter les salaires. We're all agreed on the need to improve the situation. Nous sommes tous d'accord sur la necessite d'ameliorer la situation. Exercices 17. Completez Ie texte avec les mots suivants dubious - opinion - underestimate - truth - certainly - believe - sure 'What makes you so the suspect is innocent?' asked the police inspector. 'Because none of the witnesses saw him near the crime scene and because the only person that accuses him is his ex-wife and her testimony is ' 'So you think he is telling the . .7 You what he told us?' 'I do.' 'Don't you think you .. his ability to tell lies?' 'No, I don't.' 'Is it your then that we should let him go?' 'It is.' 18. Traduisez en anglais. a. « Vous en etes sur? - Absolument ! » b. II est peu probable que leurs parents les croient. c. II ne fait aucun do ute que sa mere desapprouvera son comportement. d. Le fait qu'il ait menti a la police les rendra sceptiques. 29 1 LA PERSONNALITE PERSONALITY . tttl .,611(;'4. I temper[e] a trait awhim an impulse a mood composure = nerve temperamental = moody odd = weird = freakish [i:] arrogant [~ ] touchy = huffy [II] dependable = reliable shy = timid = bashful earnest [3:] wary = suspicious cautious [J:] rash / impulsive [II] reckless [e] optimistic '- pessimistic [I] cool = calm peaceful [i:] down-to-earth 1. Ie caractere 2. I'humeur !~t -.! r f, un trait de caractere un caprice, une lubie une impulsion, un elan une humeur Ie sang-froid lunatique, capricieux bizarre arrogant susceptible fiable timide serieux mefiant prudent, circonspect irreflechi / impulsif imprudent, temeraire optimiste'- pessimiste calme, pose paisible realiste, pragmatique l!ii~~B a shortcoming = a fault will(power) = self-control pride [al] boldness [Ju] bravery = courage nastiness [a:] cruelty [u] kind = nice proud selfish [e] individualistic [I] stubborn [II] obstinate = dogged [0] determined / resolute / purposeful '- irresolute ruthless [u:] lazy [el] nasty GB = mean US wicked = evil condescending = patronizing conceited [i:] haughty [J:] disdainful = scornful = contemptuous snobbish [0] smug [II] unassuming = humble to boast un defaut la volonte la fierte I'audace Ie courage la mechancete la cruaute bon, gentil fier ego'iste individualiste entete, tetu obstine,opiniatre determine, decide, resolu'- irresolu impitoyable, acharne paresseux mechant tres mechant condescendant pretentieux hautain dedaigneux, meprisant snob suffisant, satisfait de soi modeste, humble se vanter 1:r!1i'F.'t'lr.Tmr. i!ll!ILI!,!,:,' ~Ii:-j!l' good breeding = (good) manners courtesy polite'- impolite [al] courteous well-bred '- ill-bred well-behaved 'ill-behaved respectful 'disrespectful [e] tactful '- tactless [~ ] considerate 'inconsiderate [I] decent = proper indecent = improper prim casual = offhand = flippant rough [II] coarse = vulgar = crude obnoxious [0] cheeky = saucy = brash to behave (oneself) 'to misbehave to insult / to abuse to offend [e] to snub / to ignore les bonnes manieres la courtoisie poli'-impoli courtois bien eleve '- mal eleve qui a de bonnes 'mauvaises manieres respectueux 'irrespectueux plein de tact '- sans tact attentionne '- qui manque de prevenance decent, convenable indecent, pas convenable guinde, collet monte desinvolte brutal, peu raffine grossier, vulgaire odieux effronte, insolent bien '- mal se comporter /se tenir insulter / injurier offenser snober, ignorer .tt!1flM [!!!~ i ,Jj,~.:~ virtue, a virtue [3:] vice, a vice [al] duty, a duty [j u:] la vertu, une vertu Ie vice, un vice Ie devoir, un devoir avalue[~] une valeur a principle [I] un principe trust = confidence [0] la confiance I'honnetete honesty [0] naive / na'ive [i:] naIf, ingenu, candide ingenuous [e] ingenu, candide gullible [II] credule worthy of [3:] digne de (un)trustworthy [II] (in )digne de confiance good'- bad 1. bon '- mauvais 2. bien '- mal right '- wrong 1. bien '- mal 2. juste, exact '- faux rightly '- wrongly araison '- atort virtuous [3:] vertueux honest / upright honnete, droit, integre just = fair juste, equitable unjust = unfair injuste, pas equitable square = frank = candid = franc straightforward to promise [0] promettre to trust sb avoir confiance en qqn to be right '- to be wrong avoir raison '- avoir tort Phrases et expressions usuelles With all due respect, .. To be honest,.. He always keeps his temper. He has a quick temper . an even temper. To remain composed / full of composure To control oneself To be in a good / bad mood I'm in no mood for going out. She is prone to mood swings. She is a decent woman. He is a quiet man. He has a propensity / tendency to lie. She has a reputation for behaving roughly. This is no way to behave! She is always finding fault with me. To act according to one's conscience To have an easy conscience ~ a guilty conscience II ne s'emporte jamais. II s'emporte facilement ~ II est d'humeur egale. Garder son calme / son sang-froid Se maitriser £tre de bonne / mauvaise humeur Je ne suis pas d'humeur a sortir. Elle est encline aux changements d'humeur. C'est une femme bien. C'est un hom me calme et silencieux. II a tendance a mentir. Elle est connue pour son comportement brutal. En voila des manieres ! Elle me reproche toujours quelque chose. Agir selon sa conscience Avoir la conscience tranquille ~ mauvaise conscie Proverbes et expressions 1mag8es To be as stubborn as a mule To be as cool as a cucumber Truth will out. Truth is stranger than fiction. Where there is a will, there is a way. £tre tetu comme une mule £tre imperturbable La verite finit toujours par triompher. La realite depasse la fiction. Quand on veut, on peut ! Malgre tout Ie respect que je vous dois, .. Adire vrai, .. Pieges et difficultes ⢠Les faux amis to deceive tromper malice la malveillance malicious malveillant particular meticuleux, exigeant cando(u)r la franchise regard I'estime, la consideration discreet reserve / discret, prudent sanguine optimiste fastidious difficile a contenter abusive grossier, offensant rude mal eleve, grossier propriety la bien seance vicious mechant genial affable, cordial ⢠Formation d'adjectifs composes denotant des traits de caractere : adjectif + nom + oed good-tempered qui a bon caractere bad-tempered qui a mauvais caractere short-tempered colerique hot-tempered soupe au lait, changeant good-natured facile a vivre open-minded =broad-minded a I'esprit ouvert, sans prejl narrow-minded borne absent-minded distrait Exercices 19. Completez chaque phrase avec I'un des mots suivants trust - reckless - temper - obstinate - mood - candour a. She is full of and always speaks the truth. b. She is smiling; she is in a good .. c. He is very and never changes his mind. d. It was to do that; you should have been more cautious. e. Whatever the circumstances, he never loses his f. She is very honest; I her. 20. Traduisez en anglais. a. C'est un homme franc etj'apprecie son caractere scrupuleux. b. Vous etes na'ive et vous avez eu confiance en lui. c. Ne soyez plus jamais aussi credule ! d. II a ten dance a Hre extremement tetu. 'Y·f'. tenderness / fondness darling / honey / sweetheart a boyfriend, a girlfriend lovebirds [A) affection [e) passion [Ie) desire [al) appeal [i:) seduction [A) jealousy [e) rivalry [al) a rival a romance [au) a flirtation [el) a date [el) a mistress [I) a lover [A) an affair [ea) a heartbreak [a:) tender [e) affectionate [e) loving [A) fond passionate [Ie) lovable beloved adorable [J:) desirable [ala) appealing =alluring male t. female [i:) flirtatious [el) jealous [e) lovingly to appeal (to)[i:) to attract [Ie ) to like [al) to love to care for to cherish [e ] to adore [J:) to dote on sb to court =to woo to embrace =to hug to kiss to caress =to fondle to cuddle [A] to desire to yearn for to covet [A] to seduce [j u:] to flirt with sb ·:mM:MM' .i.lllt·!II. revulsion =disgwt = loathing =distaste enmity [e) afoe =an enemy [e) hateful [el) disgwting [A) revolting =repelling = repulsive abhorrent [D) odious [;m) to dislike to detest =to hate = to loathe to disgwt [A) to repel =to repulse to antagonize sb = to alienate sb la tendresse / I'affection cheri un(e) petit(e) ami(e) des tourtereaux I'affection la passion Ie desir I'attrait la seduction lajalousie la rivalite un rival une histoire d'amour un flirt un rendez-vous galant une maitresse un amant / une maitresse une liaison un chagrin d'amour tendre, affectueux, doux affectueux aimant, affectueux tendre, affectueux passionne sympathique, attachant bien-aime adorable desirable seduisant masculin t. reminin qui aime flirter jaloux affectueusement plaire (a) attirer aimer, apprecier aimer avoir de I'affection pour cherir adorer eire fou de qqn faire la cour a (s')enlacer (s')embrasser (se) caresser (se) dliner desirer desirer ardemment convoiter seduire flirter avec qqn 32 M!1:t1!l! . M Ie degoo.t, I'aversion, la repugnance I'inimitie, I'hostilite unennemi haissable degoo.tant, eclEurant revoltant, degoo.tant execrable odieux ne pas aimer detester degoo.ter revolter, repugner se mettre qqn ados f.',. .jg·t,:t1 rtt. M!i!1t.:. sentimentality [Ie) turmoil [3:) a tear [Ia) asob a moan / a wail / a whine a sigh [al) sensitive [e ) emotional [au) sentimental [e) mawkish [J:) unfeeling =callous heartless [a:) moving =stirring = touching tearful [Ia) to feel· to move =to stir to touch to affect [e) to overwhelm [e) to cry =to weep· to snivel [I] to sob to wail =to moan = to whine to sigh to whimper [I) to groan to grunt to lament [e) to repress [e ) to frustrate [ell to soften [DI la sentimentalite Ie trouble, I'emoi une larme un sanglot un gemissement un soupir sensible emotif sentimental mievre insensible sans clEur touchant -~~ en larmes ressentir emouvoir toucher affecter submerger pleurer pleurnicher sangloter gemir, se lam enter, se plaindre soupirer geindre gemir, grogner grogner se lamenter (sur) reprimer, refouler frustrer (s')attendrir They fell in love (with each other). It was love at first sight. They are in love. They've fallen out of love. They've fallen out. They're going steady. I like him. / I am fond of him. She has a crush on him =a soft spot for him. He is infatuated with her. To have a date with sb He was on the verge of tears. He choked back his tears. He burst into tears. To weep / cry one's eyes out To heave a heavy sigh To speak tearfully I miss you. I don't want to hurt her feelings. I can't stand / bear them. It's a fit of jealousy. 115 sont tombes amoureux. ~ a ete Je I'aime bien. Elle a un faible pour lui. II 5'est amourache d' elle. Avoir rendez-vous avec qqn II etait au bord des larmes. II a ravale ses larmes. II a fondu en larmes. Pleurer achaudes larmes Pousser un profond soupir Parler avec des larmes dans la voix Tu me manques. Je ne veux pas la blesser / la froisser. Je ne les supporte pas. C'est une crise de jalousie. Proverbes et expressions lmagee. It's no use crying over spilt milk. He was green with jealousy. Make love, not war! There's no love lost between them. I wouldn't do it for love or money! Love is blind. '/! Ie coup de foudre. 115 sont amoureux. 115 ne sont plus amoureux. 115 ne s'entendent plus. 115 sortent ensemble. Ce qui est fait est fait. II etait vert de jalousie. Faites I'amour, pas la guerre ! 115 se detestent cordialement Je ne Ie ferais pour rien au monde I L'amour est aveugle. Pieges et difficultes ⢠La plupart des adverbes se forment en ajoutant Ie suffixe -Iy aI'adjectif tender ... tenderly tendrement lOving ... lovingly amoureusement, tendrement affectionate ... affectionately affectueusement fond ... fondly affectueusement passionate ... passionately passionnement heartless ... heartlessly avec cruaute Exercices 21 t Completez les phrases avec I'un des mots suivants: attracted -jealous - miss - snivelling - stand - steady a. When you're away, I you. b. His behaviour was revolting; we can't .. him. c. They're in love, they've been going for several years. d. She is very to him but she doesn't love him. e. Stop .., blow your nose and cheer up! f. He is very of his rival. 22 t Traduisez en anglais. a. II etait submerge par I'emotion. b. Ne tombez pas amoureuse de lui; vous Ie regretteriez. c. lila regardait, les yeux pleins de larmes. d. II est sans cceur ; je ne I'aime plus. 33 Happiness and unhappiness well-being [i:] bliss delight, a delight [al] anguish [if] dismay [el] melancholy [e] sadness [if ] misery [I] sorrow = grief despair =distress a hardship / an ordeal happy to unhappy [if] blissful [I] pleased glad satisfactory [if] delightful exquisite [e] playful [el] lively [al] sad upset [e] trying [al] wretched [e] pathetic [e] gloomy = grim sorry [0] desperate [e] downcast = dejected = discouraged to dishearten [0:] to despair [e ;) ] to cheer [I;)] to cheer up = to take' heart to satisfy [if ] to mope to upset· Lebonheur et Ie malheur Ie bien-etre la felicite Ie plaisir intense, un delice I'angoisse la consternation / Ie desarroi la melancolie la tristesse Ie malheur, la tristesse Ie chagrin = la peine Ie desespoir une epreuve heureux to malheureux bienheureux content, satisfait heureux, content satisfaisant delicieux, merveilleux exquis enjoue vif, plein d'entrain triste 1. contrarie 2. bouleverse eprouvant = penible miserable, lamentable pathetique sombre, malheureux desole desespere abattu, decourage demoraliser se desesperer rejouir retrouver Ie moral, reprendre courage satisfaire =contenter broyer du noir contrarier EmIl joy pleasure [e] humo(u)r [j u:] irony [al;)] sarcasm [a:] a joke / a jest a prank = a practical joke [if] a pun = a play on words wit lajoie Ie plaisir I'humour I'ironie Ie sarcasme une plaisanterie une blague = une farce un jeu de mots I'esprit aelown laughter [a:] a smile a grin joyful to joyless [JI] merry = gay = cheerful delighted jolly = jovial pleasant = enjoyable funny =amusing entertaining = diverting comic(al) [0] hilarious [e;) ] witty [I] ironical [0] sarcastic [if] to enjoy sth [JI] to enjoy oneself to amuse [j u:] to entertain [el] to joke / to jest to tease [i:] to ridicule [I] to wink to smile to grin to laugh [a:] to giggle [I] to guffaw to sneer to smirk to snigger = to snicker [I] to titter [I] un pitre, un elown Ie rire un sourire un large sourire joyeux to sans joie joyeux ravi, enchante jovial agreable, plaisant amusant divertissant, drole comique = drole = cocasse hilarant spirituel ironique sarcastique prendre plaisir aqqch bien s'amuser amuser divertir plaisanter taquiner ridicuJiser faire un elin d'O!il sourire faire un large sourire rire pouffer partir d'un gros edat de rire rire avec mepris avoir un sourire narquois ricaner rire nerveusement Embarrassment a regret [e] remorse [J:] un regret Ie remords sham~ la honte an apology [0] des excuses an excuse [j u:] une excuse, un pretexte forgiveness [I] Ie pardon regrettable = unfortunate regrettable ridiculous [I] ridicule shameful [e I] honteux forgiving to unforgiving indulgent to impitoyable forgivable.,. pardonnable .,. unforgivable impardonnable to be sorry for = regretter to regret to be ashamed [el] avoir honte to humble [II] humilier to apologize [0] presenter des excuses to forgive' sb pardonner aqqn (for doing 5th) (d'avoirfait qqch) Phrases et expressions usuelles To laugh one's head off =to roar with laughter Rire aux eclats She burst out laughing. She was shaking with laughter. To get the giggles He was all smiles. You must be joking! You're pulling my leg! To crack a joke Ifail to see the joke. Stop clowning around! To have fun Come with us, it'll be fun! To make fun of sb =to poke fun at sb To stifle / suppress a laugh He's got I sense of humour. He was the life and soul of the party. He cheered up everyone. The news was shattering. I'm devastated. Ifeel blue = I've got the blues. He blushed with embarrassment. That was an excuse for talking to her. She simply laughed in his face. Elle a eclate de rire. Elle se tordait de rire. Avoir Ie fou rire II emit tout sourire. Vous ne parlez pas serieusement ! Tu me fais marcher I Dire une plaisanterie Je ne vois pas ce qu'il y a de drole. Arrete de faire Ie pitre ! S'amuser Viens avec nous, ~ sera sympa ! Se moquer de qqn .Reprimer un rire / une envie de rire II a Ie sens de I'humour. C'est lui qui a mis I'ambiance. II a redonne Ie moral atout Ie monde. La nouvelle emit bouleversante. Je suis aneanti. J'ai Ie cafard. II est devenu rouge de honte. C'emit un pretexte pour lui parler. Elle lui a ri au nez. Proverbes et expressions lmagies He who laughs last laughs longest. To have the last laugh Better safe than sorry. To laugh up one's sleeve ! Rira bien qui rira Ie demier. Avoir Ie demier mot Un tiens vaut mieux que deux tu I'auras. Rire sous cape Pieges et difficultes ⢠On peut exprimer Ie regret de differentes manieres I'm sorry for what I said. Je suis desole d'avoir dit cela. Ishouldn't have said that. Je n'aurais pas dO dire cela. I regret saying that. Je regrette d'avoir dit cela. Forgive me for saying that. =Forgive my saying that. Pardonnez-moi d'avoir dit cela. Exercices Associez I'expression anglaise a son equivalent fran~ais. a. to tease somebody 1. eciater de rire b. to roar with laughter 2. raconter une blague c. to burst out laughing 3. rire aux eciats d. to poke fun at somebody 4. se moquer de quelqu'un e. to crack a joke 5. ne pas comprendre la plaisanterie f. to fail to see the joke 6. taquiner quelqu'un 23 t 24 t Completez les phrases avec I'un des mots suivants enjoy - a -life - entertaining - jokes - upset. a. His poor seldom make us laugh. b. He is a very fellow. Whenever we invite him, he is the .. and soul of the party. c. She was by the sad news. d. I wish he had .. sense of humour! e. I hope you'll .. youself with your friends. 1 LES REACTIONS AFFECTIVES EMOTIONAL REACTIONS uama bewilderment [I] surprised [aI] dazed = stunned unexpected [e] to surprise to astonish = to amaze = to astound to shock to catch' sb off guard Hope and disappointment i!li!LLl1i -3,'B9;'W Wtt!,Z~. la stupefaction surpris abasourdi inattendu surprendre etonner, stupefier anxiousness =anxiety uneasiness [i:] worry, a worry [1] worrying =alarming worried / anxious uneasy [i:] to care about to worry (about) = to fret (about) to bother [0] I'anxiete lagene I'inquietude, un souci inquietant inquiet, anxieux mal aI'aise, inquiet se soucier de se faire du soud (a propos de) embeter, deranger panic [Ie] terror [e] horror [0] a fright / a scare a threat =a menace [e ] fearsome =scary dreadful =awful horrible / horrific afraid =frightened panic-stricken to threaten to frighten =to scare to terrify =to appal(l) = to horrify to dread =to fear la panique la terreur I'horreur unefrayeur une menace effrayant terrible =epouvantable horrible, epouvantable effraye pris de panique menacer effrayer =faire peur a terrifier, terroriser, epouvanter, horrifier craindre annoyance / vexation exasperation [eI] indignation [eI] fury =rage wrath [0] resentment =ranco(u)r reprisal =retaliation revenge [e] strained =tense indignant [I] angry =cross furious =outraged to flush to pout to sulk [1] to frown to disturb / to perturb to Irritate [I] to annoy / to pester to exasperate = to infuriate to complain [eI] to avenge [e] la contrariete / I'agacement I'exasperation I'indignation la fureur =la rage Ie courroux la rancune des represailles la vengeance tendu indigne en colere =fache furieux =courrouce rougir (de colere) faire la moue bouder froncer les sourcils importuner, deranger irriter agacer, contrarier, enerver exasperer, mettre en rage choquer prendre qqn par surprise L'espolr et la deception a wish expectations [eI] relieved [i:] hopeful [;m] hopeless un souhait des espoirs, des attentes soulage plein d'espoir 1. sans espoir 2. desesperant bitter [I] amer souhaiter to wish vouloir to want to expect sth attendre qqch, s'attendre aqqch to long for = to yearn for desirer ardemment to look forward to sth / avoir hate que qqch se to doing sth produise / de faire qqch esperer to hope to disappoint [:1I] decevoir Admiration and enthusiasm !es;tu!1 Interesting [I J impressive [e] admirable [Ie] exciting / thrilling excited [aI] eager to do sth enthusiastic [Ie] to impress [e] to thrill to admire = to look up to interessant impressionnant admirable exaltant, passionnant exalte, passionne tres desireux de faire qqch enthousiaste impressionner exciter, passionner admirer Boredom and weariness Ia~ monotony [0] monotonous boring = tedious L'ennulet : la monotonie monotone ennuyeux, lassant weary[I~] las reluctant / half-hearted reticent, sans enthousiasme ennuyer (= ne pas interesser) to bore to yawn bailler . Ei!1!La 1tT~1ii'l se plaindre venger Phrases et expressions usuelles He is very interested in electronics. II s'interesse beaucoup aI'electronique. Sorry to bother you, but.. She is very anxious to please. She is mad at you. I'm fed up with his fits of anger. I'll get back at him. It's such a pity! / It's such a shamel I resent their attitude. I resent their not coming. To be scared stiff To lose one's temper To fly into a rage To bear a grudge against sb To take / get one's revenge To be keen 2!! doing sth To be keen lQ do sth To be bored stiff = bored to death Desole de vous deranger, mais.. Elle a tres envie de faire plaisir. Elle est folie de rage contre toi. J'en ai plein Ie dos de ses acces de colere. Je lui revaudrai ~ =J'aurai rna revanche. Quel dommage ! Je n'apprecie pas leur comportement. Je leur en veux de ne pas etre venus. Avoir une peur bleue 5e mettre en colere Se mettre dans une rage folie En vouloir aqqn Prendre sa revanche Adorer faire qqch Avoir tres envie de faire qqch 5'ennuyer amourir ProverlJes et expressions ImagIe$ He looks fed up to the back teethl To put the fear of God into sb Revenge is a dish best served cold. ! II a I'air d'en avoir vraiment marre ! Faire une peur bleue aqqn La vengeance est un plat qui se mange froid. Pieges et difficultes ⢠Attention aux differentes structures dans les constructions de phrases avec to wish et to want: We wish / want a better world. Nous souhaitons / voulons un monde meilleur. We wish / want to live in a better world. Nous souhaitons / voulons vivre dans un monde meilleur. We wish / want our children to live in a better world. Nous souhaitons / voulons que no~ enfants vivent dans un monde meilleur. ⢠Notez aussi les deux constructions avec for fear of et for fear that: He fled the city for fear of the mafia. II a fui la ville par peur de la mafia. He fled the city for fear that the mafia might catch up with him. II a fui la ville de peur que la mafia ne Ie rattrape. ⢠Les faux am is formidable redoutable trouble(s) les ennuis incensed courrouce, furieux vexing contrariant, facheux to vex contrarier relief Ie soulagement Exercices 25 t Completez les phrases avec I'un des mots ou expressions donnes. looking forward -look up - annoying - reluctant - shame - boring a. They admire her, they to her. b. It's a .. you didn't come! We really enjoyed ourselves. c. Stop tickling your little brother! You're him. d. It was so I kept yawning. e. We're to a little rest! f. He accepted with a .. expression. 26 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Que c'est passionnant ! b. Nous avons ete pris de panique quand ils nous ont menaces. c. Elle a ete abasourdie par cette nouvelle. d. J'en ai ras-Ie-bol de cette fille epouvantable. e. Parce qu'elle avait tres envie d'un petit voyage, elle a ete tres dec;ue. 37 Valentine's Day is celebrated all over Britain and America. People express - or reveal - their love by presenting their beloved with flowers, cards, chocolates and other gifts. On celebre la Saint-Valentin partout en GrandeBretagne et aux Etats-Unis. Les gens expriment ou revelent - leur amour en offrant a leur bienaime(e) des fleurs, des cartes, des chocolats et autres cadeaux. In the USA, some 190 million Valentine Day cards are bought every year; second only to Christmas, and 10% of the engagements occur on Valentine's Day. Americans spent $17 billion on Valentine's Day in 2007. Aux Etats-Unis, 190 millions de cartes sont achetees pour laSaint-Valentin chaque annee (seul Noel fait mieux) et 10 % des fjan~illes ont lieu ce jour-Ia. En 2007, les Americains ont depense 17 milliards de dollars pour cette rete. Valentine's Day has its origin in the popular belief that birds begin to mate on February 14. In Britain, unmarried girls used to wake up before sunrise on Valentine's Day because they believed that the first man they came across on that day would marry them within a year. La Saint-Valentin trouve son origine dans la croyance populaire selon laquelle les oiseaux commencent a s'accoupler Ie 14 fevrier. Jadis en Grande-Bretagne, les jeunes filles se levaient ce jour-Ia avant Ie lever du solei! parce qu'elles croyaient que Ie premier hom me qu'elles rencontreraient les epouserait dans I'annee. Saint Valentine was a Roman martyred for refusing to give up Christianity. He died on February 14, 269 A.D. Legend has it that Saint Valentine left a farewell note for the jailer's daughter; signing it 'From Your Valentine', which has become a traditional message on Valentine Day cards. Saint Valentin etait un Romain qui fut martyrise parce qu'il refusait de renoncer au christianisme.1I mourut Ie 14 fevrier 269. Selon la legende, illaissa a la fille de son geolier un mot d'adieu qu'il signa « De la part de ton Valentin », formule devenue traditionnelle sur les cartes de Saint-Valentin. According to another version of the story, Valentine was a priest; emperor Claudius ' had him beheaded for marrying Roman soldiers according to Christian rites. In 496 A.D. the Pope set aside February 14 to honour Saint Valentine. Selon une autre version, Valentin etait pretre ; I' empereur Claude II Ie fit decapiter parce qu'il mariait des soldats romains selon les rites chretiens. En 496, Ie pape choisit Ie 14 fevrier pour honorer Saint Valentin. Gradually, February 14th became the date for exchanging love messages and Saint Valentine became the patron saint of lovers. Au fil du temps, Ie 14 fevrier est devenu Ie jour ou I'on echange des messages d'amour et Saint Valentin est devenu Ie saint patron des amoureux. En Angleterre, il y a beaucoup de superstitions autour de la Saint-Valentin. ⢠If, on Valentine's Day, you pick a dandelion and blow the seeds into the wind, all you have to do is count the seeds that remain on the stem. That is the number of children you will have. Si, Ie jour de la Saint-Valentin, vous cueillez un pissenlit et soufflez pour faire s' envoler ses graines, vous n'aurez plus qu'a compter celles qui restent sur la tige pour savoir combien d'enfants vous aurez. Another method consists in cutting an apple in half and count how many seeds / pips are inside. Une autre methode consiste i couper une pomme en deux et a compter Ie nombre de pepins qu'elle contient. Halloween is a favourite among American, Irish and British children. On October 31st, they dress up as witches, vampires, skeletons or monsters and go knocking on neighbourhood doors at night. When the door opens, they shout 'Trick or treat!' People are then supposed to give them candy (a 'treat') if they don't want the children to playa trick on them. The most famous symbol of Halloween is an empty pumpkin with a carved out face and a candle inside, which is called a 'jack o'lantern' Halloween est I'une des fetes preferees des petits Americains, Irlandais et Britanniques. Le 31 octobre, ils se deguisent en sorciere, en vampire, en squelette ou en monstre et, Ie soir, s'en vont frapper aux portes du voisinage. Quand la porte s'ouvre, ils crient « Trick or treat ! ». Les gens doivent alors leur donner des bonbons «( treat») s'iI ne veulent pas que les enfants leur fassent une farce «( trick»). Le principal symbole de Halloween est une citrouille evidee sur laquelle on decoupe un visage, dans laquelle on place une petite bougie, et qu'on appelle « jack o'lantern », The origins of Halloween can be traced back to ancient Celtic festivals. The Celts lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom, and northern France. They celebrated their new year on November 1st which marked the end of summer and the beginning of winter, a time of year often associated with death. On peut situer les origines de Halloween dans les anciennes fetes celtiques. Les Celtes vivaient il y a 2 000 ans dans la region qui comprend aujourd'hui l'lriande, Ie Royaume·Uni et Ie nord de la France. 115 celebraient leur nouvelle annee Ie 1er novembre, date qui marquait la fin de I'ete et Ie debut de I'hiver, periode de I'annee souvent associee it la mort The Celts believed that, on the night before the new year, the boundary between the worlds of the living and of the dead became blurred and that, on the night of October 31 st, the ghosts of the dead came back on earth. To celebrate the event, the druids would build huge sacred bonfires, where the people, wearing costumes made of animal skins, gathered to burn crops and animals as sacrifices to the deities. Les Celtes croyaient que, la veille du Nouvel An, la frontiere entre Ie monde des vivants et Ie monde des morts devenait floue et que, Ie soir du 31 octobre, les fantomes des morts revenaient sur Terre. Pour celebrer I'evenement, les druides erigeaient d'enormes feux de joie sacres autour desquels les gens, qui portaient des deguisements faits de peaux de betes, se rassemblaient pour bruler les recoltes et des animaux qu'ils sacrifiaient aux divinites. When the influence of Christianity had spread in the Celtic world, the Church tried to obliterate the ancient pagan festival of Samhain, celebrated on November 1st, by replacing it by All Saints' Day, or All Hallows' Day, which honoured saints and mar· tyrs. All Souls' Day was moved to November 2nd. Eventually, All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day tend· ed to mingle. The pronunciation of 'All Hallows' Eve' evolved into 'Halloween', which takes place on October 31 st and carries on the old pagan tradition. Quand Ie christianisme eut etendu son influence dans Ie monde celtique, l'Eglise tenta d'effacer I'ancienne fete pa'ienne de Samhain du 1er novem· bre, en la remplas:ant par la Toussaint, qui celebrait saints et martyrs. Le jour des Morts fut, lui, decale au 2 novembre. Peu it peu, Toussaint et jour des Morts ont eu tendance it se confondre. La pronon· ciation de « All Hallow's Eve » (Iitteralement veille de la Toussaint ») se transforma en « Halloween », qui a lieu Ie 31 octobre et main· tient I'ancienne tradition pa·ienne. Le saviez-vous ? II existe beaucoup d'expressions pour parler de I'amour.. ⢠la tendresse to be keen on, to be fond of, to care for, .. (aimer beaucoup) ⢠I'amour to love, to cherish, to go steady, to dote on sb, to be infatuated with sb, (aimer, cherir, sortir / etre ensemble, avoir un faible / un beguin pour) ⢠la passion to burn with love, to love passio· nately, .. (mourir d'amour, brUier pour qqn) .. et de la peur ⢠to be afraid, to be terrified, to be terrorized, to fear, to dread, to be scared (out of one's wits), (avoir peur, etre terrifie, etre terrorise, craindre, apprehender.. ) ⢠metaphores : to get the wind up, to fall into a panic, to get cold feet, to feel one's blood turn to water, to feel one's hair stand on end, to quake in one's shoes, to shake like a leaf.. (avoir la trouille, trembler comme une feuille) Eg·'Ot.),g. hunger [1) thirst [3:) sensory [e) sensuous = sensual to feel' to feel' / be hot to feel' / be cold to feel' / be hungry [1) to feel· / be thirsty [3:) to feel' / be sleepy [i:) to feel· / be dizzy [I) to feel· / be numb Les sensations lafaim lasoif sensoriel sensuel sentir (avoir des sensations) avoirchaud avoirfroid avoirfaim avoirsoif avoir sommeil avoir la tete qui toume etre engourdi / insensible 1!1$$,I§. cold '* hot / warm cool [u:) lukewarm [u:) burning [3:) soft'* hard smooth '* rough tough [1) flrm[3:) stiff limp pliable = flexible even '* uneven [i:) bristly = prickly [I) greasy [i:) slippery [I) sticky [I) moist to touch to skim =to graze to brush against to rub against to grope for to finger [I) to handle [re ) to squeeze to caress =to stroke = to pet to tap to tickle [I) froid '* chaud frais tiede brulant doux '* dur lisse'* rugueux dur, resistant ferme raide, rigide mou, f1asque flexible uni '* irregulier piquant gras glissant poisseux humide toucher effleurer froler (se) frotter contre chercher atatons tripoter manier, manipuler presser caresser tapoter chatouiller EmI W:t:m savo(u)r [el) a taste [el) an aftertaste [0:) a f1avo(u)r [el) bland tasty '* tasteless [el) savo(u)ry sour [au~) Ie gout, la saveur un gout un arriere-gout unarome fade savoureux '* insipide 1. savoureux 2. sale aigre, acide bitter '* sweet bitter-sweet / sweet and sour hot = spicy [al) to taste to savo(u)r Ito relish u. glasses = spectacles contact lenses short-sighted [al) long-sighted = far-sighted one-eyed blind [al) colour-blind [1) to see' to watch to gaze at to glance at to glare at =to scowl at to glimpse to make' out to peep at = to peek at to stare at to squint to blink amer '* doux, sucre aigre-doux epice, pimente 1. gouter 2. avoir gout de savourer / deguster des lunettes des lentilles de contact myope presbyte borgne aveugle daltonien voir regarder contempler jeter un coup d'reil sur jeter un regard noir a apercevoir distinguer, discerner regarder ala derobee regarder flxement loucher cligner des yeux a$Ail a smell / an odour / ascent a fragrance = a perfume une odeur anaroma[~u) fragrant [el) heady [e) smelly [e) to smell' to sniff to stink' to reek [i:) un arome parfume entetant qui a une odeur desagreable 1. sentir 2. avoir une odeur 1. flairer 2. renifler sentir mauvais, empester empester l:t!tIGd L'ow'e L'audltlon noise a sound earplugs [I~) deafness [e) deaf to sound Ie bruit un son des bouchons d' oreille lasurdite sourd 1. (faire) sonner / resonner 2. avoir I'air (a I'oreille) entendre ecouter to hear' to listen (to) [I) un parfum, une senteur Phrases et expressions usuelles a It feels like velvet. It smells like honeysuckle. It sounds like a dog barking. It tastes 2f lemon. It tastes like lemon. Try it, you'll like itl He's got clammy hands. Scalding water A scorching sun She is sharp of hearing ¢ hard of hearing. To know sb by sight 'Handle with carel' On dirait que c'est un chien qui aboie. c;a a gout de citron. (etje pense qu'il y en a) Au gout, on dirait du citron. (mais ce n'en est pas) Goute I c;a va te plaire I II a les mains moites. De I'eau brulante Un soleil brulant Elle a I'ouie fine. ¢ Elle est dure d'oreille. Connaitre qqn de vue «Fragile» Proverbes et expreaIons lmagees He is stone-deaf = as deaf as a post. He is (as) blind as a bat. A blind spot She turned a blind eye on her son's mistakes. To turn a deaf ear to sb That's a sorry sight. I hate the sight of her. Out of sight out of mind. In the blink of an eye That's unheard of. Let's keep in touch. His ears must be burning. There's no accounting for taste. She had to lower her sights. His speech reeks of racism. He was groping for words. It stinks! II est sourd comme un pot II est myope comme une taupe. Un angle mort Elle a ferme les yeux sur les erreurs de son fils. Faire la sourde oreille Cela fait peine avoir. Je ne peux pas la voir en peinture. loin des yeux, loin du CCEUr. En un clin d'CEil C'est du jamais vu. On reste en contact II doit avoir les oreilles qui sifflent Tous les gouts sont dans la nature. Elle a du revoir ses ambitions ala baisse. II y a des relents de racisme dans son discours. II cherchait ses mots. C'est nul! ! Au toucher, on dirait du velours. AI'odeur, on dirait du chevrefeuille. Pieges et difficultes ⢠En anglais, can pnkede souvent les verbes de perception; dans ce cas, on ne Ie traduit pas Can you see that man across the street? Vous voyez cet homme de I'autre cote de la rue? I can feel something slimy on the bench. Je sens quelque chose de gluant sur Ie bane. Exercices 27. Reliez Ie mot a sa traduction. a. to glimpse b. to stare at c. to gaze at d. to blink e. to peep at f. to make out 1. cligner des yeux 2. regarder a la derobee 3. distinguer 4. regarder fixement 5. apercevoir 6. contempler 28. Traduisez en anglais. a. J'ai faim, soif et sommeil. b. Ce gateau a gout de chocolat, mais qU'est-ce que c'est ? c. L'odeur entetante de ce parfum est vraiment desagreable. d. J'aime bien la nourriture epicee. Et toi ? 41 - 19- 1!1 iâ¬ld·'M l·mlt· a long time ago in the past the previous day the day before yesterday yesterday [e] today [er] tomorrow [0] the day after tomorrow the following day = the day after in a fortnight = in two weeks in (the) future [j u:] before t. after now nowadays [au] at once = straightaway = immediately then soon = shortly [J:] earlyt.late presently [e] il Ya longtemps dans Ie passe la veille avant-hier hier aujourd'hui demain apres-demain Ie lendemain the beginning t. the end a watch, a wristwatch [I] a stopwatch [0] a clock an alarm clock a moment / an Instant a second [e] a minute [I] an hour a day a week a month [II] a year a quarter a decade [e] a century [e] long brief = short temporary [e] momentary [;}u] ceaseless [i:] endless = unending [e] everlasting =eternal a.m. p.m. till =until =up to = up till from now on from then on from .. to .. for ever =forever [e] to begin * =to start to continue [I] to last to stop =to cease to stop = to interrupt [II] to end =to finish [I] to resume = to start up again already [e] yett. not yet Days, months and seasons Sunday [II] Monday [II] Tuesday [j u:] Wednesday [e] Thursday [3:] Friday [ar] Saturday [if] January [if] February [e] March April [eI] May June July [ar] August [J:] September [e] October [;lU] November [e] December [e] spring summer [II] autumn GB = fall US winter [I] dans quinze jours a I'avenir avant t. apres maintenant de nosjours immediatement puis, alors bientot tot t. tard 1. actuellement US 2. bientot deja deja, encore t. pas encore Les Jours, Ie$ mols' et lea Allons dimanche lundi mardi mercredi jeudi vendredi samedi janvier fevrier mars avril mai juin juillet aout septembre octobre novembre decembre Ie printemps I'ete I'automne I'hiver J, ; WL!fLG1 i!lL1 ill1hi dally [eI] 1. quotidien weekly [i:] monthly [II] yearly [I;}] from time to time / (every) now and then occasionally [eI] often [0] seldom =rarely hardly ever never t. always 42 l!lm3 Ie commencement t.la fin une montre un chronometre une horloge un reveil un moment / un instant une seconde une minute une heure un jour une semaine un mois une annee un trimestre une decennie un siecie 1. long 2. longtemps bref temporaire, provisoire ephemere, passager incessant sans fin =interminable eternel du matin de I'apres-midi, du soir jusqu'a desormais a partir de ce moment-Ia de .. a .., depuis .. jusqu'a .. pour toujours, a jamais commencer continuer durer (s')arreter, cesser interrompre (se) terminer recommencer 2. quotidiennement 1. hebdomadaire 2. toutes les semaines 1. mensuel 2. mensuellement 1. annuel 2. annuellement de temps en temps de temps en temps souvent rarement presque jamais jamais t. toujours Phrases et expressions usuelles o What time is it? It's two o'clock / ten past two / quarter past two / half past two / quarter to three / ten to three. To be on time ¢ to be late Just in time For the time being.. Once, twice, three times Five times in a row / five times running How lon& a&o did they arrive? They arrived two weeks Jg2. How lon& will they stay? They're going to stay here for two weeks. How often do they visit you? Every two years / Every other year While I'm working, he is playing. Last year / next week Open from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. Sooner or later In the short term / In the long term They help us whenever they can. To keep on doing sth Quelle heure est-il ? II est deux heures / deux heures dix / deux heures et quart / deux heures et demie / trois heures moins Ie quart / trois heures moins dix. £tre aI'heure ¢ etre en retard Juste atemps Pour Ie moment . Une fois, deux fois, trois fois Cinq fois de suite II y a com bien de temps qu'ils sont arrives? 115 sont arrives il y a deux semaines. Combien de temps vont-ils rester? 115 vont rester ici deux semaines. 115 vous rendent visite tous les com bien ? Tous les deux ans Pendant que je travaille, il s'amuse. L'annee derniere / la semaine prochaine Ouvert de 9 heures a19 heures Totou tard Acourt terme / long terme 115 nous aident chaque fois qu'ils Ie peuvent Continuer a/ de faire qqch Proverbes et expressions Imagee. Once upon a time .. He works around the clock. Better late than never. In the nick of time = at the eleventh hour In a split second Only time will tell. II etait une fois .. II travaille 24 heures sur 24. Mieux vaut tard que jamais. Au tout dernier moment En une fraction de seconde L'avenir nous Ie dira. i! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Les differents sens de still She was sitting still by the fireplace. Elle etait assise, immobile, au coin du feu. He is young; giJJ, he is very reasonable. II est jeune ; eourtant, iI est tres raisonnable. We are still waiting for the taxi. Nous attendons encore / toujours Ie taxi. ⢠During et for peuvent tous les deux avoir Ie sens de « pendant », mais for ne se traduit pas toujours We went to Scotland during the Easter holidays and we stayed for a week. Nous semmes alles en Ecosse eendant les vacances de Piques et nous sommes restes une semaine. She lived in London for five years. Elle a habite cinq ans aLondres / aLendres pendant cinq ans. ⢠On emploie since pour situer Ie point de depart d'une action dans Ie passe, et for pour indiquer la duree qui s'est ecoulee depuis ce peint de depart: They've been away since August. 115 sont partis depuis aout. They've been away for three months. 115 sont partis depuis trois mois. Exercices 29. Completez Ie texte avec ago, for, on ou since, puis traduisez-Ie. I went to Glasgow March 29th. That was four months .. I stayed in Glasgow I have not returned to Glasgow then. 30. Traduisez en fran~ais. a. The man was standing still on the bridge. b. The man was still standing on the bridge. c. It was raining; still, the man was standing on the bridge. 43 two days. Iljug;. a place = a location [el) the surroundings [au) nearness = proximity distance [I) room the front the back =the rear adjacent = adjoining contiguous [I) interior' exterior [Ia) here there over there near = close nearby [al) (near) at hand next to / beside [al) on the spot far (away) [el) farther (away) = further (away) beyond [0) distant =remote within sight out of sight within hearing out of hearing in front of behind [al) in Into [I) inside outside within [I) un lieu = un endroit I'environnement immediat la proximite la distance de la place, de I'espace I'avant, Ie devant I'arriere adjacent = jouxtant contigu interieur ' exterieur ici la la-bas pres, proche tout pres de a portee de main a cote de sur place loin plus loin au-dela (de) eloigne = distant a portee de vue, en vue hors de vue a portee de voix hors de portee de voix devant derriere dans (sans mouvement) dans (avec mouvement) a I'interieur, dedans a I'exterieur, dehors 1. a I'interieur (de) 2. dans les limites de out of a I'exterieur (de) on =upon [0) sur (sans mouvement) onto [0) sur (avec mouvement) under =underneath sous = en dessous (de) below = beneath (d')en dessous (de) atthe bottom [0) (tout) en bas above [0) au-dessus over =on top of au-dessus de at the top of au sommet de, en haut de between Ii:) entre by = beside = next to pres de opposite [0) en face de in the front of a I'avant de at the back of =at the rear of a I'arriere de (to the) right a droite (to the) left a gauche on the right hand side du cote droit on the left hand side du cote gauche somewhere [1) somewhere about in the nelghbo(u)rhood in the vicinity of everywhere [e) anywhere [e) nowhere [;m) wherever [e) Finding one's way a map a scale a compass [1) the points of the compass an atlas [if!) a chart a globe a GPS receiver toward(s) [J:) forward(s) [J:) backward(s)[if!) ⢠northward(s) [J:) southward(s) [au) eastward(s) [i:) westward{s) [e) straight ahead [e) sideways [aI) diagonally = crosswise clockwise [0) anticlockwise along [0) down up through to go· from .. to.. to go· / to walk up to to find· one's bearings to map (out) to chart quelque part dans les parages, par ici dans Ie voisinage a proximite de partout n'importe ou. nulle part ou. que ce soit Trouver son chemin 1. une carte 2. un plan une echelle (sur une carte) une boussole les points cardinaux un atlas une carte marine une mappemonde un GPS vers en avant, vers I'avant en arriere, vers I'arriere vers Ie nord vers Ie sud vers I'est vers I'ouest tout droit de cote en biais = en diagonale dans Ie sens des aiguilles d'une montre dans Ie sens inverse des aiguilles d'une montre Ie long de en descendant / vers Ie bas en montant / vers Ie haut atravers allerde.. a.. aller / marcher jusqu'a s'orienter dresser la carte de indiquer sur une carte In the street ashortcut [J:) across the street = on the other side of the street two blocks down / up the street round the corner [J:) to cross to skirt to take· =to follow (a street) un raccourci de I'autre cote de la rue adeux rues d'ici au coin traverser longer, contourner emprunter (une rue) Phrases et expressions usuelles 'Where are you?' 'Here we are!' Here comes the bus. She has! good sense of direction. Tum right! ;I: Tum leftl Drive west until you reach the main road. Pass the baker's. = Go past the bakers. To go north / south / east / west They live just outside the dty. Our house is located within the boundaries of the town. It's about 5 miles away from London. She walked up to me. It's an out-of-the-way place. It's a long way away. Come along! « Ou etes-vous 7 - Nous voila I It Voila Ie bus. Elle a Ie sens de I'orientation. Toumez a droite I ;I: Toumez a gauche I Roulez vers I'ouest jusqu'a la route nationale. Passez devant la boulangerie. Aller vers Ie nord / Ie sud / I'est / I'ouest lis vivent a la peripherie de la ville. Notre maison se trouve a I'interieur des limites delaville. ('est a environ 8 km de Londres. Elle est venue vers moi. ('est loin de tout / ('est un coin perdu. ('est a des kilometres d'id. Viens avec moi / nous ! Pro'.,.'. . . . . . . . . . . . 1rrMgies Here, there and everywhere To lose one's bearings As far as the eye can see Between you and me and the gatepost,.. Drinks must not be taken off the premises. Absolument partout Perdre Ie nord / la tete Aperte de vue Entre nous soit dit, .. Les boissons doivent et:re consommees sur place. ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠On emploie les prepositions into, onto et to pour indiquer qu'iI y a un deplacement; comparez : He walked into the room. II est entre dans la piece. (deplacement) He is in the room. II est dans la piece. (pas de deplacement) The cat jumped onto the terrace. Le chat a saute sur la terrasse. (deplacement) The cat is on the terrace. Le chat~st sur la terrasse. (pas de deplacement) In the morning, children go!Q school. Le matin, les enfants vont a I'ecole. (deplacement) During the day, they are!! school. Dans la joumee, ils sont a I'ecole. (pas de deplacement) ⢠L'ajout de particules aux verbes to go (aller) et to get (arriver) permet d'exprimer differents deplace· ments dans I'espace: to get / go back revenir to get / go in entrer to get / go up monter to get / go out sortir to get / go down descendre to get / go round contourner to get / go up and down aller et venir to get / go into (a room) entrer dans (une piece) to get / go away partir, s'en aller to get / go past (a place) passer devant (un endroit) Exercices 31 t Completez les phrases par anywhere, everywhere, somewhereou wherever. a. During our holidays, we went .. in Italy to see all the most beautiful sites. b. Have you seen my glasses .. ? I'm afraid I haven't seen them c. I looked I could see nothing but water. d. They looked for the missing child but couldn't find him 32 t Traduisez en anglais. a. II etait assis a gauche de sa femme. b. Nous sommes sortis de la piece en courant. c. Oxford est a 55 miles de Londres. d. Cest tout pres d'ici. 45 - 1 COULEURS, LUMIERE ET FORMES COLOURS, LIGHT AND SHAPES I~-: I~' ;::9 une nuance, une teinte dull = lacklustre [te] dim luminous [u:] dazzling [te] glaring [e a] blinding [aI] garish teal translucent [u:] to light' to shine' to blaze to flare up [ea] to glow to glimmer [I] to shimmer [I] to twinkle [I] to blink to glisten / to gleam to glitter / to sparkle to flash colo( u)rful colo(u)rless to colo(u)r to tinge to dye [aI] to bleach [i:] bleu rouge jaune violet orange vert marron blanc blanc casse = grege noir gris rose bleu outremer ocre fauve kaki cramoisi nacre, irise bordeaux grenat dore argente primaire, secondaire clair fonce vif intense, soutenu chaud 'I- froid terne, fade criard tape-a-I'ceil colore, colorie, en couleur, de couleur colore, multicolore incolore colorer teinter legerement teinter, teindre decolorer ImDI i.!1:j'f'_j , . ·il...-. alight a flicker [I] abeam [i:] a flash a spark darkness = gloom shadow, a shadow [te] twilight / dusk at dusk bright une lumiere une lumiere intermittente un rayon, un faisceau une lueur soudaine une etincelle I'obscurite I'ombre, une ombre Ie demi-jour / Ie crepuscule entre chien et loup brillant, lumineux ·or.'ItiIlDIm a hue = a shade = a nuance [j u:] blue red yellow purple [3:] orange [0] green [i:] brown white off-white black grey pink ultramarine [i:] ochre [au] tawny [J:] khaki [0:] crimson [I] pearly [3:] burgundy [3:] maroon [u:] golden [au] silver = silvery [I] primary, secondary light = pale dark vivid / bright deep warm 'I- cold / cool drab / dull gaudy [J:] garish teal colo(u)red [A] to beam sans eclat = terne sombre (lieu), faible (Iumiere) lumineux eclatant eblouissant aveuglant cru (Iumiere) translucide eclairer briller flamboyer s'allumer, s'enflammer rougeoyer, flamboyer, rutHer luire faiblement chatoyer, scintiller, miroiter scintiller, clignoter clignoter luire / miroiter scintiller / etinceler (faire) clignoter, lancer des eclats rayonner .1·6,·1. I m;.:;.I:l)l a plane [eI] a circle [I] a square an angle [te] a rectangle [e ] a triangle [aI] a lozenge [0] a sphere [Ia] a cylinder [I] a cube [ju:] a cone a pyramid [I] aline a curve [3:] circular [3:] round acute [ju:] obtuse [j u:] right square rectangular = oblong triangular [te] spherical [e ] cylindrical [I] cubic conical pyramidal [te] two-dimensional [e] three-dimensional = 3-D un plan un cercle un carre un angle un rectangle un triangle un losange une sphere un cylindre un cube un cone une pyramide une (Iigne) droite une courbe circulaire rond aigu (angle) obtus (angle) droit (angle) carre rectangulaire triangulaire spherique cylindrique cubique conique pyramidal en deux dimensions en trois dimensions Phrases et expressions usuelles What colour is it? When she heard the news, she changed colour. She turned green. It's there in black and whitel To be white with fear To be green with envy A black eye They saw the issue in a new / good / bad light. C'est de quelle couleur? En entendant la nouvelle, elle a change de couleur. Elle est devenue verte. C'est ecrit la, noir sur blanc! £tre vert de peur £tre vert de jalousie Un ceil au beurre noir 115 ont vu Ie probleme sous un autre jour / sous un jour favorable / detavorable. Proverlles et expressions lmagee. To change one's colours A white lie To be as white as a sheet / as a ghost To be as black as coal/soot To be black and blue To be as red as a beetroot To be in the red To be caught red-handed Red tape A red-letter day He has a yellow streak! To get grey hair The remark came =fell out of the blue. All that glitters is not gold. Retourner sa veste Un pieux mensonge £tre blanc comme un linge / pale comme la mort £tre noir comme du charbon £tre couvert de bleus £tre rouge comme une tomate £tre a decouvert (a la banque) £tre pris la main dans Ie sac La paperasse, la bureaucratie Un jour a marquer d'une pierre blanche C'est une poule mouillee ! Se faire des cheveux blancs La remarque mit inattendue. Tout ce qui brille n'est pas or. ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Apartir des adjectifs ou noms de couleurs, on peut former: - des verbes par I'ajout du suffixe 'en red ... to redden rougir black ... to blacken noircir - d'autres adjectifs de couleur par I'ajout du suffixe -ish green ... greenish verdatre blue ... bluish bleuatre - des mots composes permettant d'indiquer des nuances navy blue bleu marine pea green vert pomme white ... to whiten blanchir grey ... greyish grisatre steel grey gris acier Exercices Comph~tez chaque phrase avec un nom ou un adject if de couleur. Puis traduise les phrases. a. Red, .. and blue are primary colours. b. The flag of the United States is red, and blue. c. By mixing white and black, you obtain d. Olive .. is not a gaudy colour. e. She was wearing a very bright lemon dress. f. He was .. with envy. g. He had been in a fight; he was all and blue. 33 t 34 t Traduisez en anglais. a. De quelle couleur est ton nouveau manteau? b. II a change de couleur en nous voyant. c. II est devenu rouge comme une tomate. 47 18 LA QUANTITE QUANTITY M!il!!,mtw an amount =a quantity une quantite lack = need Ie manque scarcity =penury la penurie a shortage [):) une penurie, un manque insufficiency [r) I'insuffisance a minority ' une minorite ' a majority [D) une majorite abundance =affluence I'abondance an excess [e ) un exces the whole 1.la totalite 2. Ie tout sufficient' insufficient [I) suffisant ' insuffisant scarce =rare =sparse rare abundant =plentiful abondant numerous [j u:) nombreux superfluous [3:) superflu excessive [e ) excessif included [u:) incius, compris extra =additional supplementaire the only + nom le(s) seul(s) +nom each chaque every + nom sing tous les + nom pl. both 1. tous les deux 2. II la fois entirely =completely = entierement = totally completement =totaIement scarcely =barely [e a] II peine =tout juste roughly = en gros = approximately approximativement only [au] seulement, rien que less + sing / fewer + plur moins (de) more plus (de) more and more de plus en plus (de) less and less / fewer de moins en moins (de) and fewer more or less plus ou moins the more.. the more .. plus .. plus .. the less .. the less .. / moins .. moins .. the fewer .. the fewer .. as + adj+ as .. aussi +adj que.. as much as / as many as autant (de) at most' at least au plus ' au moins to lacksth manquer de qqch to be short of etre II court de ':mm·I§#i I!il,t,]p ·j·lI a number [A] a figure =a digit [I] an Arabic / Roman numeral zero =nought a couple of [A) a dozen [A) a / one hundred [A) a / one thousand [au) un nombre / un numero un chiffre un chiffre arabe / romain zero deux ou trois une dizaine / douzaine (de) cent, une centaine (de) mille, un millier (de) a / one million [I) a / one billion a hundred or so = about a hundred the umpteenth [i:) cardinal [a:) ordinal [):) odd' even [i:) countless [au) to count to number [A) Ie enieme cardinal ordinal impair' pair innombrable compter 1. numeroter 2. denombrer EmIl l!1hitw un million (de) un milliard (de) une centaine (the) length la longueur (the) width =(the) breadth la largeur (the) height la hauteur (the) depth la profondeur (the) thickness [I] I'epaisseur (the) capacity r~ ] la capacite, la contenance tiny =minute =minuscule minuscule long long big gros, grand large tres grand wide =broad large high [ar] haut deep' shallow [~] profond ' peu profond thick' thin epais ' mince huge =enormous [):] enorme vast =immense [e] vaste =immense bulky =voluminous volumineux lengthwise [e ] dans Ie sens de la longueur breadthwise [e ] dans Ie sens de la largeur to shrink' retrecir to enlarge [a:] agrandir to lengthen re ) allonger to widen =to broaden elargir - ~ I! ~~ ~ I!IFI~~!I a unit [j u:] (the) weight (a pair of) scales an ounce a pound a ton(ne) an inch a foot pl. feet a square meter a cubic meter a pint heavy ' light to weigh [eI) to lighten [aI) to measure [e ) une unite Ie poids une balance une once une livre une tonne un pouce un pied un metre carre un metre cube une pinte lourd ' leger peser alleger mesurer Phrases et expressions usuelles How much bread do we need? De com bien de pain avons-nous besoin ? How many people are coming? Combien de gens vont venir ? What size is it? ~ fait quelle taille / dimension? The room i! 15 square metres in area. La piece fait 15 m2 de surface. It i! 5 metres long and 3 metres wide. Elle fait 5 metres de long et 3 metres de large. Not in the least Pas Ie moins du monde There were m!!!: two million demonstrators. II y avait plus de deux millions de manifestants. There are millions of happy people. II y a des millions de gens heureux. She has enough work. Elle a suffisamment de travail. She doesn't work enough. Elle ne travaille pas assez. One student in ten / out of ten failed the exam. Un etudiant sur dix a &houe aI'examen. Both of us = the two of us = both you and me Nousdeux She's both lovely and clever. Elle est ala fois belle et intelligente. I only have two dollars left. II ne me reste plus que deux dollars. I need another three dollars. J'ai besoin de trois dollars de plus. The more you read, the more you know. Plus on lit, plus on s'instruit She reads twice as much as he does. Elle lit deux fois plus que lui. He earns half as much as I do. II gagne deux fois moins que moi. upressIoIu'' Prowries et The more, the merrier. More haste, less speed. Give me a ballpark figure. To be dressed up to the nines Count me in.. Count me out I Plus on est de fous, plus on rit Rien ne sert de courir, il faut partir apoint Donne-moi un ordre de grandeur. £tre sur son trente et un Je suis partant . Ce sera sans moi. Pleges et dlfficultes no little a little few a few some enough several much many a lot = plenty = a great deal (of) most =the majority of all (the) + nom singulier + nom pluriel ⢠⢠⢠⢠⢠⢠⢠⢠⢠⢠⢠⢠⢠⢠⢠⢠⢠⢠aucun peu (de) un peu(de) peu (de) quelques quelque(s), un peu de assez (de) plusieurs beaucoup (de) beaucoup (de) beaucoup (de) la plupart (de) tout Ie / toute la / taus les Exercices 35. Traduisez en anglais. a. Combien d'enfants ont-ils ? b. Combien de lait voulez-vous ? c. lis ont peu d'amis. d. Nous avons beaucoup d'amis mais pas assez de temps pour les voir. e. La plupart des enfants ant peur de lui. f. Plus je Ie connais, plus je I'aime. g. Elle n'est pas aussi grande que moi. h. Plus de cent millions d'enfants ant lu Harry Potter. i. Des centaines de gens ant achete Ie livre. 49 Sound levels Les niveaux de bruit a din a hubbub [A] an uproar [A] a racket [a: ] a hush = a silence [aI] faint dull =muted [ju:] high 'low loud 'low muffled = hushed grating [eI] jarring [0:] deafening [e] to ring' to hush un vacarme un brouhaha, un tohu-bohu un tumulte du raffut, du boucan un silence leger, attenue assourdi, sourd aigu' grave fort ' bas etouffe -m'. grin~nt discordant assourdissant sonner, resonner faire taire ImmmJ Achacun des noms correspond un verbe. a bang a blare [e d] a blast a boom a bump a buzz [A] a chime a chink a clang a clap clapping [a:] a clatter [a:] a click a clink a crack a crackle [a:] a crash a creak Ii:] a crunch a drone a flutter [A] a gargle = a gurgle a hiss a honk a jangle [a:] a jingle [I] a knock apop a puff a purr [3:] a rap un bruit de choc violent un bruit strident et penible un bruit d'explosion un grondement un bruit de choc sourd un bourdonnement, une sonnerie electrique un carillon un tintement un bruit metallique fort un claquement des applaudissements un cliquetis un petit bruit sec un petit bruit metallique un claquement sec un crepitement un fracas dll aun choc un grincement un craquement un bourdonnement, un vrombissement un battement irregulier, une palpitation un gargouillis un sifflement, un chuintement un coup de klaxon une cacophonie un cliquetis un coup (frappe ala porte) un bruit sec un haletement un ronronnement un coup sec a rattle [a:] a ring a rumble [A] a rustle [A] a scrape [eI] a screech Ii:] a slam a slap = a smack a snap a snort a splash a squeak a stamp a throb a thud / a thump a tick a tinkle [I] a wheeze Ii:] a whir [3:] a whistle [I] to drum [A] to grate = to grind' to pound un bruit de crecelle une sonnerie un roulement de tonnerre un bruissement un grattement un crissement un claquement brutal un claquement un claquement sec un grognement un eclaboussement un couinement un bruit de coups repetitif un battement (de creur), une palpitation un bruit sourd (d'impact) un tic-tac un tintement un bruit de respiration difficile un vrombissement un sifflement tambouriner grincer, crisser battre tres fort, marteler Imi,·'1',.⢠Achacun des noms correspond un verbe. the voice a howl = a scream a shout = a yell = a cry = a shriek a squeal abellow[e] a whisper [I] a quaver [eI] audible' inaudible [J:] toneless [;lU] lilting / melodious warm [J:] deep harsh gruff hollow[D] soft husky = hoarse piercing [1;1 ] sharp shrill booming [u:] high-pitched' low-pitched to say' to talk / to speak' to cry out la voix un hurlement un cri un cri per~nt un braillement un murmure un chevrotement, un tremblement audible' inaudible atone melodieuse / chantante chaleureuse profonde discordante bourrue sourde, creuse douce rauque, enrouee per~ante seche, aigue, brusque aigue, stridente tonitruante haut perchee ' grave dire parler s'ecrier Phrases et expressions usuelles To make! noise / ~ noise To be silent To keep silent / mute Hush! Speak up, please. Knock knock! Bang! To stamp one's feet Don't be so noisy! He heard the report of a gun. The 'p' isn't sounded in this word. He spoke ill a booming voice. She spoke with a stutter / stammer. My grandpa was always mumbling. There was a quaver in her voice. She was crying for help. To raise ~ to lower one's voice Asoundbite Faire un bruit / du bruit Se taire Rester silencieux / muet Chut I Silence I Parlez plus fort, s'il vous plait Toctoc I Pan I Taper du pied Ne soyez pas si bruyant ! II a entendu un coup de feu. Le « p » ne se prononce pas dans ce mot. II a parle d'une voix tonitruante. Elle begayait Mon grand-pere n'arretait pas de marmonner. Sa voix tremblait / n'euit pas assuree. Elle appelait it. I'aide. Hausser ~ baisser la voix Une petite phrase (d'homme politique) ProverlJes et expressions lmagee. Mum's the word! I hear you loud and clear. Actions speak louder than words. Give me a ring / a buzz some day. He's always huffing and puffing. He was very vocal about this issue. Are you ready to hush it up? Speech is silver but silence is golden. Motus et bouche cousue I Je vous entends parfaitement Assez de mots, des actes I Donne-moi un coup de fil un de ces jours. II n'arrete jamais de riler. II a fait entendre son point de vue avec force. £tes-vous dispose it. enterrer I'affaire ? La parole est d'argent mais Ie silence est d'or. '! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Les structures resultatives Ie verbe exprime la maniere, I'adjectif ou la preposition exprime Ie resultat. The boomerang whizzed past me. He kicked the door shut. ~ 7----. Le boomerang est passe it. cote de moi en sifflant. II a ferme la porte d'un coup de pied. Exercices 36 t Completez les phrases avec I'un des mots de la liste : blast - buzz - crash - knock - rumble a. There was a .. in the kitchen: the cat had upset the pile of plates. b. There was a at the door. Who could it be? c. He heard the of the doorbell. d. The window was open; they could hear the of cars in the street. e. They heard the of the explosion. 37 t Traduisez en anglais. a. On entendait un vacarme assourdissant. b. Elle a parle d'une voix inaudible. c. La porte s'est fermee avec un petit bruit metallique. d. Ne fais pas tant de bruit ! e. Les pneus crisserent sur la route mouillee. 51 En Grande-Bretagne et aux £tats-Unis, dans la vie courante, on n'emploie pas les memes unites de poids et de mesure qu'en France. Void les unites de mesure les plus utilisees et leurs equivalents. .',i';;tg. an ounce a pound a stone aton(ne) 10z 11b 1 st 1t '9[''4 1'41'- an inch a foot a yard a mile 1 in 1 ft 1 yd 28,35 g 453,60g 6,348 kg 1 016,06 kg GB =907,2 kg US an acre a square foot a square yard 2,54 em 30,48 em 91,44 em 1609m a gallon a pint a quart 0,4 hectare 0,03 m2 1 sq ft O,83m2 1 sq yd ';,6,'. four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve un deux trois quatre cinq six sept huit neuf dix onze douze thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four, etc. fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th premier deuxieme troisieme quatrieme cinquieme sixieme septieme huitieme neuvieme dixieme onzieme douzieme treizieme quatorzieme quinzieme seizieme dix-septieme treize quatorze quinze seize dix-sept dix-huit dix-neuf vingt vingtet un vingt-deux vingt-trois vingt-quatre, etc. eighteenth nineteenth twentieth twenty-first twenty-second twenty-third twenty-fourth thirtieth thirty-first fortieth forty-first fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth hundredth 1 pt 1 qt 4,541 GB = 3,781 US 0,561 1,131 thirty thirty-one, etc. forty forty-one, etc. fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th, etc. 30th 31st,ek. 40th 41st, ek. 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th trente trente et un, etc. quarante quarante et un, etc. cinquante soixante soixante-dix quatre-vingts quatre-vingt-dix cent dix-huitieme dix-neuvieme vingtieme vingt-et-unieme vingt-deuxieme vingt-troisieme vingt-quatrieme trentieme trente-et-unieme quarantieme quarante-et-unieme cinquantieme soixantieme soixante-dixieme quatre-vingtieme quatre-vingt-di ieme centieme Les Britanniques et les Americains ont officiellement adopte les degres Celsius, mais, dans la vie courante, ils emploient toujours les degres Fahrenheit pour mesurer la temperature (dans les bulletins meteo, pour la temperature du corps). Voici quelques equivalences: Ul'lMmm, @alD 212 98 86 68 SO 100 37,7 30 20 10 32 14 -459,67 -10 - 273,15 o ebullition de I'eau temperature normale du corps congelation de I'eau zero absolu The globe is divided into 24 time zones. Countries overlapping several zones generally unify their time and choose one zone. Such is the case of France and Britain, which are fairly small countries, but big countries need to divide their territory into several zones. Le globe terrestre se divise en 24 fuseaux horaires. En general, les pays a cheval sur plusieurs fuseaux adoptent la meme heure pour tout Ie pays en choisissant un fuseau horaire. C'est Ie cas de la France et de la Grande-Bretagne, qui sont des pays plutot petits, mais les pays tres vastes divisent leur territoire en plusieurs zones. The United States has six time zones including two for Alaska and Hawaii. When it's 4 o'clock in Honolulu, it's 6 in Los Angeles and 9 in New York. Canada has six zones (the four western zones correspond to the USA's). Australia has three. All this has been made more complex by the adoption of daylight saving time, which is supposed to save energy. Les ~tats-Unis s'etalent sur six fuseaux horaires dont deux pour 1:A.laska et Hawaii. Quand iI est 4 h a Honolulu, il est 6 h aLos Angeles et 9 h aNew York. Le Canada comprend six zones horaires (Ies quatre zones occidentales correspondent a celles des ~tats-Unis). L:A.ustralie en compte trois. Tout ceci s'est encore complique quand on a adopte Ie systeme de I'heure d'hiver et I'heure d'ete, qui est cense economiser de I'energie. Britain chose to unify the time used on its territory in 1847. The measure was based on the Greenwich meridian, which passed through London. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) became the world's Prime Meridian (longitude = 0 in 1884, and gradually all countries calculated their own time after GMT (New York is GMT-s, while Sydney is GMT+10). France kept using its own measure based on the Paris meridian and adopted GMT only in 1911 .. The name GMT was later changed to Universal TIme (UT). En 1847, la Grande-Bretagne a choisi d'adopter la meme heure sur tout son territoire, celie definie par Ie meridien de Greenwich qui passait par Londres. Greenwich Mean TIme (GMT) est devenu Ie Premier Meridien du monde (longitude 0 en 1884 et, progressivement, tous les pays ont calcule leur heure nationale a partir du GMT (I'heure de New York est GMT-5, celie de Sydney GMT+10). La France a continue a mesurer I'heure a partir du meridien de Paris et n'a ado pte Ie GMT qu'en 1911 .. Le sigle GMT a depuis ete remplace par UT (Universal Time). French novelist Jules Verne put the curious consequences of the time zones to use in one of his most famous books, Around The World in Eighty Days. The hero, Phileas Fogg, bets that he will travel around the globe in 80 days. After many adventures, he returns to London, thinking that he is five minutes late, but he has forgotten that by going round the world, he crossed the International Date Line (GMT +12, exactly on the other side of the globe from the Greenwich Meridian), set in the Pacific Ocean. In doing so he actually 'gained' one day, and he eventually wins his bet. Le romancier fran~ais Jules Verne a exploite les etranges consequences des fuseaux horaires dans I'un de ses livres les plus celebres, Le Tour du monde en 80 jours. Le heros, Phileas Fogg, parie qu'il fera Ie tour du globe en 80 jours. Apres bien des aventures, il revient aLondres en croyant avoir cinq minutes de retard, mais il a oublie qu'en faisant Ie tour du monde, il a traverse la ligne de changement de date (GMT+12, qui se trouve exactement aux antipodes du meridien de Greenwich), situee dans I'ocean Pacifique. En faisant cela, il a, en fait, « gagne » un jour et, en fin de compte, iI gagne son pari. 0 ) 0) ,'i44i '!410·1:41 a grove a wood a forest [0] the undergrowth [II] a clearing / a glade a thicket [I] a clump of trees a shrub [II] an alder [:>:] an ash (tree) an aspen [If] a beech a birch [3:] a cedar [i:] a chestnut tree [e] a conifer [0] an elm an evergreen [e] a fir (tree) a lime (tree) a maple [eI] an oak a palm tree a plane (tree) a poplar [0] a redwood [e] a weeping willow a yew (tree)!ju:] un bosquet un bois uneforet Ie sous-bois une clairiere un taillis / un fourre un bouquet d'arbres un arbuste un aulne un frene un tremble un hetre un bouleau un ci!dre un chataignier, un marronnier un conirere, un resineux un orme un arbre afeuilles persistantes un sapin un tilleul un erable un chene un palmier un platane un peuplier un sequoia un saule pleureur un if a root the trunk a branch a bough [au] a twig a leaf [i:] foliage [;m] a treetop [i:] the bark [0:] the sap resin [e] a (pine) cone an acorn [eI] a stump [II] une racine letronc une branche un rameau une brindille unefeuille lefeuillage la cime d'un arbre I'ecorce laseve la resine une pomme de pin un gland une souche 1111'_ Species of trees balsa (wood)! :>:] ebony [e] mahogany [0] rosewood [;)u] teak [i:] Les essences de bois Ie balsa I'ebene I'acajou Ie palissandre, Ie bois de rose leteck Phrases et expressions usuelles He gave her a bunch of flowers / a bouquet / a posy. A road lined with trees The house stood on the outskirts of the forest. Trees are planted, pruned and eventually felled / chopped down. Agarden with lovely flower-beds Tomorrow, the roses will open out. Then they will wither / wilt / fade. The trees have flowered / blossomed. They are in full bloom. Let's go and pick / gather flowers. Un jardin avec de beaux massifs de fleurs Demain, les roses s'ouvriront. Puis elles se faneront. Les arbres ont fleuri. lis sont en fleurs. Allons cueillir des fleurs. Proverbes et expressions lmapes They can't see the wood for the trees. We're not out of the woods yet. He's just a babe in the woods. US Great oaks from little acorns grow. Uttle strokes fell great oaks. To shake like a leaf She woke up as fresh as a daisy. She is in the bloom of youth. There's no rose without a thorn. Life isn't just a bed of roses. A rolling stone gathers no moss. To knock on wood Pour eux, I'arbre cache la foret. Nous ne sommes pas tires d'affaire. II est comme I'agneau qui vient de naitre. Les petits ruisseaux font les grandes rivieres. Petit apetit, I'oiseau fait son nid Trembler comme une feuille Elle s'est reveillee fraiche comme une rose. Elle est dans la fleur de I'age. Chaque medaille a son revers. La vie n'est pas qu'une partie de plaisir. Pierre qui roule n'amasse pas mousse. Toucher du bois ! II lui a offert un bouquet de fleurs. Une route bordee d'arbres La maison se trouvait ala lisiere de la foret. On plante, on elague et enfin on abat les arbres. Pieges et difficultes ⢠Pour former Ie nom des arb res fruitiers, on ajoute Ie mot tree au nom du fruit a cherry tree un cerisier an apple tree un pommier a peach tree un pecher ⢠Beaucoup de noms de fleurs, de plantes et d'arbres, parce qu'ils sont d'origine latine ou grecque, son1 (presque) identiques en fran~ais et en anglais a chrysanthemum un chrysanthemE an anemone une anemone an azalea une azalee a camellia un camelia a crocus un crocus a geranium un geranium an iris un iris a rose une rose a violet une violette a cypress un cypres a pine un pin a sycamore un sycomore Exercices 38 t Completez par un mot pris dans la liste suivante acorns - bloom - cone - moss - rose - roots - water lilies a. The of a tree go deep into the soil. b. Oaks grow from c. The pine is the fruit of the pine tree. d. Even the most beautiful has thorns. e. You can see on the surface of ponds. f. In spring, trees are in full g. A rolling stone gathers no 39 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Quand s'ouvrent les fleurs, Ie jardin est magnifique. b. Le muguet est une fleur en forme de cloche. c. Notre rue est bordee de palmiers. d. Elle a cueilli des coquelicots et des bleuets. 55 - . an almond [a:) an apple [ee) an apricot [ee) a cherry [e) citrus fruit [I) a date a fig a grapefruit a greengage Ii:) a guava a kiwi [I) a lemon [e) a lime [al) a mango [ee) a melon [e) a nectarine [e) an olive [0) an orange [0) a paw-paw GB = a papaya US a peach Ii:) a pear [e;)) a pineapple [al) a pistachio [a:) a plum [II) a pomegranate [0) a prune [u:) a quince rhubarb [u:) a tangerine [ee) a watermelon [):) a pip a stone GB = a pit US the core the husk [II) the flesh the rind [al) a (nut)shell [II) to pick to peel Ii:) to bear' fruit to ripen [al) uneamande unepomme un abricot une cerise les agrumes une datte unefigue un pamplemousse une reine-claude une goyave un kiwi un citron un citron vert unemangue un melon une nectarine une olive uneorange une papaye une peche une poire un ananas une pistache une prune une grenade un pruneau un coing la rhubarbe une mandarine une pasreque un pepin un noyau letrognon labogue lachair I'ecorce, la peau une coquille (de noix) cueillir peler donner des fruits murir ~!1aml i!llG:t!1llaI an artichoke [a:) asparagus [ee) an aubergine GB = an eggplant US an avocado (pear) [a:) a beetroot [i:) broccoli [0) (Brwsels) sprouts un artichaut des asperges une aubergine un avocat une betterave des brocolis des choux de Bruxelles a cabbage [ee) a carrot [ee) a cauliflower [0) celeriac [e) celery [e) a courgette GB = a zucchini US a cucumber Ii u:) an endive [e) fennel [e) garlic [a:) a gherkin [3:) a Jerusalem artichoke a leek [i:) a lentil [e) a lettuce [e) a marrow GB= a squash US a mwhroom [II) an onion [II) a pepper [e) a potato [el) ⢠a pumpkin [II) a radish [ee) rocket [0) salsify [ee ) ashallot[;)) spinach [I) a sweet potato a tomato [0:) a truffle [II) a turnip [3:) (water)cress [):) yam a (seed) pod un concombre une endive lefenouil I'ail un cornichon un topinambour un poireau une lentille une laitue une courge un champignon un oignon un poivron une pomme de terre une citrouille, un potiron un radis la raquette des salsifis une echalote des epinards une patate douce unetomate unetruffe un navet Ie cresson I'igname une cosse basil [ee) a bay leaf chervil [3:) chives [al) cloves coriander [ee) dill ginger [I) lemon grass [e) mint oregano [a:) parsley [a:) rosemary [;)u) sage [el) tarragon [ee) thyme [al) Ie basilic une feuille de laurier Ie cerfeuil la ciboulette des clous de girofle la coriandre I'aneth Ie gingembre la citronnelle la menthe I'origan Ie persil Ie romarin la sauge I'estragon lethym ⢠un chou une carotte un chou-fleur Ie celeri-rave Ie celeri une courgette Phrases et expressions usuelles Fruit may be ripe, unripe, or overripe. A vegetable garden Bunches of bananas and bunches of grapes were on display. Add some raisins to the mix. Eat up your greensl Les fruits peuvent etre murs, pas murs ou trop murs. Un jardin potager II y avait un etalage de regimes de bananes et de grappes de raisin. Ajoutez quelques raisins sees au melange. Finis tes legumes I Prove'' et expressions Imagees At last our efforts are bearing fruit. Don't upset the apple cart! The apple doesn't fall far from the tree. Tim is the apple of my eye. When he heard that, he went bananas. The Chinese market is a hard nut to crack. You're off your nut! GB He drives me nutsl It's not worth a fig. I get paid peanuts. She's full of beans. He was arrested but didn't spill the beans. He was as cool as a cucumber. What a pea-brained idiotl They are like two peas in a pod. This rugby player has got cauliflower ears. Astronauts are cherry-picked. To have another bite at the cherry He's a democrat to the core. Nos efforts portent enfin leurs fruits. Ne fiche pas tout par terre I Les chats ne font pas des chiens. Je tiens it Tim comme it la prunelle de mes yeux. Quand il appris ~a, il a saute au plafond Ce n'est pas facile de penetrer Ie marche chinois. ~ va pas! =Tu as perdu la tete ! II me rend dingue I ~ ne vaut pas un clou. Je suis paye des clopinettes. Elle est pleine d'energie. II a ere arrete mais n'a pas crache Ie morceau. II a fait preuve d'un grand sang-froid II a un pois chiche dans la tete I 115 se ressemblent comme deux gouttes d'eau. Ce joueur de rugby ales oreilles en chou-fleur. Les astronautes sont tries sur Ie volet Avoir une nouvelle chance. C'est un democrate pur et duro ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Beaucoup de noms de fruits et legumes sont des mots composes - it partir du mot bean (haricot) - apartir du mot pea (pois) a chickpea un pois chiche a French bean =a green bean un haricot vert a kidney bean un haricot rouge a green pea un petit pois a broad bean une feve a split pea un pois casse - apartir du mot currant - apartir du mot nut (noix) blackcurrant du cassis a cashew nut une noix de cajou a redcurrant une groseille a chestnut une chataigne / un marron -apartir du mot berry (baie) a coconut une noix de coco a blackberry = a mulberry une mure a hazelnut une noisette a blueberry une myrtille a peanut une cacahuete a gooseberry une groseille amaquereau a pecan nut une noix de pecan a raspberry une framboise a pine nut un pignon de pin a strawberry une fraise a (wal)nut une noix Exercice 40 t Traduisez en anglais. a. II y a beaucoup d'herbes aromatiques dans mon potager. b. Mangez des prunes et des pruneaux, mais n'avalez pas res noyaux ! c. Quand reviendra la saison des cerises ? d. Ne mange pas ces poires elles ne sont pas mures. e. Donnons-Iui une deuxieme chance! ⢠a cat, a tomcat [0) a kitten [I) a litter [I) a litter tray GB = a litter box US a cat flap the whiskers [I) the tail a claw [J:) a dog a bitch a pup / a puppy [A) a purebred a crossbred =a mongrel a kennel GB= a dog-house US a leash a collar [0) a dog show a budgerigar GB = a parakeet US a canary [e ~) a cage [eI) an aviary [eI) a goldfish [~u) a (fish) bowl a fish tank = an aquarium [e ~ ) a guinea pig [I) a hamster [i'f) a ferret [e) a tortoise [J:) to lap (up) to scratch to gnaw to nibble [I) to pet =to stroke -- cattle [i'f) a bullock GB = a steer US =an ox pl. oxen a bull a cow, a heifer [e) a calf pl. calves an udder [A) a sow [au) apig=ahog a swine [aI) a piglet [I) >SulY? ,~M~iI un chat, un matou un chaton une portee une litiere une chatiere les moustaches, les vibrisses la queue une griffe un chien une chienne un chiot un chien de race un batard une niche une laisse un collier une exposition canine une perruche un canari, un serin une cage une voliere un poisson rouge un bocal (a poissons) un aquarium un cobaye = un cochon d'inde un hamster un furet une tortue laper griffer ronger grignoter caresser fuM,HI du betail un bceuf un taureau une vache, une genisse un veau un pis unetruie un cochon un porc un porcelet a goat a billy goat =a he-goat akid a ewe [ju:) a ram a lamb a sheep pl. sheep a horse a mare [e~) a colt = a foal the mane [eI) a hoof a donkey =an ass a mule, a he-mule a rabbit [i'f) a cock GB =a rooster US a hen a chicken [I) a chick a duck a drake [eI) a (female) duck' a duckling [A) a gander [i'f) a goose pl. geese a guinea hen [I) a turkey (hen) a turkey cock [3:) thecomb[~u) dung / droppings [0) to roost to lay' eggs - une chevre un bouc un chevreau une brebis un belier un agneau un mouton un cheval une jument un poulain la criniere un sabot un ane une mule, un mulet un lapin un coq une poule un poulet un poussin un canard un canard male une cane un caneton un jars une oie une pintade une dinde un dindon la crete du crottin / de la fiente se percher pondre des ceufs . to bark to yelp to snarl to howl to growl to grunt to roar to mew =to meow to purr to low / to bellow [e) to low / to moo to bray to neigh =to whinny [I) to chirp =to twitter = to warble to cackle [i'f) to coo to hoot / to screech to roar to squeak [i:) aboyer japper gronder, grogner hurler grogner (chien) grogner (cochon) rugir miauler ronronner beugler meugler braire hennir gazouiller, pepier caqueter roucouler hululer rugir glapir Phrases et expressions usuelles o Kitty! = Puss! = Pussycat! Minou! Beware of the dogl Attention, chien mechant I A dog must be walked at least twice a day. II faut sortir un chien au moins deux fois par jour. The dachshund, the poodle, the spaniel, Le teckel, Ie caniche, I'epagneul et Ie levrier and the greyhound are dog breeds. sont des races de chiens. To train a watchdog / a sheep dog / a guide dog Dresser un chien de garde / un chien de berger / un chien d'aveugle Stray dogs are taken to the dog pound. Les chiens errants sont emmenes ala fourriere. When it is happy, a dog wags its tail. Quand il est heureux, un chien remue la queue. The mad cow disease La maladie de la vache folie Proverba et expressions lmagees He's like a cat on a hot tin roof. To let the cat out of the bag Curiosity killed the cat. Has the cat got your tongue? To fight like cat and dog Let sleeping dogs lie. You can't teach an old dog new tricks. II est sur des charbons ardents. Vendre la meche La curiosite est un vilain defaut. Tu as perdu ta langue ou quoi ? Se battre comme des chiffonniers II ne faut pas reveiller Ie chat qui dort. ee n'est pas aun vieux singe qu'on apprend afaire la grimace. Leur mariage part avau-I'eau. S'empiffrer Quand les poules auront des dents I Avoir la chair de poule Un bouc emissaire Poule mouillee ! / Trouillard ! II ne faut pas vendre la peau de I'ours avant de I'avoir tue. Une brebis galeuse Un elephant dans un magasin de porcelaine Prendre Ie taureau par les comes e'est une histoire adormir debout. £tre fort comme un bceuf Ne mettez pas la charrue avant les b<Eufs ! Un outsider Je Ie sais de source sure. II a mise sur Ie mauvais cheval. J'ai une faim de loup ! Their marriage is going to the dogs. To pig oneself = to pig out When pigs flyl To have goose bumps = goose pimples Ascapegoat You chicken! Don't count your chickens before they're hatched! A black sheep A bull in a china shop To take the bull by the horns That's a cock-and-bull story. To be (as) strong as an ox Don't put the cart before the horse! A dark horse Igot it straight from the horse's mouth. He's backed the wrong horse. Icould eat a horse! Exercices 41 t Associez I'animal et son cri. a. a cat b. a donkey c. a hen 1. to bark 2. to moo 3. to grunt d. a cow 4. to cackle 42 t Associez Ie male, la femelle et leur petit. a. the horse b. the bull c. the ram d. the drake e. the swine f. the billy goat 43 t 1. the cow 2. the sow 3. the female duck 4. the goat 5. the mare 6. the ewe Traduisez en anglais. a. Arrete de t'empiffrer ! b. Est-ce que tu as sorti Ie chien ce matin ? c. Prenons Ie taureau par les cornes ! d. Vous n'avez pas vendu la meche ? A. the calf B. the colt C. the duckling D. the kid E. the lamb F. the piglet e. a dog 5. to bray f. a pig 6. to purr Les mammiferes an ape un grand singe a baboon [u:) un babouin a badger [if) un blaireau a bat une chauve-souris a bear un ours a beaver Ii:) un castor a (wild) boar un sanglier a buffalo pl. buffaloes 1. un buffle 2. un bison US a camel [if) un chameau a cheetah Ii:) un guepard a deer pl. deer, a doe un daim, une biche a dormouse [J:) un loir a fox, a vixen [I) un renard, une renarde a hare lea) un lievre a hedgehog [e) un herisson a jackal [if) un chacal a marmot GB= une marmotte a woodchuck US a mink un vison a mongoose (0) une mangouste a monkey un singe a moose pl. moose un orignal a mouse pl. mice une souris an otter [0) une loutre a porcupine [J:) un pore-epic a raccoon [u:) un raton laveur a reindeer pl. reindeer [ eI) un renne a squirrel [I) un ecureuil a weasel [i:) une belette, une fouine a wolf pl. wolves un loup a blackbird [if) a crane [eI) a crow = a raven [eI) a cuckoo [u) a dove [II) an eagle [i:) a flamingo [I) a hawk / a falcon [J:) a kingfisher [I) a lark [a:) a magpie [if) a nightingale [aI) an ostrich [0) an owl [au) a parrot [if) a peacock [i:) a robin [0) a seagull [i:) a sparrow [if ) a stork a swallow (0) .!+'·H11''_ un merle une grue un eorbeau un eoueou uneeolombe un aigle un flam ant rose un faueon un martin-peeheur une alouette une pie un rossignol une autruche une ehouette, un hibou un perroquet un paon un rouge-gorge une mouette un moineau une cigogne une hirondelle a swan [0) a turtledove [3:) a vulture [II) a woodpecker [u) awing a feather [e) down a beak / a bill a nest un cygne une tourterelle un vautour un pivert une aile une plume Ie duvet un bee un nid La faune marine an eel [i:) a jellyfish [e) an octopus (0) a seal Ii:) a shark a squid a starfish [a:) a walrus [J:) a whale leI) a fin a pincer [I) a tentacle [e) gills une anguille une meduse une pieuvre, un poulpe un phoque un requin un calamar une etoile de mer un morse une baleine une nageoire une pinee un tentacule des oliies, des branchies an adder [if) a rattlesnake [if) venom [e) a frog a toad unevipere un serpent asonnettes du venin une grenouille un crapaud M0;l!11 'l.'g3' an ant une fourmi a bed bug une punaise a bee [i:) une abeille a beetle [i:) un scarabee a cicada [a:) une cigale a cockroach (0) un cafard a cricket [I) un grillon a dragonfly [if) une libellule a flea [i:) une puce a fly [aI) une mouehe a gnat un moueheron a grasshopper [a:) une sauterelle a hornet [J:) un frelon a ladybird [eI) une eoecinelle a louse pl. lice un pou a moth une mite a spider [aI) une araignee a wasp = a yellowjaeket US une guepe a cobweb (0) unetoile d'araignee a stlng(er) [I) un dard to sting' piquer Phrases et expressions usuelles Stags and elks have antlers. Tigers and lions are big cats. Kites and buzzards are birds of prey. Worms are invertebrates. Caterpillars turn into butterflies. Mosquitoes carry malaria. The French eat snails. Snakes regularly slough off their old skin. Le regne animal comprend beaucoup d'especes. Un elephant a une trompe et des defenses. Les animaux de la foret vivent dans un terrier ou une taniere. Une taupe vit dans une galerie qui se termine par une taupiniere. Les eerfs et les elans ont des bois. Les tigres et les lions sont des grands fauves. Les milans et les buses sont des oiseaux de proie. Les vers sont des invertebres. Les chenilles se transforment en papillons. Les moustiques sont les vecteurs du paludisme. Les Fran~is mangent des escargots. Les serpents muent regulierement. Proverlles et e1CpI'8SSIons l..pes Birds of a feather flock together. To kill two birds with one stone To eat like a bird A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. A bird brain The early bird catches the worm. To be up with the lark How far is it as the crow flies? Mimi is a night owl. To put one's head in the lion's mouth He's the fly in the ointment. There's a snake in the grass. As sly as a fox That's the sting in the tail! Don't wolf down your foodl That's the straw that broke the camel's back. Qui se ressemble s'assemble. Faire d'une pierre deux coups Avoir un appetit d'oiseau Un tiens vaut mieux que deux tu I'auras. Une tete de linotte L'avenir appartient aceux qui se levent tot. £tre leve aux aurores Cest loin, avol d'oiseau ? Mimi est un oiseau de nuit. Se jeter dans la gueule du loup Cest un empecheur de tourner en rondo II y a anguille sous roche. Ruse eomme un renard ~,e'est la mauvaise surprise! Ne mange pas aussi gloutonnement. C'est la goutte d'eau qui fait deborder Ie vase. The animal realm includes many species. An elephant has a trunk and tusks. Forest animals live in a burrow or a den / a lair. A mole lives in a tunnel ending in a molehill. ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠8eaueoup de noms d'animaux sont identiques en fran~ais et en anglais alligator, crocodile, gazelle, jaguar, pigeon, rat.. Parfois, Ie mot anglais est presque identique au mot fran~is an ant!tlope une anti lope a hy!tn~ une hyene a chimpanz~ un chimpanze an iguan~ un iguane a dQlphin un dauphin a kan~roo un kangourou a drom!tdm un dromadaire a l!topard un leopard a giraffe une girafe a I!zard un lezard a gorill~ un gorille a panth!t!: une panthere a hippopotamys un hippopotame a P!tlican un pelican a P!tngyin un pingouin a pheasan! un faisan a rax une raie a rhinoc!tros un rhinoceros a z!tbr~ un zebre Exercices 44 t Classez chaque animal dans sa famille. a grasshopper - a moose - a mouse - a magpie - a ladybird - a toad - an otter - a beaver a. Mammals b. Amphibians c. Birds d. Insects 45 t Associez I'animal a ce qui Ie caracterise. a. an elk b. a bat c. a peacock d. an octopus 1. a cobweb 2. feathers 3. venom 4. antlers 61 e. a snake 5. wings f. a spider 6. tentacles - 2 LE TEMPS QUilL FAIT THE WEATHER .,II.;E'. £l'1I!U!m1 a climate zone tropical, subtropical [oJ equatorial [J:J continental [e J hot dry / arid [i'fJ humid/wet temperate =moderate cold polar [;lUJ une zone climatique tropical, subtropical equatorial continental chaud sec / desertique humide (et tiede) tempere froid polaire heat [i:J the sun [IIJ a cloud rain a raindrop [elJ a drizzle [IJ a shower [auJ April showers a downpour [auJ the monsoon [u:J the rainy season a waterspout [J:J fog / mist / haze a patch of fog snow [auJ a snowflake a snowfall slush [IIJ sleet [i:J thaw [J:J hail [elJ a hailstone the wind a whirlwind [3:J a gust of wind a squall [J:J a gale [elJ a breeze [i:J a lull [IIJ a rainbow [elJ a storm thunder [IIJ a thunderstorm a clap of thunder = a thunderclap lightning [al J a flash of lightning a tempest [eJ a tornado [elJ pl. tornadoes la chaleur lesoleil un nuage la pluie une goutte de pluie une bruine, un crachin une averse les giboulees de mars une pluie diluvienne la mousson la saison des pluies une trombe d' eau Ie brouillard / la brume une nappe de brouillard la neige un flocon de neige une chute de neige la neige fondue (au sol) la neige fondue (qui tombe) Ie degel la grele un grelon Ie vent un tourbillon une bourrasque une rafale un grand vent une brise une accalmie un arc-en-del une tempete Ie tonnerre un orage un coup de tonnerre £.m des eclairs un eclair une violente tempete une tornade a cyclone [al J frost hoarfrost [J:J ice a patch of (black) ice sunny [IIJ cloudy [auJ rainy [elJ foggy / misty / hazy snowy [;lUJ windY[lJ windswept [I J stormy [J:J frosty [oj icy [alJ overcast to cloud over to clear up to rain to drizzle [I J to snow to melt to thaw to hail to blow' to thunder to freeze' to frost up =to frost over a weathercock = a weathervane [eJ a barometer [0 J a thermometer [oJ meteorology [oj the weatherman the weather report a sunny spell [IIJ a trough = a depression [eJ an anticyclone a heatwave [i:J dog days [oj a scorcher [J:J a scorching sun [J:J stifling [alJ close sultry / sweltering changeable =unsettled balmy [a:J to forecast' the weather un cyclone Ie gel, la gelee la gelee blanche la glace une plaque de verglas ensoleille nuageux pluvieux brumeux neigeux venteux balaye par les vents orageux couvert de givre 1. glacial, glace 2. gele couvert (del) se couvrir (del) se degager (del) pleuvoir bruiner neiger fondre fondre, degeler greler souffler tonner geler (se) givrer ~j'f;1 .~~~k': une girouette un barometre un thermo metre la meteo(rologie) monsieur meteo Ie bulletin meteo une eclairde une depression un anticyclone une vague de chaleur la canicule une journee torride un soleil bnllant etouffant lourd accablant, etouffant variable, changeant tres doux donner les previsions meteorologiques What's the weather like? The weather is fine / glorious. It's pouring with rain. It looks like rain / snow. Trade winds and westerlies It's freezing in here! The tropics are warm all the year round but experience wet and dry seasons. Clouds will disperse in the afternoon. The weather will be cloudy with bright intervals / with occasional showers = scattered showers. The wind raged then abated. The house was snowed up. The eye of the storm Weather permitting.. Quel temps fait-il ? II fait beau / tres beau. II pleut averse. On dirait qu'il va pleuvoir / neiger. Les alizes et les vents d'ouest On gele, ici ! Sous les tropiques, il fait chaud toute I'annee, mais il y a une saison des pluies et une saison seche. Les nuages se disperseront dans I'apres-midi. Le temps sera nuageux avec de belles eclaircies / avec quelques averses. Le vent a fait rage, puis il s'est calme. La maison etait bloquee par la neige. L'CEil du cyclone Si Ie temps Ie permet. Proverbes et expressions Imagies It's raining cats and dogs. Every cloud has a silver lining. Aquelque chose, malheur est bon. / It never rains but it pours. To feel under the weather To weather the storm To shoot the breeze He stormed into the store. It took the wind out of her sails. He was left out in the cold. It's all hot air! I'll take a rain check. US To be snowed under with work Come rain or shine 'Freeze! This is the police!' A storm in a teacup GB / A tempest in a teapot US Apres la pluie, Ie beau temps. Un malheur n'arrive jamais seul. Ne pas se sentir au mieux de sa forme Laisser passer I'orage Parler de tout et de rien II est entre en trombe dans Ie magasin. ~a I'a coupee dans son elan. II a ete laisse en plan. C'est du bla-bla, tout ~ ! Ce n'est que partie remise. ~tre deborde de travail Quoi qu'il arrive « On ne bouge plus I Police I » Une tempete dans un verre d'eau ! II tombe des cordes / des hallebardes. Pieges et difficultes ⢠Plusieurs adjectifs anglais signifient « humide », mais avec des nuances differentes : humid humide et tiede muggy humide et lourd damp / dank humide et froid moist humide et moite wet hum ide, mouille Exercices 46 t Chassez I'intrus dans chaque liste de mots. a. cold - windy - snowy - sweltering - cloudy b. balmy - warm - pleasant - stormy - sunny c. misty - foggy - rainy - bright - cloudy d. shower - rain - monsoon - dry - storm 47 t Traduisez en anglais. a. II faisait beau hier; mais aujourd'hui Ie temps est a la pluie. b. II Yaura quelques averses. c. Apres la pluie, les nuages se sont disperses, et maintenant Ie soleil brille. d. Quelle belle journee ! II fait un temps magnifique. e. On entend Ie tonnerre, il y a des eclairs, iI faut eteindre les lumieres. 63 - desertification [eI] an oil spill = an oil leak = an oil slick degassing = oil dumping waste / wastage [eI] waste extinction [I] poisoning [:)I] Les catastrophes naturelles an act of God = an act of nature [eI] the earth's crust a fault an earth tremor [e] an earthquake [3:] the Richter scale [I] a volcano [eI] a crater [eI] an eruption [II] lava [a:] a lava flow scoriae =cinders soil erosion [;lU] a landslide [re] a mudslide [II] a blizzard [I] an avalanche [re ] a water table drought [au] a typhoon [u:] a cyclone [aI] a hurricane [II] a tornado [eI] a flood [II] a tidal wave a tsunami [a:] a forest fire seismic [aI] volcanic [re ] to erupt [II] to overflow [;lU] to flood une catastrophe naturelle Gur.) la croute terrestre unefaille une secousse tellurique un tremblement de terre I'echelle de Richter un volcan un crarere une eruption la lave une coulee de lave lesscories I'erosion du sol un glissement de terrain une coulee de boue une tempete de neige une avalanche une nappe phreatique la secheresse un typhon un cyclone un ouragan unetomade une inondation, une crue un raz-de-maree un tsunami un incendie de fom sismique volcanique entrer en eruption deborder inonder Ie degazage en mer Ie gaspillage, Ie gachis les dechets I'extinction des especes une contamination, une intoxication polluted II unpolluted [u:] pollue II non pollue toxic [0] toxique to pollute polluer to polson [JI] contaminer, intoxiquer to emit (gases) emettre (des gaz) to waste gaspiller to run' out (s')epuiser Iml.lii IImmD conservation [eI] la defense de I'environnement un ecologiste = un defenseur de I'environnement les Verts la couche d'ozone un ecosysteme la biodiversite les biocarburants les economies d'energie I' energie propre Ie reboisement Ie recyclage un bac de recyclage Ie tri selectif une borne de collecte du verre I'essence sans plomb un pot catalytique une eolienne une usine de retraitement des eaux usees I'isolation ecologique an ecologist = a conservationist = an environmentalist the Greens the ozone layer an ecosystem [i:] biodiversity [3:] biofuels [ju] energy saving clean energy [e ] ret af)forestation [e I] recycling [aI] a recycling bin waste sorting a bottle bank unleaded petrol a catalytic converter a wind turbine [3:] a sewage plant Les catastrophes causees par I'homme pollution [u:] apollutant a pesticide [e] a landfill = a dump radioactive fallout nuclear waste carbon dioxide emissions [I] exhaust fumes acid rains a polson cloud the greenhouse effect climate change global warming deforestation [eI] la desertification une maree noire la pollution un produit polluant un pesticide une decharge les retombees radioactives les dechets nucleaires Ie gaz carbonique des emanations les gaz d'echappement les pluies acides un nuage toxique I'effet de serre Ie changement climatique Ie rechauffement du climat la deforestation insulation [eI] ecological = environment friendly biodegradable [eI] reusable [j u:] renewable II non-renewable [j u:] sustainable [e I] to recycle [aI] to protect [e ] to check to ban to lift a ban 64 biodegradable reutilisable renouvelable II non renouvelable durable recycler proreger controler / verifier interdire lever une interdiction Phrases et expressions usuelles Polluters should be payers. To deplete the ozone layer Ozone holes are due to the release of chemicals by industries into the atmosphere. Les pollueurs devraient etre les payeurs. £puiser la couche d'ozone Les trous de la couche d'ozone sont dus au fait que des industries lachent des produits chimiques dans I'atmosphere. Releasing chemicals into the sea is harmful Deverser des produits chimiques dans la mer est to marine life. prejudiciable ala faune marine. Some countries do not abide by the rules set Certains pays ne respectent pas les regles fixees by the Kyoto protocol. par Ie protocole de Kyoto. To protect the environment, we must use Pour proreger I'environnement, nous devons utiliser des energies renouvelables, reduire renewable energy, curb exhaust pipe emissions by promoting car-pooling, and be les emissions de gaz d'echappement en faisant ozone-friendly. la promotion du covoiturage et respecter la couche d'ozone. Lead poisoning L'intoxication au plomb, Ie saturnisme Asbestos is a health hazard. L'amiante represente un danger pour la sante. It was a nuclear meltdown that caused La catastrophe de Tchernobyl a ere causee the Chemobyl disaster. par la fusion d'un reacteur nucleaire. An extinct / a protected / an endangered species Une espece disparue / protegee / menacee To exhaust resources £puiser les ressources Energy saving bulbs last longer. Les ampoules abasse consommation durent plus longtemps. Proverbes et expressions lmagies Aflood of words / of tears Chinese products are flooding the market. waste not want not You're such a waste of space. It spread like wildfire. Labour obtained a landslide victory. ! Un flot de paroles / de larmes Les produits chinois inondent Ie marche. II n'y a pas de petites economies. Tu es vraiment un bon arien. <;a s'est repandu comme une trainee de poudre. Les travaillistes ont largement remporte les elections. Pieges et diffiwltes ⢠La forme passive anglaise se traduit souvent par une tournure impersonnelle en frans;ais The icecap must be preserved. II faut proteger la calotte glaciaire. The hole in the ozone layer was discovered in the 1970s. On a decouvert Ie trou dans la couche d'ozone dans les annees 1970. Plastic is recycled into fleece jackets. Le plastique se recycle pour faire des vestes polaires. Exercices 48. Dans chaque serie, il y a un intrus. Chassez-Ie. a. an earthquake, an eruption, a tornado, acid rain, a tidal wave b. nuclear waste, flood, deforestation, oil spills, exhaust fumes c. to save energy, to emit gases, to recycle waste, to plant trees, to preserve the icecap, to protect water tables d. a bottle bank, clean energy, unleaded petrol, a nuclear meltdown, waste sorting, a wind turbine 49. Traduisez en anglais. a. Les ressources naturelles s'epuisent. b. Les Verts ne cessent de dire qu'il faut respecter la couche d'ozone. c. Les £tats-Unis consomment une bonne partie des ressources naturelles de la planete. d. Certains typhons ne sont peut-etre pas des catastrophes naturelles. e. II se pourrait qu'ils soient Ie resultat de I'action de I'homme. 65 - L'UNIVERS THE UNIVERSE ~ 1mB a light year the void a celestial body a star a shooting star [u:] a constellation [eI] a nebula [e] a galaxy [if] the Milky Way [I] a black hole a meteor Ii:] a meteorite a crater [eI] a comet [0] the tail of a comet a white / black dwarf an asteroid [if] the Evening Star Ii:] the North Star the Pole Star the Plough GB = the Big Dipper US the Little Bear GB = the Little Dipper US the Southern Cross [A] universal [3:] planetary [if] interplanetary sidereal [I d ] starry *starless extra-terrestrial [e] une annee-Iumiere Ie vide un corps celeste une etoile une etoile filante une constellation une nebuleuse une galaxie la Voie lactee un trou noir un meteore un / une meteorite un cratere une comete la queue d'une comete une naine blanche / noire un astero'ide I' etoile du berger I' etoile du Nord I'etoile Polaire la Grande Ourse la Petite Ourse la Croix du Sud universel planetaire interplanetaire sideral etoile *sans etoiles extra-terrestre The solar system the Sun [A] sunlight a sunray = a sunbeam a sunspot the sunrise the sunset = sundown US a planet [re] an orbit [J:] the Earth [3:] the Moon [u:] Jupiter [u:] Mars Mercury [3:] Neptune tel Pluto [u:] Venus Ii:] Saturn [re] Uranus [eI] the atmosphere [if ] leSoleil la lumiere du soleil un rayon de soleil une tache solaire Ie lever du solei I Ie coucher du solei I une planete un orbite la Terre la Lune Jupiter Mars Mercure Neptune Pluton Venus Saturne Uranus I'atmosphere the stratosphere [re] the sky the Northern Lights = the aurora borealis the zenith [e] an axis [re] a rotation [eI] a revolution [u:] a moonbeam [u:] a moonrise the moonlight the new moon a crescent moon the full moon the moon's first / last quarter an eclipse [I] orbiting [J:] to rotate [eI] to revolve [0] to shine' la stratosphere Ie ciel I'aurore boreale Ie zenith un axe une rotation une revolution un rayon de lune un lever de lune Ie clair de lune la nouvelle lune un croissant de lune la pleine lune Ie premier / dernier quartier de la lune une eclipse orbital tourner tourner, graviter briller astronomy [0] an astronomer an observatory [3:] a telescope [e] the space age a spaceport [eI] a launching pad the countdown [au] a launch [J:] an astronaut [if] a cosmonaut [0] weightlessness [eI] gravity [re] a rocket [0] a space probe a spaceship =a spacecraft a space shuttle [A] a space capsule [re] a space station [eI] a space flight a manned flight a satellite satellite transmission a moonscape [u:] a moon buggy [A] a moon landing [re] to travel through space to take' off = to lift off to put' in orbit to land on the moon I'astronomie un astronome un observatoire un telescope I'ere spatiale une base de lancement une aire de lancement Ie compte arebours un lancement un astronaute un cosmonaute I'apesanteur la pesanteur une fusee une sonde spatiale un vaisseau spatial une navette spatiale une capsule spatiale une station spatiale un vol spatial un vol habite un satellite la transmission par satellite un paysage lunaire une jeep lunaire un alunissage voyager dans I' espace decoller mettre en orbite alunir The moon waxes and then wanes. There's a moon tonight. A star-spangled sky Saturn has several moons and many rings. Europa is a moon that orbits Jupiter. Mercury and Apollo were US space programs. To space walk To be space-sick A UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) La lune croit, puis decroit On voit la lune ce soir. Un del constelle d'etoiles Saturne a plusieurs lunes et beaucoup d'anneaux. Europe est une lune qui orbite autour de Jupiter. Mercury et Apollo mient des programmes spatiaux americains. Les douze signes du zodiaque sont Ie Belier, Ie Taureau, les Gemeaux, Ie Cancer, Ie Lion, la Vierge, la Balance, Ie Scorpion, Ie Sagittaire, Ie Capricorne, Ie Verseau et les Poissons. Marcher dans I'espace Avoir Ie mal de I'espace Un OVNI (Objet Volant Non Identifie) Proverbes et expressions lmagees She was born under a lucky star. To sleep out under the stars He hit his head and saw stars. What do my stars say today? It's written in the stars. She's a rising star of acting. She had promised him the moon. He was over the moon. Once in a blue moon The sky is the limit! Alii want is a place in the sun. Elle est nee sous une bonne etoile. Dormir ala belle etoile II s'est cogne la tete et a vu trente-six chandelles. Que dit mon horoscope aujourd'hui ? C'est Ie destin. C'est une etoile montante du dnema. Elle lui avait promis la lune. II mit aux anges. Tous les 36 du mois Tout est possible! Tout ce que je veux, c'est une place au solei I. The twelve zodiac signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. ,! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Le mot moonlighting signifie « travail au noir », et to do a moonlight flit signifie « filer de nuit, sa payer », parce que ces activites iIIidtes sont censees avoir lieu la nuit, ala lueur de la lune. ⢠Attention aux prepositions! On a starry night, stars glitter and twinkle in the sky. Par une nuit etoilee, les etoiles etincellent et sdntillent dans Ie del. She proposed to him as they were sitting Qx moonlight. Elle lui a demande de I'epouser tandis qu'ils etaient assis au clair de lune. Exercices 50. L'un des mots proposes ne peut se combiner avec Ie mot donne dans la colonl de gauche pour former un nom compose. Chassez cet intrus. a. SUN rise / beam / hole / light / ray / spot / set b. MOON light / rise / scape / nebula / buggy / landing c. SPACE probe / boat / flight / shuttle / capsule / station 51. Traduisez en anglais. a. La navette a quitte la base de lancement hier. b. Quand je vois une etoile filante, je fais un vceu. c. « Et vos vceux se realisent-ils ? - Tous les 36 du mois I » d. Elle mit aux anges quand on lui a appris la nouvelle. e. Une eclipse totale ou partielle est toujours impressionnante. 67 - litAm' .a(g;;. the cardinal points the north [J:] the south [au] the east [i:] the west land a continent [0] Asia [eI] Africa [a:] America[e] Europe Ii u;) ] Oceania [eI] Antarctica [a:] the North / the South Pole a peninsula [I] a desert [e] a degree [i:] a meridian [I] a tropic [0] the equator [eI] a parallel [a:] the latitude [a:] the longitude [0] equatorial [J:] tropical les points cardinaux Ie nord Ie sud I'est =l'Orient I'ouest = l'Occident la terre (ferme) un continent Ihie l'Afrique l'Amerique l'Europe l'Oceanie l:A.ntarctique Ie pOle Nord / Sud une peninsule un desert un degre un meridien un tropique I'equateur un parallele la latitude la longitude equatorial tropical Les monta a hill a valley [a:] a (sand) dune a summit = a mountain top a peak [i:] amount [au] a (mountain) range a volcano [eI] acliff a sheer drop a (mountain) pass a glacier [a:] the Alps the Himalayas [eI] Mount Everest [e] the Rocky Mountains / the Rockies hilly [I] mountainous [au] Seas and oceans the coast the shore une baie un golfe un lagon un detroit un cap uneTle un archipel Ie niveau de la mer un abime, un abysse I'ecume lesembruns un courant marin une maree Ie flux et Ie reflux unevague une lame de fond les vagues deferlantes I'ocean Atlantique I'ocean Pacifique I'ocean Indien I'ocean Arctique la Mediterranee la mer du Nord laManche les TIes Anglo-Normandes la mer d'iriande la (mer) 8altique la mer des Caralbes Ie golfe Persique es une coUine une vallee une dune (de sable) un sommet un pic un mont, une montagne une chaine de montagnes un volcan une falaise un a-pic uncol un glacier lesAlpes I'Himalaya Ie mont Everest les (montagnes) Rocheuses vallonne montagneux Mers et oceans la cote Ie rivage a bay a gulf [II] a lagoon [u:] a strait =straits a cape =a headland [e] an Island [aI] an archipelago [e] the sea level [e] an abyss [I] foam =froth spray a stream a tide [aI] the ebb and flow a wave [eI] a tidal wave [aI] surf the Atlantic Ocean the Pacific Ocean the Indian Ocean the Arctic Ocean the Mediterranean (Sea) the North Sea the (English) Channel the Channel Islands the Irish Sea the Baltic Sea the Caribbean Sea the Persian Gulf Lakes and rivers astream [i:] a river [I] abrook[u] aspring a tributary [I] a bank a pond a canal [a:] a waterfall [J:] Lacs et rlvieres un cours d'eau 1. un fleuve 2. une riviere un ruisseau une source un affluent une rive un etang un canal une cascade, une chute d'eau a dam un barrage the (River) Thames la Tamise the Saint Lawrence (River) Ie Saint-Laurent the Rhine Ie Rhin the Nile Ie Nil the Amazon [a:] l:A.mazone the Great Lakes les Grands Lacs Lake Geneva [i:] Ie lac Leman Niagara Falls les chutes du Niagara the Suez / Panama Canal Ie Canal de Suez / Panama upstream f. downstream en amont f. en aval to flow couler to flow Into =to run· Into se jeter dans Phrases et expressions usuelles II vit dans Ie nord-est de la France. He lives in the northeast of France. What time is the high / low tide? The sea can be rough or smooth. The 19th-century American pioneers went westward. Peter comes from the Deep South. The Near East, the Middle East, the Far East Aquelle heure est la maree haute / basse ? La mer peut etre agitee ou calme. Les pionniers americains du XJxe siecle allaient vers I'ouest. Peter arrive du Sud profond. Le Proche-Orient, Ie Moyen-Orient, l'Extreme-Orient Prowries .,.',..'.'.... To be caught between the devil and the deep blue sea He's over the hill. I'm all at sea. It's as old as the hills. Stop making a mountain out of a molehill To go with the flow It's just a drop in the ocean. To swim against the tide It's hard to stem the tide of inflation. To be in dire straits There was a wave of discontent. The coast is clear, let's gol ! £tre pris entre Ie marteau et I'enclume II a fait son temps. Je suis completement perdu. C'est vieux comme Mathusalem. Arrete de t'en faire une montagne Se laisser porter par Ie courant C'est une goutte d'eau dans la mer. Aller it contre-courant L'inflation est difficile it enrayer. £tre dans une situation tres difficile II y a eu une vague de mecontentement La voie est libre, allons-y I Pieges et difficultes ⢠Les adjectifs longs northern, southern, eastern, western indiquent une simple zone geographique. Les adjectifs courts north, south, east, west renvoient plutot it une entite administrative, politique ou culturelle. Comparez West Virginia la Virginie occidentale (I'un des SO ~tats des USA) '* Western Virginia I'ouest de la Virginie South Africa I'l>.frique du Sud (Ie pays) '* Southern Africa I'l>.frique australe (= Ie sud de I'l>.frique) Attention! II existe des exceptions it cette regie: North / South America L'l>.merique du Nord / du Sud Exercices 52. Dans chaque phrase, trouvez Ie ou les mots qui ne conviennent pas, puis traduisez en fran~ais. a. South / Southern Carolina is a US state. b. Europe belongs to the west / western world. c. The Korean peninsula is divided into North / Northern and South / Southern Korea. d. During the Cold War, the 'Free world' faced the East / Eastern Bloc. e. In the American Civil War the 11 south / southern Confederate states were at war with the 23 north / northern Union states. 53. Choisissez la bonne traduction. a. The Appalachians are a mountain range. 1. Les Appalachiens sont des rangees de montagnes. 2. Les Appalaches sont une chaine de montagnes. b. That brook has its spring in the Alps. 1. Ce livre decrit un printemps alpin. 2. Ce ruisseau prend sa source dans les Alpes. c. That river has nine tributaries. 1. Ce fleuve a neuf affluents. 2. II Ya neuf rivieres qui en sont tributaires. 69 - 2 LES PAYS DU MONDE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD Voir aussi Ie tableau complet des ttats du monde, noms et adjectifs de nationalite, p. 236. the Netherlands = In the EnglishHolland, Dutch speaking world Norway, Norwegian the British Isles les lies britanniques Poland, Polish [::!u) Ie Royaume-Uni the United Kingdom Portugal, Portuguese (Great) Britain, British [I) la Grande-Bretagne, Romania, Romanian [eI) britannique Russia, Russian [1) England, English [I) I'lngleterre, anglais Scandinavia, I'£cosse, ecossais Scotland, Scottish (0) Scandinavian [eI) Wales, Welsh Ie pays de Galles, gallois Serbia, Serbian [3:) l'lrlande, irlandais Ireland,lrish [aI::!) Slovenia, Siovenian [i:) l'lriande du Nord Northern Ireland Spain, Spanish [If) la republique d'iriande = the Republic Sweden, Swedish [i:) of Ireland = Eire l'Eire Switzerland, Swiss [I) Ie Commonwealth the Commonwealth Turkey, Turkish [3:) of Nations Elsewhere the West Indies, les Antilles, in the world West Indian [I) antillais les nes des Cara'ibes, the Caribbean Islands, Afghanistan, Afghan [If) Caribbean cara'ibe Algeria, Algerian [I::!) Barbados, Barbadian [eI) la Barbade, barbadien Brazil, Brazilian [I) Jamaica, Jamaican [eI) la Jamiique, jama:icain Cambodia, ⢠les £tats-Unis d'lmerique, the United States Cambodian [::!u) of America, American americain Cameroon, Australia, Australian [eI) I'lustralie, australien Cameroonian [u:) Canada, Canadian Ie Canada, canadien Chad, Chadian [If) New Zealand [i:) la Nouvelle-Zelande, Chile, Chilean [I) neo-zelandais China, Chinese South Africa, I'lfrique du Sud, Congo, Congolese sud-africain South African [If) Ecuador, Ecuadorian Egypt, Egyptian the Gaza Strip Greenland [i:) Albania, Albanian [eI) l'llbanie, albanais India,lndian [I) Armenia, Armenian [i:) I'lrmenie, armenien Iraq, Iraqi [a:) I'lutriche, autrichien Austria, Austrian (0) Israel, Israeli the Baltic countries les pays baltes Japan, Japanese la Belgique, beige Belgium, Belgian [e) Jordan, Jordanian Bosnia, Bosnian (0) la Bosnie, bosniaque (North / South) Korea, Bulgaria, Bulgarian [e::!) la Bulgarie, bulgare Korean [I::!) Chechny~Chechen[e) la Tchetchenie, tchetchime Kuwait, Kuwaiti [eI) la Croatie, croate Croatia, Croat Laos, Laotian Chypre, chypriote Cyprus, Cypriot Lebanon, Lebanese Ie Danemark, danois Denmark, Danish Libya, Libyan [I) Estonia, Estonian [::!u) l'Estonie, estonien Mexico, Mexican [e) la Finlande, finlandais Finland, Finnish [aI) Morocco, Moroccan (0) France, French la France, fran~is Palestine, Palestinian Germany, German [3:) l'Aliemagne, allemand Peru, Peruvian [u:) Greece, Greek la Grece, grec the Philippines, Hungary, Hungarian la Hongrie, hongrois Philippine [I) l'lslande, islandais Iceland, Icelandic Saudi Arabia, Saudi I'ltalie, italien Italy, Italian Sudan, Sudanese la Lettonie, letton Tunisia, Tunisian [I) Latvia, Latvian / Lett Lithuania, Lithuanian [eI) la lituanie, lituanien Uganda,Ugandan[lf) Malte, maltais The West Bank Malta, Maltese L~~ les Pays-Bas = la Hollande, neerlandais = hollandais la Norvege, norvegien la Pologne, polonais Ie Portugal, portugais la Roumanie, roumain la Russie, russe la Scandinavie, scandinave la Serbie, serbe la Sloven ie, slovene l'Espagne, espagnol la Suede, suedois la Suisse, suisse la Turquie, turc I'lfghanistan, afghan l'llgerie, algerien Ie Bresil, bresilien Ie Cambodge, cambodgien Ie Cameroun, camerounais Ie Tchad, tchadien Ie Chili, chilien la Chine, chinois Ie Congo, congolais I'£quateur, equatorien I'£gypte, egyptien la bande de Gaza Ie Groenland l'lnde, indien I'lrak, irakien Israel, israelien Ie Japon, japonais la Jordanie, jordanien la Coree (du Nord / du Sud), coreen Ie Kowe'i't, koweitien Ie Laos, laotien Ie Liban, libanais la libye, libyen Ie Mexique, mexicain Ie Maroc, marocain la Palestine, palestinien Ie Perou, peruvien les Philippines, philippin I'lrabie saoudite, saoudien Ie Soudan, soudanais la Tunisie, tunisien l'Ouganda, ougandais la Cisjordanie Phrases et expressions usuelles The USSR (= the Soviet Union = the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics) became the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in 1991, In 1993, Czechoslovakia was partitioned into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. o L'URSS (= l'Union sovietique = l'Union des Republiques Socialistes Sovietiques) est devenue la Communaute des £tats independants (CEI) en 1991. En 1993, la Tchecoslovaquie a ete divisee en Republique tcheque et Siovaquie. Pro'.,.'. et expressions I.... It's all double Dutch / Greek to me. He took a French leave. Pardon my French! Togo Dutch ATurkish delight French fries US II Pour moi, c'est du chinois / de I'hebreu. II a file it. I'anglaise. Si vous me passez I'expression I Partager la note au restaurant Un loukoum Des frites Pieges et difficultes ⢠En anglais, Ie nom de la langue est identique it. I'adjectif de nationalite. Les deux prennent une majuscule en anglais, mais pas en fran~ais. All French citizens speak French. Tous les citoyens fran~is parlent fran~is. ⢠Pour la plupart, les noms d'habitants sont identiques it. I'adjectif de nationalite et denombrables : Canadian canadien a Canadian un Canadien Canadians les Canadiens Attention cependant aux exceptions: - Les noms de nationalite se terminant par -ese (Burmese, Chinese, Japanese, Lebanese, Portuguese, Siamese et Vietnamese) ainsi que Swiss sont invariables. The Chinese eat with chopsticks. Les Chinois mangent avec des baguettes. There were two Lebanese and three Swiss at the party. II y avait deux Libanais et trois Suisses it. cette soiree. - Lorsqu'ils sont precedes de the,Jes adjectifs French, English, British, Irish, Welsh et Dutch deviennent des noms de nationalite renvoyant it. un pluriel : The English speak English. Les Anglais parlent anglais. Pour designer un seul individu, on ajoute it. I'adjectif les suffixes -man ou -woman: A Frenchman, an Englishwoman and two Dutchmen were sitting at the same table. Un Fran~is, une Anglaise et deux Hollandais etaient assis it. la meme table. - Certains noms de nationalites sont differents de I'adjectif : a Dane un Danois a Pole un Polonais a Spaniard un Espagnol a Finn un Finlandais a Serb un Serbe a Swede un Suedois an Icelander un Islandais a Slovene un Slovene a Turk un Turc ⢠La plupart des noms de ville sont identiques en fran~ais et en anglais, mais certains sont differents : Algiers Alger Dover Douvres New Orleans La Nouvelle-Orleans Beijing Pekin Edinburgh Edimbourg The Hague La Haye Brussels Bruxelles Lisbon Lisbonne Venice Venise Cairo Le Caire London Londres Vienna Vienne Cape Town Le Cap Moscow Moscou Warsaw Varsovie Exercice 54 t Dans chaque phrase, choisissez Ie ou les mots qui convien(nen)t. a. Paul McCartney is an England / English / Englishman who writes and sings in English. b. Hans Christian Andersen is a Dane / Danish author who lived in the 19th century. c. This Pole / Poles / Polish plumber came all the way from Poland to work with other Pole / Poles / Polish in France. d. The Spain / Spanish / Spaniard language is spoken in Peru. 71 Birds are popular national symbols. A bald eagle is the symbol of the USA. Mauritius is represented by the dodo, a bird that could not fly and became extinct in the 17th century. New Zealand nationals are nicknamed kiwis after an indigenous bird. Les oiseaux sont des symboles nationaux repandus. Un pygargue a tete blanche symbolise les ~tats-Unis. L'ile Maurice est representee par Ie dodo, un oiseau qui ne pouvait pas voler et dont I'espece s'est eteinte au XVll e siecle. Les Neo-Zelandais sont surnommes les kiwis, du nom d'un oiseau local. Other animal symbols include the lion (England, Scotland, Sri Lanka), the dragon (Wales), the bulldog (United Kingdom), the springbok antelope (South Africa), the moose and the beaver (Canada), the kangaroo and the koala (Australia). Parmi les autres symboles animaliers, on compte Ie lion (Angleterre, ~cosse, Sri Lanka), Ie dragon (pays de Galles), Ie bouledogue (Royaume-Uni), Ie springbok (Afrique du Sud), I'elan et Ie castor (Canada), Ie kangourou et Ie koala (Australie). England The Wars of the Roses (14551485) were a series of civil wars in which supporters of the House of Lancaster and of the House of York fought over the throne of England. Eventually, the red rose of Lancaster prevailed over the white rose of York when Henry Tudor defeated Richard III and ascended the throne as King Henry VII. He then added the white rose inside the red rose, creating an emblem known as the Tudor Rose, which has remained England's ever since. L'Angleterre. La Guerre des Deux-Roses (1455-1485) fut une serie de guerres civiles au cours desquelles les partisans de la Maison de Lancastre et ceux de la Maison d'York se disputerent Ie trone d~ngleterre. ('est la rose rouge de Lancastre qui finit par I'emporter sur la rose blanche de York lorsque Henri Tudor; apres avoir battu Richard III, monta sur Ie trone, regnant sous Ie nom d'Henri VII. II ajouta ensuite la rose blanche au coeur de la rose rouge, inventant la rose Tudor; qui est restee I'embleme de I~ngleterre depuis lors. The United Kingdom The red rose symbolizes England, the thistle, Scotland, the shamrock, Ireland, and Wales is symbolized by the leek and by the daffodil. Le Royaume-Uni La rose rouge symbolise I~ngleterre, Ie chardon, I'~cosse, Ie trefle, l'lrlande, tandis que Ie pays de Galles a pour emblemes Ie poireau et la jonquille. The English-speaking world The maple leaf represents Canada. New Zealand's flower is the silver fern. The protea flower is a South African symbol. The jasmine is Pakistan's national flower. The hibiscus symbolizes Malaysia. Each state of the USA has an official flower. The cornflower represents Texas, the orange blossom, Florida, the magnolia, Louisiana and Mississippi, etc. Georgia is nicknamed the Peach State, and Maine is the Pine Tree State. Le monde anglophone La feuille d'erable represente Ie Canada. La fleur nationale de la Nouvelle-Zelande est la fougere argentee, celie de I~frique du Sud Ie protea et celie du Pakistan, Ie jasmin. L'hibiscus symbolise la Malaisie. Chaque ~tat des ~tats-Unis a une fleur officielle. Le bleuet represente Ie Texas, la fleur d'oranger, la Floride, Ie magnolia, la Louisiane et Ie Mississippi, etc. La Georgie est surnommee I'~tat de la peche, et Ie Maine est I'~tat du pin. L.-_ _... 12 It was in 1950 that Cape Canaveral was first used by NASA for rocket launching experiments, but the world's first satellite, Sputnik I, was launched by the USSR in 1957. In 1961, the USSR sent into space the first manned orbital satellite, Vostok, with cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. C'est en 1950 que Cap Canaveral commen~ a etre utilise par la NASA pour des experiences de lancements de fusees, mais e'est I'URSS qui, en 1957, lan~ Ie premier satellite du monde, Spoutnik I. En 1961, I'URSS envoya dans I'espace Ie premier satellite orbital habite, Vostok, avec Ie cosmonaute Youri Gagarine. July 20th, 1969 is a red-letter day for humans, as Apollo 11 landed on the Moon and American Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on its surface. As he put his left foot down, Armstrong declared: 'That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.' L.e 20 juillet 1969 est un jour a marquer d'une pierre blanche pour I'humanite car e'est celui ou Apollo 11 alunit et ou I~mericain Neil Armstrong fut Ie premier homme a fouler la surface de la Lune. Quand il posa Ie pied gauche sur Ie sollunaire, Armstrong declara : « C'est un petit pas pour I'homme, mais un pas de gearn: pour I'humanite. » Another great step was taken in 1976 when the two Viking craft provided data and photographs of Mars, on which they had landed. Un autre grand pas fut effectue en 1976 lorsque les deux vaisseaux Viking fournirent des informations et des photographies de la planete Mars, sur laquelle ils s'l!taient poses. In 1981 and 1982, the first US Space Shuttle, Columbia, completed three flights. En 1981 et 1982, la premiere navette spatiale americaine, Columbia, mena a bien trois vols. The International Space Station, a joint project between the space agencies of the US, Japan, Canada, and several European countries among which Russia, was assembled in space from 1998 onwards. Power on the ISS is provided by the Sun, whose light is converted into electricity thrd'ugh the use of solar panels. La Station spatiale intemationale, projet commun des agences spatiales des £tatsUnis, du Japon, du Canada et de plusieurs pays europeens dont la Russie, fut assemblee dans I'espace a partir de 1998. L'energie utilisee a bard est fournie par Ie Soleil, dont la lumiere est transformee en electricite par I'utilisation de panneaux solaires. Some argue that space exploration has never allowed for any major scientific breakthroughs, but it seems very unlikely that Man will ever relinquish his dream of exploring the universe. Certains soutiennent que I'exploration spatiale n'a jamais permis de decouvertes scientifiques capitales, mais il semble peu probable que I'Homme renonce jamais a son ,.eye d'explorer I'univers. Le saviez-vous ? Le nom des planetes Des phrases anglaises amusantes permettent de memoriser Ie nom des planetes du ~me solaire et de les classer de la plus proche a la plus eloignee du Soleil (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto). La premiere lettre de chaque mot correspond a la premiere lettre du nom d'une planete, par exemple Mary Very Easily Makes Jam So Ursula Needn't Panic. (Mary fait de la confiture tres facilement done Ursula n'a pas besoin de paniquer.) Et, depuis que Pluton a ere retrogradee au statut de planete naine : My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles. (Ma mere tres cultivee vient de nous servir des nouilles.) 29 LA VILLE ; THE CITY Les zones urbalnes a town [au] a city [I] a megalopolis [0] a metropolis [0] a capital (city) a market town a boomtown [u:] town planning [If ] a town dweller / a city dweller the townscape = the cityscape a local resident an inhabitant = a resident the suburbs a commuter [j u:] uneville une grande ville une megalopole une metr'opole une capitale une bourgade une ville champignon I'urbanisme un citadin Ie paysage urbain un riverain un habitant la banlieue un banlieusard (travaillant en ville) a district [I] 1. un quartier 2. ' un arrondissement a nelghbo(u)rhood [eI] un quartier a shopping area un quartier comme~nt a shopping centre / mall un centre commercial a pedestrian precinct une zone pietonne an industrial estate une zone industrielle une cite, un lotissement a housing estate a public garden / park un square / jardin public a green un terrain communal a green area = un espace vert a green space a bandstand [If] un kiosque amusique a fountain [au] une fontaine a playground [eI] une aire de jeux waste ground = un terrain vague a sandlot [If] suburban [3:] de banlieue / banlieusard populous [0] populeux overcrowded [au] surpeuple to inhabit [If] habiter Les equipements collectlfs a sewer, sewerage [u:] the bus network [e] a bus [II] a bus driver [aI] a bus stop a bus shelter a double-decker the town hall GB = the city hall US a fire station a fireman = a firefighter [aI] un «!gout, les «!gouts Ie reseau d'autobus un autobus un conducteur de bus un arret d'autobus un abri d'autobus un autobus aimperiale la mairie, I'hotel de ville une caserne de pompiers un porn pier a fire engine / truck sports fadlities [I] a public swimming-pool a stadium [eI] a gymnasium = a gym a youth club a library [aI] a hospital complex [0] a public lavatory = a comfort station US to collect / to pick up the garbage un camion de pompiers des equipements sportifs une piscine municipale un stade ungymnase une maison des jeunes / de quartier une bibliotheque un centre hospitalier des toilettes publiques ramasser les ordures IjWttti' street furniture [3:] Ie mobilier urbain street lighting [aI] I'eclairage public a public bench un banc public a taxi / a cab un taxi the fare [ea] Ie prix de la course the metre [i:] Ie compteur a bus lane un couloir d'autobus a bicycle lane une piste cyclable a pedestrian [e] un pieton a pedestrian crossing = un passage pour pietons a zebra crossing GB traffic lights [If] des feux tricolores parking [a:] Ie stationnement a parking space une place de stationnement a parking metre un parcmetre a pay-and-display machine un horodateur a car park un parking a thoroughfare [II] une artere an avenue [If] une avenue a boulevard [u:] un boulevard a lane / an alley une ruelle a one-way street une rue asens unique a blind alley =a dead end = une impasse =une voie a cul-de-sac sans issue = un cui de sac a square [e a] une place a plaza [a:] une esplanade the marketplace [0:] la place du marche a crescent [e] une rue en arc de cercJe an embankment [If] un quai the kerb GB = the curb US Ie bord du trottoir a gutter [II] un caniveau a manhole [If] une bouche d' «!gout to cross traverser to park se garer to double-park [II] se garer en double file to hail = to flag a taxi / heler un taxi a cab Phrases et expressions usuelles They live ml the outskirts of the city. It's my home town. Miami has a population of 400,000. The metropolitan area hosts S.S million people. We live ml a quiet side street / back street. The strikers took to the streets yesterday. Rehabilitation is under way. The traffic lights may be green, amber, or red. 'Where is the school?' 'It's five blocks down the street.' Jane lives uptown. II passe deux heures par jour dans les transports pour aller au travail. 115 vivent ala peripherie de la ville. C'est la ville ouj'ai grandi. Miami a une population de 400 000 habitants. L'agglomeration compte S,S millions d'habitants. Nous habitons une petite rue tranquille. Les grevistes sont descendus dans la rue hier. La renovation est commencee. Le feu peut etre vert, orange ou rouge. Ie Ou est I'ecole 7 - Acinq rues d'ici. ,. Jane habite les beaux quartiers. Pro... etexpressloM',.. The Tube To paint the town red It's the talk of the town. That's right up my street! The man in the street They explored every possible avenue. Le metro de Londres Faire la fete en ville Toute la ville en parle. C'est dans mes cordes I L'homme de la rue 115 ont etudie toutes les possibilites. He spends two hours commuting every day. ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Attention aux differences d'usage entre I'anglais britannique et I'anglais americain G8 US the town centre the High Street a dormitory town a lamppost a pavement a subway the underground a tramway the fire brigade a fire hydrant the waste / refuse collection adustman a rubbish dump asandpit downtown the Main Street a commuter town a street lamp a sidewalk an underpass the subway a streetcar / a trolley the fire department a fireplug the garbage collection a garbage collector a garbage dump a sandbox Ie centre-ville la Grand-Rue une cite-dortoir un lampadaire un trottoir un passage souterrai n Ie metro un tramway les pompiers une bouche aincendie Ie ramassage des ordures un eboueur une decharge un bac asable Exercices 55 t Completez chaque phrase avec I'un des mots suivants: capital- double deckers - dead end - boomtown - overcrowded a. That city became huge in a few years; it's a .. b. The .. of Canada is Ottawa. c. Too many people live in that part of the city; it's .. d. In London, some buses are e. A .. is a street that is closed at one end. 56 t Traduisez en anglais. a. II travaille comme pompier et sa femme comme eboueur. b. Nous habitons a quelques rues d'ici. c. La mairie se trouve sur la place du marche. d. Le feu etait orange quand vous avez traverse la rue. e. J'ai hele un taxi qui ne s'est pas arrete, mais, heureusement, j'ai pu attraper un autobus. 75 nt 30 L'HABITAT HOUSING .:tn1~!i&. 1~:mJIII~~111 real estate [eI] a property developer GB = a real-estate developer US a contractor = a builder an architect [0:] an estate agent GB = a realtor US a building-site = a construction site scaffolding [re] the foundations [eI] the framework / the timber frame building materials I'immobilier un promoteur immobilier a brick slate a roofing tile cement[e] concrete [0] reinforced concrete stone [;m] marble [0:] plaster [0:] mortar [J:] timber [I] a plank to design [al] to build· to erect [e] ··t't1I1I&& a house a flat GB= an apartment US a block of flats GB = an apartment building US a tower = a high-rise a skyscraper [al] council howing GB = public howing US a council flat / house GB = a public howing unit US a second home a cottage [0] a detached house a semi-detached house a bungalow [,] a bedsit(ter) GB = a studio apartment US un entrepreneur en BTP un arthitecte un agent immobilier un chantier un echafaudage les fondations la charpente les mareriaux de construction une brique I'ardoise unetuile leciment Ie beton Ie beton arme la pierre Ie marbre Ie platre Ie mortier Ie bois de construction une planche dessiner construire eriger iI!IDIL::4 All t§ ,II une maison un appartement unimmeuble unetour un gratte-ciel Ie logement social une HLM, un logement social une residence secondaire une petite maison ala campagne un pavilion une maison jumelee une maison de plain-pied un studio a cabin [re] furnished rooms the owner [;m] the landlord / landlady the tenant [e] the rent a deposit = a guarantee a removal [u:] to own a house to live = to dwell 1. une cabane 2 un chalet unmeuble Ie proprietaire Ie proprietaire (bailleur) Ie locataire Ie loyer unecaution un demenagement etre proprietaire d'une maison vivre, habiter lijtl'I'[email protected]) ''fiB·hl the roof [u:] a wall [J:] a partition (wall) (wood) panelling [re] the ceiling [i:] the floor [J:] the fa~de = the front of the house a window [I] a skylight [al] a shutter [,] a blind [all a balcony [re] a terrace [e] a door a doormat a lock a latch a bolt a hinge a key [i:] a bunch of keys an Intercom = a buzzer a step the (front) steps = the stoop US the stairs = the staircase [e;) ] the stairwell = the stairway a banister [re ] a floor = a stor(e)y [J:] a landing [re] a lift = an elevator US abeam [i:] a chimney [I] to open' to shut· = to close a door to lock' to unlock a door to bolt a door Ie toit unmur unedoison des lambris Ie plafond Ie plancher lafa~de unefenetre unelucame un volet un store un balcon unetenasse une porte un paillasson une serrure un loquet un verrou un gond, une chamiere une cle un trousseau de cles un interphone une marthe Ie perron I'escalier la cage d'escalier unerampe un etage un palier un ascenseur une poutre une cheminee (sur Ie toit) ouvrir ' fermer une porte fermer acle ' ouvrir une porte verrouiller une porte Phrases et expressions usuelles o 'A vendre / 'A louer For sale / To let To let a house msb To rent a house from sb To give notice to a tenant To move out of a house' to move into a house There's a housing shortage in the country. The mortgage rate is high. A house may be comfortable, cosy, functional, roomy = spacious, luxurious, shabby or dilapidated =ramshackle. Adraughty GB / drafty US house The house needs a facelift. A thatched / tiled roof They live upstairs '. downstairs. The door was ajar. Louer une maison aqqn (= donner en location) Louer une maison aqqn (= ~ locataire) Donner conge aun locataire Demenager'. emmenager II y a une crise du logement dans Ie pays. Le taux du credit immobilier est eleve. Une maison peut ~ confortable, douillette, fonctionnelle, vaste =spacieuse, luxueuse, miteuse ou delabree =vetuste. Une maison pleine de courants d'air La maison a besoin d'~ ravalee. Un toit de chaume / de tuiles 115 habitent aI'etage superieur' inferieur. La porte etait entrouverte. Prover6eset ..... '.. Prices have gone through the roof. She went through the roof. =She hit the roof. Our plans have gone out (of) the window. They set up house together. Put your house in order first. I wish I were a fly on the wall. The company was up against the wall. Walls have ears. Les prix se sont envoles. Elle a pique une crise. Nos projets sont tombes aI'eau. 115 se sont mis en menage. Commence donc par balayer devant ta porte. J'aimerais bien etre une petite souris. L'entreprise etait au bord du gouffre. Les murs ont des oreilles. I Pieges et difficultes ⢠Prepositions differentes en anglais et en fran~ais To rent a flat.bl the month,.bl the week. They live on the second floor. Louer un appartement au mois, ! 1a semaine. 115 vivent au deuxieme etage. ⢠Dans un mot compose anglais, c'est Ie second element qui est Ie plus important i Ie premier mot ne fait que donner une precision. a burglar alarm une alarme anti-cambriolage a building firm une entreprise de construction a glass wall une paroi de verre a keyring un porte-des a removal van un camion de demenagement a keyhole un trou de serrure ⢠Observez ces mots formes it partir des mots door et window: a doorstep un seuil a windowsill un rebord de fenetre a doorknob un bouton de porte a picture window une baie vitree a doorbell une sonnette a window-pane un carreau, une vitre a front door une porte d'entree a bow window =a bay window une fenetre en saillie a back door une porte de derriere a French window une porte-fenetre Exercices 57. Completez les phrases avec des mots de cette double page. a. A roof may be covered with .. or b. You'd better hold the .. when you come down the stairs. c. When the .. are closed you can't see through the windows. d. It's safer to the door when you go out. 58. Traduisez en anglais. a. Nous louons notre maison it M. Smith i nous sommes ses locataires. b. Nous la louons it I'annee. c. Cette maison est it vendre. d. II est proprietaire d'une petite maison it la campagne. 77 - 3 DANS LA MAISON INSIDE THE HOUSE .!4i·]t§{gM a hall =a lobby [0] a sitting room = a drawing room a living room [I] a dining room [aI] a bedroom [e] a bathroom [0:] a kitchen [I] the toilet =the lavatory a spare room a nursery [3:] a study [1] an attic =a loft a larder =a pantry a corridor = a hall = a hallway a box-room = a junk room a closet [0] a basement [e i] a (wine) cellar [e] une entree = un vestibule un salon une salle de sejour une salle amanger une chambre une salle de bains une cuisine les toilettes une chambre d'amis une chambre d' enfant un bureau un grenier un cellier, un garde-manger un couloir un debarras, un cagibi un placard un sous-sol une cave (hin) a piece of furniture [3:] a table [eI] a bedside table a coffee table a seat Ii:] a stool [u:] a chair an armchair [0:] a sofa / a settee =a couch a cushion [u] a sideboard [aI] a drawer [J:] a chest of drawers a desk a shelf pl. shelves a bookcase [u] bookshelves a bed a cot = a crib US a mattress [Ie] a dressing-table = a dresser US a wardrobe [J:] a cupboard [1] a coat stand = a coat rack un meuble une table une table de chevet une table basse un siege un tabouret 1. une chaise 2. un fauteuil un fauteuil un sofa, un canape un coussin un buffet, un bahut un tiroir une commode un bureau une etagere une bibliotheque (meuble) une bibliotheque (etageres) un lit un lit d'enfant un matelas une coiffeuse a carpet =a rug wall-to-wall carpeting a tile, tiling [aI] a curtain [3:] un tapis lamoquette un carreau, Ie carrelage un rideau une armoire un placard un portemanteau paint lei] a (palnt)brush a roller [;m] wallpaper [J:] to furnish [3:] la peinture un pinceau un rouleau Ie papier peint meubler Household linen bedclothes [e] les draps et couvertures a bedspread un dessus-de-lit a sheet Ii:] un drap a blanket [Ie] une couverture a duvet [u:] une couette an eiderdown = un edredon a comforter / a qUilt US a bolster [;m] un traversin a pillow [I] un oreiller a pillowcase = a pillowslip une taie d' oreiller Electricity and plumbing L' electricite et la plomberie power [au] Ie courant a wire [aI] un £II electrique a plug [1] une prise male a socket [0] une prise femelle an adaptor [if] une prise multiple a fuse Ii u:] un fusible, un plomb lighting [aI] I'edairage a lamp [Ie] une lampe a switch un interrupteur a (light) bulb une ampoule a lampshade un abat-jour running water I'eau courante a tap GB =a faucet US [J:] un robinet (central) heating Ii:] Ie chauffage (central) a boiler [JI] une chaudiere a radiator [eI] un radiateur a fan un ventilateur air conditioning [I] la climatisation the gas meter Ii:] Ie compteur agaz to leak fuir, avoir une fuite U'J1 D)rmn t1 t' i'{·)tit:tTl em the fireplace [aI] the mantelpiece [Ie] lacheminee Ie manteau / dessus de lacheminee Ie foyer une etincelle uneflamme lafumee un tisonnier une bliche les braises la cendre the hearth [0:] a spark a flame [eI] smoke a poker [;m] a log embers [e] ash Phrases et expressions usuelles o To switch on ' off the light To plug sth in ' to unplug sth To blow a fuse To flush the toilet To light a fire Afitted kitchen There's a leak in the kitchen. The plumbing is out of order = doesn't work. We're going to have a new boiler installed. I'm going to hang the curtains. Wet paintl GB =Fresh paintl US Anna painted her room orange. Allumer ' eteindre la lumiere Brancher ' debrancher qqch Faire sauter un plomb Tirer la chasse d'eau Allumer un feu Une cuisine equipee II y a une fuite dans la cuisine. La plomberie ne fonctionne plus. Nous allons faire installer une nouvelle chaudiere. Je vais accrocher les rideaux. Attention I Peinture fraiche. Anna a peint sa chambre en orange. Pro.,.,.'. et apressIons lmagees Make yourself at home. There is no place like home. Charity begins at home. It's nothing to write home about! As you make your bed, so you must lie in it. He got up on the wrong side of the bed. To pull the plug on sth To be as snug as a bug in a rug His story kept us on the edge of our seat. There is a skeleton in the cupboard. There is no smoke without fire. To be in the hot seat Mets-toi a I'aise. / Fais comme chez toi. On n'est jamais si bien que chez soi. Charite bien ordonnee commence par soi-meme. II n'ya la rien d'extraordinaire I Comme on fait son lit, on se couche. II s'est leve du pied gauche. Mettre fin a qqch £tre bien au chaud Son histoire nous a tenus en haleine. II y a un cadavre dans Ie placard. II n'y a pas de fumee sans feu. £tre en premiere ligne / en mauvaise posture ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Les faux amis a library a pipe a chandelier a cabinet a bureau ⢠Ne confondez pas Ie nom indenombrable room qui signifie « de la place» et Ie nom denombrable a room qui signifie « une piece» There are only two rooms. II n'y a que deux pieces. There's not enough room for a large family. II n'y a pas assez de place pour une famille nombreuse. une bibliotheque (lieu) un tuyau un lustre un meuble de rangement un secretaire Exercices 59. Completez chaque phrase avec Ie mot qui convient : adaptor - box-room - coat rack - pantry - stool a. There is only one socket so we must use an to plug in all our electrical appliances. b. An armchair or a sofa are much more comfortable than a .. c. We keep all our foodstuffs in the d. The children's old toys are in the e. Hang your jacket on the 60. Traduisez en anglais. a. II n'y a pas de fumee sans feu. b. Apres avoir accroche les rideaux, elle s'est rendu compte qu'ils etaient trop courts. c. Dans leur chambre, il y a une armoire, une commode et une coiffeuse. d. Nous n'avons pas assez de place pour tous nos livres. e. Ne cherche pas tes lunettes, elles sont sur Ie dessus de la cheminee. f. Nous avons peint la chambre d'enfant en bleu. 79 CQlllts , â¢.210 III .,*1 housework = Ie menage housecleaning [au) dirt =filth lasalete grime [m) la crasse kitchen waste = les ordures menageres household refuse litter [I) les detritus rubbish =trash US les ordures a dustbin =a trash can / une poubelle a garbage can US a rubbish chute = un vide-ordures a garbage chute US dust [/I) la poussiere a rag =a duster = un chiffon a dust cloth US a dustpan [/I) une pelle apoussiere a broom un balai a vacuum-cleaner un aspirateur a floor cloth une serpilliere a sponge [/I) une eponge I'essuie-tout kitchen paper = paper towels US a cleaner [i:) un produit d' entretien polish (0) I'encaustique wax la eire a spot =a stain une tache a washing-machine un lave-linge the washing =the laundry la lessive (= Ie linge) washing powder la lessive (= Ie produit) softener (0) I'assouplissant bleach [i:) I'eau de Javel a clothes line = une corde alinge a washing line GB a clothes peg GB = une pince alinge a clothes pin US [au) a drying rack [m) un etendoir a tumble dryer un seche-linge an Iron [m) un fer arepasser the washing-up (0) la vaisselle a dishwasher [I) un lave-vaisselle a dishcloth =a tea towel un torchon an air freshener [e) un desodorisant cleanness / cleanliness [i:) la proprete clean ~ dirty =filthy propre ' sale grimy [m) crasseux spotless / immaculate impeccable / immacule tidy [m) (bien) range, en ordre to clean' to dirty nettoyer ' salir to dust epousseter to scrub nettoyer ala brosse, recurer to sweep' balayer to wipe sth (clean) essuyer qqch to wash laver to mop up eponger to scour recurer, decaper to vacuum =to hoover GBpasser I'aspirateur to Iron [m) repasser to tidy up [m) faire du rangement â¢â¢ a handyman [re) a workbench [3:) a tool a tool-bag [u:) a toolbox a hammer [re) a nail a screw [u:) a screwdriver pincers [I) pliers [al) a file [al) an electric drill [e1 a vice GB =a vise US a nut [/I) a bolt [au) a saw sandpaper[re) a ladder [re ) a stepladder [e) to file to drill to saw' to repair =to fix to replace [el) lcm: rm1j!J a garden [0:) a greenhouse = a hothouse the lawn [J:) alawnmower a fork a spade [el) a rake [el) a weed [i:) aweedkiller a watering can [J:) a hose to weed (out) to hoe to sow' to water [J:) to prune [u:) to rake up to dig' un bricoleur un etabli un outil une trousse aoutils une boite aoutils un marteau un clou une vis un tournevis des tenailles une pince unelime une perceuse electrique un etau un ecrou un boulon une seie du papier de verre une echelle un escabeau limer forer, percer seier reparer remplacer .~Ci:llimll unjardin une serre la pelouse, Ie gazon une tondeuse agazon unefourche 1. une pelle 2. une beche un rateau une mauvaise herbe un desherbant un arrosoir un tuyau d' arrosage desherber sarcler, biner semer arroser elaguer ratisser becher Phrases et expressions usuelles The house was in a mess. Now it is sparkling dean. He was busy deaning the house. After doing the washing, you hang it out. My dishwasher needs mending. To do the housework He likes to tinker about =to potter about. To do / to dry the dishes To do odd jobs A speck of dust o La maison et:ait sale et en desordre. Maintenant elle est etincelante de prop.-ete. II et:ait occupe afaire Ie menage. Apres avoir fait la lessive, on I'etend Mon lave-vaisselle a besoin d'etre repare. Faire Ie menage II aime bricoler. Faire / essuyer la vaisselle Faire du bricolage Un grain de poussiere Pro'.,.'. . . . . . . . . . . . ',... To call a spade a spade They are dirt poor. It's dirt cheap. Why do I always get to do the dirty job? Don't wash your dirty linen in public. You need to come dean now. You hit the nail on the head. That's the final nail in the coffin. To lead sb up the garden path To let the dust settle I'll wipe that smile off your facel ! Appeler un chat un chat 115 sont extremement pauvres. C'est tres bon marche. Pourquoi e'est toujours moi qui fais Ie sale boulot 7 Ne lavez pas votre linge sale en famille. Maintenant, il faut que tu dises la verite. Tu a mis Ie doigt sur Ie probleme. e'est Ie coup de grice. Faire marcher quelqu'un laisser passer I'orage Je vais te faire passer I'envie de sourire I Pieges et difficultes ⢠les particules adverbiales changent Ie sens d'un verbe ou d'un nom. Comparez : - to do the washing faire la lessive et to do the washing·Y2 faire la vaisselle ⢠Attention ala traduction de « faire » to do one's room faire sa chambre to make one's bed faire son lit ⢠Dans un nom compose, Ie deuxieme nom est Ie plus important; Ie premier ne fait qu'en preciser Ie sens: an ironing board une table arepasser a window cleaner un laveur de vitres a cleaning ~ une femme de menage - to clean nettoyer et to clean Y2 / to dean out nettoyer afond. Exercices 61. Trouvez la bonne traduction de la phrase ou de I'expression. a. To lead somebody up the garden path 1. Faire marcher quelqu'un 2. Emmener quelqu'un dans Ie jardin d. Take the file! 1. Prends la lime! 2. Prenez la file! b. You should let the dust settle. e. He loves to do odd jobs. 1. II fait des boulots bizarres et il adore c;:a. 2. II adore bricoler. 1. Ne te fatigue pas a enlever la poussiere ! 2. laisse passer I'orage ! c. Don't waste the kitchen paper! 1. Ne jette pas les papiers dans la cuisine! f. I need pincers and a vice. 1. II me faut des pinces et une vis. 2. Ne gaspille pas I'essuie-tout ! 2. II me faut des tenailles et un etau. 62. Traduisez en anglais. a. Apres avoir repasse, tu feras du rangement. b. II faut que nous percions un trou ici. c. Ne vous inquietez pas! Je vais reparer votre lave-linge. d. II est en train de faire la vaisselle pendant que sa femme fait la lessive. 33 LA NOURRITURE ET LES BOISSONS FOOD AND DRINK mnm (breakfast) cereals flour sugar [u] caster sugar atin GB= a can US jam marmalade [0:] honey [A] chocolate [0] salt [J:] pepper [e] oil vinegar [I] mustard [A] rice [aI] pasta[re] Les denrees de base des cereaJes la farine Ie sucre Ie sucre en poudre une boite de conserves la confiture la marmelade d'oranges lemiel lechocolat lesel Ie poivre I'huile levinaigre lamoutarde Ie riz les pites Les prodults laltiers butter [A] cheese [i:] milk yog(h)urt [01 dairy cream anegg skim(med) = fat-free whole =full-cream Ie beurre lefromage Ie lait leyaourt la creme fraiche un<Euf ecreme entier I~ml Immr:t1 beef [i:] veal [i:1 Ie b<euf leveau I'agneau Ie mouton Ie pore lejambon la volaille unrOti une cOte une cOtelette les rognons une saucisse gras ' maigre cru'cuit bleu / saignant apoint / bien cuit decouper (Ia viande) lamb mutton [AI pork ham poultry [;m] a joint a chop a cutlet [A] Iddneys [I] a sausage =a banger fatty' lean raw'cooked very rare / rare medium / well done tocarve 'I'~ fish a cod a herring [e] a trout an anchovy [reI Ie poisson une morue, un cabillaud un hareng unetruite un anchois shellfish [el a lobster [01 aaayfishGB = a aawfish US a prawn =a shrimp a mussel [A] an oyster [JI] a scallop [0] Bread, cakes and puddings toast a (bread) roll a bun [AI a loaf a crumb [A] the crust a biscuit =a cookie shortbread [J:] gingerbread [I] an ice-cream pastry [eI] a pie [aI] a tart a gateau [reI a waffle [01 a pancake [re I a doughnut GB = a donut US [;)ul rice pudding [u] jelly [el custard [A] les fruits de mer un homard une ecrevisse / une langouste une crevette unemoule une huitre une coquille Saint-Jacques Le pain, les gateaux et les desserts du pain grille un petit pain un petit pain brioche unemiche une miette lacroute un biscuit sec un / des sable(s) du pain d'epices uneglace la patisserie unetourte unetarte un gateau ala creme unegaufre une crepe un beignet durizaulait de lagelee de la creme anglaise lll11lJ:Ui Im:X:Uii,'d- water [J:I a soft drink a soda [;)ul cocoa [;)u] coffee [0] tea [i:] fruit juice wine [aI] beer [I;)] brandy [reI I'eau une boisson non alcoolisee une boisson gazeuse Ie cacao lecate lethe Ie jus de fruit levin la biere Ie cognac Ie porto une bouteille un decapsuleur un tire-bouchon plat =non gazeux gazeux verser boire siroter deboucher (une bouteille) port a bottle [0] a bottle opener a corkscrew [J:] still fizzy =sparkling to pour todrink* to sip to uncork [J:] ~; Phrases et expressions usuelles~~ Black coffee / white coffee / a decaf Scrambled / soft boiled / hard boiled / fried eggs You can buy tea bags or tea leaves. Children are fond of fish fingers. I don't like whipped cream. He's eating a slice of wholemeal bread. Thyme and rosemary are herbs. Cinnamon and ginger are spices. Verbena is used to make herb tea. Lager is not as strong as stout. Let's drink to John's health! Bottoms up! Proverbes et expressions/mapa That's not my cup of tea. We have other fish to fry. This book sells like hot cakes. To take things with a pinch of salt To drink like a fish It's another kettle of fish. Butter wouldn't melt in her mouth. It's no use crying over spilt milk. That was just a red herring. To tread on eggs He's got butter fingers! ! Un cafe noir / un care au lait / un deca Des CEufs brouilles / ala coque / durs / au plat Le the s'achete en sachets ou en vrac. Les enfants aiment Ie poisson pane. Je n'aime pas la creme chantilly. II mange une tranche de pain complet Le thym et Ie romarin sont des fines herbes. La cannelle et Ie gingembre sent des epices. La verveine sert afaire de la tisane. La biere blonde est moins forte que la brune. Buvons ala sante de John I eulsec ! ~ ne me plait pas. / Ce n'est pas mon true. Nous avons d'autres chats afouetter. Ce livre se vend comme des petits pains. En prendre et en laisser Boire com me un trou e'est une autre paire de manches. On lui donnerait Ie bon Dieu sans confession. Ce qui est fait est fait Ce n'emit qu'une manCEuvre de diversion. Marcher sur des CEufs Ce qu'il est maladroit I Pieges et difficultes ⢠Fish et fruit sont : - indenombrables quand ils designent Ie poisson ou les fruits (omme type de nourriture I don't eat much fish because it i~expensive. Je ne mange pas beaucoup de poisson parce que ('est cher. Fruit is my favourite dessert. Les fruits sont mon dessert prefere. - denombrables apluriel regulier en -s quand ils designent differentes especes de poissons ou de fruits : Ajam made with summer fruits. Une confiture de fruits d' ete (= des fraises, des framboises, etc.) A book on the fishes of the world. Un livre sur les poissons du monde (= les raies, les barracudas, etc.) - denombrables sans marque de pluriel quand ils designent plusieurs fruits ou plusieurs poissons d'une meme espece. There aren't many fish left in the river. II n'y a plus beaucoup de poissons dans la riviere. Exercices ,[email protected],~~ 63 t Completez la phrase avec un mot de la page de gauche. II peut y avoir plusieurs solutions. a. It can be dark brown, light brown or white, and children love it; it's b. It can be rare, very rare, medium or well done; it's .. c. To uncork a bottle you need a .. d. is made from milk. e. In the morning, people drink it to be full of energy; it's 64 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Puis-je vous offrir une tasse de the? b. J'ai besoin de trois poissons differents. c. Ajoutez un peu d'huile, du sel et du poivre. d. Elle sirotait son jus d'orange. e. II ne mange pas de viande et tres peu de poisson. 83 14 LA CUISINE ET LES REPAS COOKING AND MEALS I Dans la cuisine une cuisiniere (appareil) a cooker [u] an oven [II] un four a mkrowave (oven) un (four iI) micro-ondes a refrigerator, a fridge un refrigerateur, un frigo a freezer =a deep-freeze un congelateur a sink un evier a saucepan [:I:] une casserole a frying pan =a fry pan US une peele = a skillet US a pot unemarmite a pressure cooker un autocuiseur a coffee maker une cafetiere electrique a baking tin = un moule iI gateaux a baking pan US a kettle [e] une bauilloire a toaster [;m] un grille-pain a food processor [;m] un robot menager tin foil =aluminium foil [I] Ie papier aluminium ~ a cook a recipe [e] an apron [eI] stuffing [II] seasoning Ii:] vinaigrette = French dressing vavy[eI] I sauce IStew[ju:] o pare o peel [i:] o chop =to mince Dslice [aI] Dmix =to blend Dbake ) heat ) simmer [I] ) boil )stew 'fry [aI] ,grill I poach I steam Ii:] 'stir [3:] season Ii:] Faire la cuisine un cuisinier, une cuisiniere une recette un tablier la farce I'assaisonnement la vinaigrette de la sauce (il base de jus deviande) une sauce un ragout eplucher peler hacher couper en tranches melanger, mixer (faire) cuire au four (faire) chauffer (faire) cuire iI petit feu (faire) bouillir (faire) mijoter (faire) frire (faire) griller (faire) pocher (faire) cuire iI la vapeur remuer assaisonner Laying / Setting the table ble linen ablecloth [eI] oilcloth [:II] Ie linge de table une nappe une toile ciree a napkin [a:] une serviette a place mat un set de table a coaster [;lU] un dessous-de-verre crockery [0] la vaisselle china [aI] la porcelaine a dinner set un service de table a plate une assiette a dish un plat a soup tureen [i:] une soupiere a ladle [eI] une louche a salad bowl [a:] un saladier a salt cellar =a salt shaker une saliere a pepper pot un poivrier a sugar bowl un sucrier a glass un verre a tumbler [II] un verre (sans pied) cutlery [II] les couverts a fork une fourchette a knife [aI] un couteau a spoon une cuillere chopsticks [0] des baguettes (chinoises) a cup [II] une tasse a saucer [:I:] une soucoupe a mug [II] une chope, un mug a bowl unbal a teapot [i:] une theiere a coffee-pot [0] une cafetiere ajug [II] un brae, un pichet to clear the table debarrasser ElI!W_ ELm. a meal [i:] a snack a picnic [I] a course [:I:] an appetizer [a:] a starter [0:] the first course the main course breakfast [e] lunch tea dinner [I] a mouthful [au] a helping [e] leftovers [e] to help oneself to eat' to crunch [II] to chew [u:] to swallow [0] to burp [3:] to gulp down = to wolf down un repas un casse-croute un pique-nique un plat un amuse-gueule un hors d'CEuvre I'entree Ie plat principal Ie petit-dejeuner Ie dejeuner Ie gomer Ie diner une bouchee une portion les restes se servir manger croquer macher avaler rater devorer, engloutir Yummy! Yuck! I'm starving. *- I'm full. Lunch / Dinner is ready! Coat in breadcrumbs, then sprinkle with grated cheese, add a pinch of salt. Add one teaspoon of salt and two tablespoons of sugar. Stir the sauce so that it does not stick. Use a non-stick pan. Knead the dough, then roll it out with a rolling-pin. An all-you-can-eat buffet Don't peck at your food! The food didn't agree with me. Let's talk about it ~ a drink. Proverbes et expressions InMgies Don't bite off more than you can chew. You can't have your cake and eat it. You should take his remark with a pinch of salt. The proof of the pudding is in the eating. To jump out of the frying pan into the fire It won't be a picnic! What's cooking? ! Miam-miam! Beurk I Je meurs de faim. *- J'ai assez mange. A. table! Panez, puis parsemez de fromage rape, ajoutez une pincee de sel. Ajoutez une cuiller acafe de sel et deux cuillers asoupe de sucre. Remuez la sauce pour qu'elle n'attache pas. Utilisez une casserole anti-adhesive. Petrissez la pate, puis !!talez-Ia avec un rouleau apatisserie. Un buffet avolonte Arrete de chipoter ! La nourriture ne m'a pas reussi. Si on en parlait autour d'un verre? II ne faut pas avoir les yeux plus gros que Ie ventre. On ne peut pas avoir Ie beurre et I'argent du beurre. Ne prends pas ce qu'il dit au pied de la lettre. C'est au resultat qu'on juge I'action. Tomber de Charybde en Scylla ~ ne sera pas une partie de plaisir ! Qu'est-ce qu'on nous mijote? / Quoi de neuf? Pieges et difficultes ⢠Ne confondez pas Ie contenant et Ie contenu : a teacup une tasse ! the a coffee cup une tasse ! cafe a water jug un pot! eau sont des contenants, et a cup of tea une tasse de the a cup of coffee une tasse de cafe a jug of water une carafe .!teau sont des contenus. ⢠Dans un nom compose, Ie deuxieme nom est Ie plus important; Ie premier ne fait qu'en preciser Ie sens: a tin opener un ouvre-boite a nutcracker un casse-noix a breadknife un couteau apain a wine glass un verre avin a bread basket une corbeille apain a cooking utensil un ustensile de cuisine Exercices 65. Associez Ie verbe a sa traduction. a. to mince b. to simmer c. to crunch d.tostew e. to pare f. to chew 1. croquer 2. eplucher 3. cuire a petit feu 4. macher S. hacher 6. faire mijoter 66. Traduisez en anglais. a. Apres avoir fait la cuisine pour toute la famille, elle n'a plus faim. b. Leur vaisselle est-elle en porcelaine ? c. Ce plat manque d'assaisonnement. d. Les tasses athe sont a cote de la soupiere. e. Avant de remuer la sauce, mets ton tablier. L-'_ _ _---' Perhaps you don't realize when you're eating a sandwich that there is a historical anecdote behind the name. Vous ne Ie savez peut-etre pas, mais lorsque vous mangez un« sandwich », une anecdote historique se cache a I'interieur. Lord Sandwich (1718-1792) was an inveterate card player. So he would not have to leave the gaming table, he had the butler of his club serve him a snack consisting of cold meat and cheese between two slices of bread (thanks to the bread, the lord wouldn't stain his fingers). That is how this aristocrat lent his name to the most widespread type of snack. Lord Sandwich etait un joueur de cartes invetere. Afin de ne pas etre oblige de quitter la table de jeu, il se faisait servir; par Ie maitre d'h6te1 de son club, un en-cas fait de viande froide et de fromage entre deux tranches de pain (Ie pain mit la pour que Ie lord ne se tache pas les doigts). Voila comment cet aristocrate a legue son nom a ce qui est Ie type de casse-croute Ie plus repandu. If you have a sweet tooth, why not make your own lemon meringue pie, a traditional English dessert? Here is the recipe! Si vous aimez les plats sucres, pourquoi ne p faire votre propre tarte au citron meringue dessert anglais traditionnel ? En voici la recette ! Ingredients Ingredients ⢠1 all-butter pie crust 1 pate brisee To make the lemon filling: 1 cup white sugar 2 tablespoons white flour 3 tablespoons cornstarch a pinch of salt 1 1/2 cups water 2 lemons 2 tablespoons butter 4 egg yolks To make the meringue top: 4 egg whites 6 tablespoons white sugar Oven bake the pie crust. In a saucepan, whisk together the sugar; flour; cornstarch, and salt. Stir in water, lemon juice and grated lemon zest. Cook over medium-high heat, stirring frequently, until mixture comes to a boil. Stir in butter. Pour la garniture au citron: 1 tasse de sucre en poudre 2 cuillerees a soupe de farine 3 cuillerees a soupe de maizena une pincee de sel 1 tasse et demie d'eau 2 citrons 2 cuillerees a soupe de beurre 4 jaunes d' CEufs Pour la meringue: 4 blancs d' CEufs 6 cuillerees a soupe de sucre en poudre In a large bowl, whip egg whites until foamy. Add sugar gradually, and continue to whip until stiff. Spread meringue over pie. Faites cuire au four la pate a tarte. Dans une casserole, melangez au fouet Ie sucr la farine, la mai'zena et Ie sel. Ajoutez I'eau 4 remuant, Ie jus de citron et Ie zeste de citron rip Faites cuire a feu moyen, en remuant frequer ment, jusqu'a ebullition. Ajoutez Ie beurre I remuant. Mettez les jaunes d'CEufs dans un bol et ajoutl progressivement Ie melange sucre. Portez a ebul tion et continuez a faire chauffer sans arreter I remuer jusqu'a ce que Ie melange epaississe. Reti~ du feu et versez sur la pate cuite. Dans un grand bol, montez les blancs en nei~ Ajoutez Ie sucre petit a petit et continuez fouetter jusqu'a ce que les CEufs soient fermt £talez la meringue sur la tarte. Bake in preheated oven for 10 minutes. Faites cuire 10 minutes au four prechauffe. Place egg yolks in a bowl and gradually whisk in the sugar mixture. Bring to a boil and continue to cook while stirring constantly until thick. Remove from heat and pour into baked pastry shell. It is no easy task trying to find out who is a veggie and who is a vegan. II n'est pas facile de savoir qui est vegetarien et qui est vegetalien. If you do not eat meat but do eat dairy products and eggs, then your diet is lacto-ovo vegetarian; if you abstain from consuming eggs, then it is lacto-vegetarian; and, if your diet excludes all meat and animal products, then you are vegan. Si vous ne mangez pas de viande mais consommez des produits laitiers et des <Eufs, alors votre regime est lacto-ovo vegetarien ; si vous ne consommez pas d'<Eufs, alors il est lacto-vegetarien ; et si votre regime exclut tout ce qui est viande et produits d'origine animale, alors vous etes vegetalien. L..;;.=';';'...J Nearly everybody in the United States is related or acquainted with a vegetarian. A 2006 poll revealed that 2.3% of adults aged 18 years or older never eat meat, fish, or fowl. What is more, 6.7% of the total say they never eat meat, and 1.4% say they are vegans, which means that their diets do not contain meat, poultry, fish, seafood, dairy produce, or eggs. Aux £tats-Unis, rares sont ceux qui n'ont pas un vegetarien dans leur famille ou leurs relations. Un sondage realise en 2006 a revele que 2,3 % des adultes ages de 18 ans ou plus ne mangent jamais de viande, de poisson ou de volaille. Qui plus est, 6,7 % disent qu'ils ne mangent jamais de viande et 1,4 % se disent vegetaliens, ce qui signifie que leur regime ne contient ni viande, ni volaille, ni poissons, ni fruits de mer, ni produits laitiers, ni <Eufs. In a building, a level or a floor can be called a storey (GB) or story (US). But the numbering can be somewhat tricky. Dans un immeuble, un etage peut s'appeler floor ou storey en Grande-Bretagne ou story aux £tats-Unis. In Britain, the level at which you enter the building is called the ground floor, because it is at the level of the ground, and the level just above is called the first floor. But in North America, you enter the building at the first floor, and the level just above is called the second floor. Logically, the American third floor corresponds to the second floor in Britain. En Grande-Bretagne, on entre dans un immeuble par Ie rez-de-chaussee, parce que c'est au niveau de la chaussee, et I'etage du dessus s'appelle Ie premier etage. Mais, en Amerique du Nord, on entre par Ie premier etage et I'etage du dessus s'appelle Ie deuxieme etage. En toute logique, Ie troisieme etage americain correspond au deuxieme etage anglais. In most American and Canadian high-rise buildings, you will see that there is no 13th floor, because of the superstition linked to this number. Such a number could even deter potential buyers from acquiring an apartment! In some cases, the elevator goes straight from floor 12 to floor 14. Floor 13 is sometimes used for technical purposes so that nobody actually lives or works there. This also applies to some hospitals, hotels (no room n013), planes (no row B), Formula One racing cars (no car nOB), streets (no house nOB) and so on. Dans la plupart des gratte-ciel americains et canadiens, vous verrez qu'il n'y a pas de 13' etage en raison de la superstition liee a ce nombre, qui pourrait meme dissuader des acheteurs potentiels d'acquerir un appartement ! Dans certains cas, I'ascenseur va directement du 12' au 14' etage. Le 13' etage est parfois utilise pour des locaux techniques, si bien que personne n'y habite ou n'y travaille. Cela s'applique aussi parfois aux hopitaux, hotels (pas de chambre 13), avions (pas de rangee 13), voitures de Formule Un (pas de voiture 13), rues (pas de n° 13), etc. Mais la numerotation peut etre assez compliquee. '!G!9,ii,1:4 a radio (setH eI) un poste de radio a transistor [I) un transistor an aerial = an antenna une antenne a stereo [e) une chaine hi-fi a portable stereo un baladeur a (vinyl) record un (disque) vinyle a record player = un toume-disque = une platine a turntable GB an amplifier [if!) un amplificateur (Ioud)speakers Ii:) des haut-parleurs headphones = un casque (d'ecoute) earphones =a headset a tuner Ii u:) un tuner an equalizer Ii:) un egaliseur a cassette [e) une cassette (magnetic) tape [e) de la bande (magnetique) a tape recorder [J:) un magnerophone a tape deck une platine cassette a tape head une tete de lecture a CD =a compact disc un CD, un disque compact a CD drive un lecteur de CD a digital audio player = un baladeur numerique, an Mp3 player un lecteur Mp3 batteries [if!) des piles a knob un bouton de reglage the sound level/Ie niveau sooore, the audio level Ie volume a track une piste analog( ue) [if!) analogique digital [I) numerique to listen (to sth) ecouter (qqch) to record [J:) enregistrer to playa CD mettre un CD to program [~u) preregler, programmer to turn up t. to turn down monter t. baisser Ie son GlliEa a television set = a TV set the telly GB =the box a screen Ii:) a flat screen TV a decoder (box) [~u) a parabolic antenna a satellite dish [if!) a remote control [~u) a channel [if!) channel hopping = channel surfing video [I) a video (cassette) a VCR (video cassette recorder) aDVD un televiseur latele un ecran une television aeaan plat undecodeur une antenne paraboIique une parabole une telecommande une chaine (de television) Ie zapping la video une (cassette) video un magnetoscope unDVD a DVD player [eI) a Personal Video Recorder (PVR) infrared [I) to watch television to pick up to switch channels Shooting films and photos un lecteur de DVD un PVR = un enregistreur adisque dur infrarouge regarder la television capter changer de chaine Filmeret photographler photography [D) la photographie a photographer un photographe a photo(graph) =a picture une photo(graphie) a shot un diche a snapshot [if!) un instantane a camera [if!) 1. un appareil photo 1 unecamera a point-and-shoot un appareil photo camera compact a camcorder [if!) un camescope a viewfinder Ii y:) unviseur a lens unelentille an objective = unobjectif a photographic lens a wide-angle lens un grand angle a telephoto lens un teleobjectif a zoom (lens) un zoom focusing. the focus [~u) la mise au point the exposure [~u) I'exposition the depth of field la profondeur de champ a flash unit =a flash un flash film, a film de la pellicule, une pellicule aroll=areel= une bobine (de pellicule) a spool (of film) digital photography lenumerique film photography I'argentique a negative [e) un negatif a print une epreuve, un tirage a slide [aI) une diapositive a darkroom [0:) une chambre noire a photo booth un photomaton a passport photo une photo d'identite a memory stick [e) une carte memoire backlighting [if!) Ie contre-jour glossy t. matte brillantt.mat surexpose t. sous-expose overexposed t. underexposed to focus faire la mise au point to be in t. etre net t. flou out of focus to frame leI) cadrer to zoom in t. out zoomer en avant t. arriere to develop =to process developper to print faire un tirage, imprimer Phrases et expressions usuelles II a mis Ie journal televise / CBS. Se faire photographier Cette photo est compJetement floue. II est photogenique. II a mis un DVD dans Ie Iecteur. He tuned in to the news / to CBS. To have one's picture taken This photo is all blurred. He photographs well. = He's photogenic. He inserted a DVD into the player. PronIfIaet ........ To be in the picture To put sb in the picture I get the picturel The economic picture is bleak. A picture is worth a thousand words. ~tre au courant Mettre qqn au courant ~ va, j'ai compris I La situation economique est morose. Une bonne photo / Un bon dessin vaut mieux que des mots. E1le respire Ia sante. E1le est jolie comme un cceur. C'est Ie portrait crache de son pere. ~ d'une oreille distraite She is the picture of health. She is pretty as a picture. He's his father's spitting image. To listen with half an ear ! o Pieges et difficultes ⢠Alors que look et see renvoient surtout it. la capacite physique de voir; Ie verbe watch implique une idee d'observation: to watch one's steps etre prudent to watch out for sth faire attention it. qqch / guetter qqch Watch out! Attention! Watch your steps! Regardez ou YOUS marchez ! Watch your mouth! Modere ton langage ! Watch yourself! TIens-toi correctement ! to watch a movie regarder un film to watch birds observer des oiseaux to watch a prisoner surveiller un prisonnier to watch a dead person veiller un mort to watch over sb / sth veiller sur / surveiller qqn / qqch to watch one's figure surveiller sa ligne Exercices 67 t Completez Ie texte suivant avec les termes fournis aimed - frame - light - mode/- pressed - switched on As the .. was declining, the photographer .. his flash unit. Then he .. his camera at his.., and took some time to .. her. Finally, he .. the release button. 68 t Traduisez en anglais. a. J'ai allume mon transistor et je me suis branche sur Radio 4. b. Je dois aller dans un photomaton pour faire des photos d'identite. c. Monte Ie son I J'adore ce vieux disque. d. Avec un appareil photo numerique, on n'a plus besoin de se soucier de I'exposition. e. Avec mon antenne parabolique et mon decodeur; je capte toutes les chaines. 69 t Sur votre lecteur-enregistreur de DVD, les fonctions sont indiquees en anglais. Retrouvez leur traduction. 1. eject a. enregistrement 2. stop b.lecture 3. volume control c. rembobinage 4. power d. alimentation 5. mute e. ouverture / ejection f. avance rapide 6. play 7. fast forward g. arret 8. rewind h. arret du son 9. record i.volume 89 36 L'INFORMATIQUE HOME COMPUTERS a computer [j u:) a personal computer a desktop computer a laptop (computer) a mainframe [eI) a monitor (0) a screen a keyboard [i:) a key a numeric keypad = anumpad a mouse [au) a mouse pad a click a (micro-)processor a chip a CPU (central processing unit) the motherboard [1) RAM ROM a memory module (mass) storage [:>:) a byte / a megabyte [e) a hard disk (drive) = a hard drive a floppy disk (0) a USB flash drive a printer [I) an ink cartridge [0:) a CD recorder / burner a peripheral device to start to type [aI) to click to display [eI) to print une disquette une ele USB une imprimante une cartouche d'encre un graveur de CD un peripherique demarrer taper, saisir eliquer afficher imprimer atii,iill;. amz:-4m!JI software =a program = an application an operating system data [eI) a database a file [aI) the desktop [e) an Icon [aI) a scroll bar [;)u) a cursor [3:) a (keyboard) shortcut a font a spreadsheet software a graph un logiciel = une application un systeme d' exploitation des donnees une base de donnees un fichier Ie bureau une kane une barre de defilement un curseur un raccourci (elavier) une police de caracteres un tableur un graphique un ordinateur un PC, un micro-ordinateur un ordinateur de bureau un ordinateur portable une unite centrale un moniteur un ecran un clavier unetouche un pave numerique une souris un tapis de souris un clic un (micro-)processeur une puce un processeur la carte mere la memoire vive la memoire morte une barrette de memoire Ie stockage un octet / un megaoctet un disque dur the settings [e) a preview [i:) a login (0) a username [j u:) a password [0:) a keyword [i:) a device driver = a software driver a bug [1) desktop publishing (DTP) teleworking [e) default [:>:) user-friendly to execute =to run' a program to format [:>:) to select [e) to cut' to copy, to paste to insert [3:) ⢠to delete = to erase to undo' [u:) to save to process [;)u) to store to digitize [I) to log in ~ to log out to crash les preferences un ape~u avant impression un identifiant un nom d'utilisateur un mot de passe un mot-ele un pilote informatique un bogue la publication assistee par ordinateur (PAO) Ie teletravail pardetaut facile autiliser faire fonctionner un logiciel formater selectionner couper copier, coller inserer effacer, supprimer annuler sauvegarder, enregistrer traiter, analyser stocker numeriser ouvrir' fermer une session planter The World WIde Web the Internet = the Net = the Web an Internet user cyberspace [aI) a (web) browser = a navigator a search engine [e) a bookmark [u) a portal [:>:) a network [e) a link an (Internet service) provider a webmaster [e) interactivity [I) broadband virtual [3:) interactive [If) to surf (the Web) to upload / to download to go' online ~ to go' offline Internet =Ie Net =Ie Web un internaute Ie cyberespace un navigateur un moteur de recherche un signet, un marque-page un portail un reseau un lien un fournisseur d'acces (a Internet) un webmestre I'interactivite (a) haut debit virtuel interactif naviguer (sur Internet) telecharger se connecter aInternet ~ se deconnecter ~~,l~~~4i Phrases et expressions usuelles To press / strike a key To key in some data Optical character recognition (OCR) Cut-and-paste / copy-and-paste Drag-and-drop An update / an upgrade To update / to upgrade a software To burn a CD = to record a CD To burn music / pictures to a CD I love the Internet. I'm always online. Pirates hack into other people's computers to access their data. Back up your spreadsheet. Ialways use the spell checker of my word processing software. He uploaded pictures to his website. She downloaded her favourite song from a music pay site. ! ~£. Appuyer sur une touche Saisir des donnees La reconnaissance optique de caracteres Un copier-coller Un glisser-deposer Une mise ajour Mettre ajour un logiciel Graver un CD Graver de la musique / des photos sur un CD J'adore Internet. Je suis toujours connette. Les pirates penetrent dans les ordinateurs des autres gens pour acceder aleurs donnees. Fais une copie de sauvegarde de ta feuille de calcul. J'utilise toujours Ie correcteur orthographique de mon logiciel de traitement de texte. II a transrere des photos sur son site web. Elle a wlecharge sa chanson preteree depuis un site de musique payant Pieges et difficultcs ⢠Le vocabulaire de I'informatique etant souvent d'origine anglo-saxonne, de nombreux termes utilises en fran~is sont emprunws aI'anglais ou traduits litteralement a port un port a program un programme =un logiciel a wifi connection une connexion wifi to install a program installer un programme a modem un modem a computer programmer un programmeur an Internet access un acc!!s Internet informatique free software des logkiels libres a blog un blog a scanner un scanner a CD-ROM un CD-ROM a server un serveur a website un site web a pixel un pixel a hacker un hacker Exercices '-mi~~~~i 70 t Completez les phrases suivantes par I'un des mots donnes cartridge - key - mouse - to - upgrade a. If you press the shift .., you'll write capital letters. b. You can select the action you need by using your c. There is an ink .. inside your printer. d. I bum CDs all the tunes I compose. e. I'm afraid your software is obsolete; you must .. it. 71 t Traduisez en anglais. a. II est interdit de telecharger de la musique sur des sites illegaux. b. Clique sur I'kone du disque duro C. II faut toujours faire une copie de sauvegarde. d. Tim a installe un nouveau logiciel et son ordinateur a plante. e. Pour naviguer sur Internet, un moteur de recherche est tres utile. f. II faut avoir Ie haut debit. 91 ~ ~ Needlework Lestravaux d'alguille a needle [i:] the eye of a needle a sewing-machine thread a pin a safety pin sdssors [I] a thimble [I] a tape measure [e] a pattern [re] a seam [i:] amend a button [II] a buttonhole a snap (fastener) [0:] a buckle [II] a zipper [I] ahem the lining [aI] a pleat = a plait a stitch une aiguille Ie chas d'une aiguille une machine acoudre dufil uneepingle une epingle de nourrice desciseaux un de un metre ruban un patron (modele) unecouture une reprise un bouton une boutonniere un bouton pression une boucle une fermeture eclair un ourlet ladoublure unpli un point (couture), une maille (tricot) une pelote de laine lacouture Ie tricot la broderie Ie point de croix la tapisserie coudre tricoter broder epingler a ball of wool sewing [au] knitting [I] embroidery [:lI] cross-stitching [I] tapestry [re] to sew' [au] to knit to embroider to pin (up) lim',:w a reader [i:] a book a paperback [eI] a hardback = a hardcover [a:] a softcover [0] a bookmark [u] a page the cover [II] the spine [aI] the binding [aI] a dust-jacket = a dust cover an original edition [I] a title [aI] a chapter [re ] the table of contents a foreword [J:] IDm!II~1 un lecteur, une lectrice un livre un livre de poche un livre acouverture cartonnee un livre broche un marque-page une page la couverture ledos la reliure une jaquette une edition originale un titre un chapitre la table des matieres un avant-propos acknowledgements [0] a glossary [0] a bibliography [0] aloud ,. in a low voice to read' to browse =to leaf through a book to dog-ear a page to be engrossed in reading / in a book des remerciements un glossaire une bibliographie ahaute voix ,. avoix basse lire feuilleter un livre Creative hobbies arts and crafts mosaics [eI] enamelling [re] pottery [0] weaving [i:] basket weaving = wickerwork wicker [I] Les loisirs creatifs I'artisanat la mosa'ique I'email la poterie letissage la vannerie 1'r;mm1jt!J ⢠[email protected];mt,],j,I§i a collectable = a collectible [e] a collector stamp collecting a philatelist = a stamp collector tweezers [i:] a magnifying glass [aI] memorabilia = souvenirs [Ia] a limited edition a curio [ju] a herbarium [e a] an autograph [J:] valuable = of value [re] avid = passionate [re] to acquire [aI] to classify [reI to swap =to trade un objet de collection Miscellaneous spare time = leisure time [e] model building = scale modelling a scale model [0] (wood) glue genealogy [re ] a family tree [re] cenology = wine-tasting fish-keeping [i:] radio-controlled comer, marquer une page etre absorbe dans la lecture / dans un livre I'osier un collectionneur la philarelie un philareliste des pincettes une loupe des objets souvenirs un tirage limite un bibelot un herbier un autographe de valeur passionne acquerir classer echanger 1''14£' du temps libre Ie modelisme une maquette de la colle (a bois) la genealogie un arbre genealogique I'cenologie I'aquariophilie radiocommande Phrases et expressions usuelles To thread a needle We buy second-hand books. She's a real bookworm. It's a long book but it reads well. TIm was given an alphabet book. He took up amateur dramatics in a leisure centre. Music is his hobby horse. Enfiler une aiguille Nous achetons des livres d'occasion. Elle a toujours Ie nez dans un livre. / C'est un vrai rat de bibliotheque. On peut acheter des livres dans une librairie ou chez un bouquiniste. Ou bien on peut les emprunter dans une bibliotheque. Ce livre est long, mais il se lit bien. On a offert un abecedaire aTIm. ' s'est mis au theatre amateur dans un centre de loisirs. La musique, c'est son dada. Proverlla et expreaIoru hnIIgMs You could hear a pin drop. I was on pins and needles. I can feel pins and needles in my legs. The room was bursting at the seams. She's not in the teacher's good books. Don't judge a book by its cover. I can read you like an open book. To act / go by the book This game is one for the bookl Ollie tried every trick in the book to convince her. To read between the lines On entendait les mouches voler. J'mis sur des charbons ardents. J'ai des fourmillements dans les jambes. La piece mit pleine comme un (l!uf. Elle n'est pas dans les petits papiers du prof. L'habit ne fait pas Ie moine. Je te connais comme si je t'avais fait Agir dans les regles de I'art Ce match restera dans les annales I Ollie a tout tente pour la convaincre. Lire entre les lignes You may buy books at a bookshop / bookstore (US) or at a bookstall. Or you may borrow them from a library. I Pieges et difficultes Quelques expressions pour parler de ce qu'on aime : ⢠I'm fond of / I like + nom / geron'dif : I'm fond of music / I like music. J'aime la musique. I like listening to music. J'adore ecouter de la musique. ⢠I'm keen on / I love + nom / gerondif : I'm keen on books / I love books. J'adore les liYres. Iloye reading books. J'adore lire des liYres. ⢠Etaussi I'm a jazz enthusiast / fan. Je suis passionnee de jazz. Exercices 72. Completez les phrases suivantes par un mot ou une expression comportant Ie mot book ou Ie mot needle. a. Mike dropped his .. and lost his page. b. The .. round the corner is open on Sunday mornings. c. AI is a real who spends all his holidays at the library. d. I find .., embroidery in particular, very relaxing. e. 'It's easier for a camel to go through a .. than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.' (Matthew, 19:24) f. I'm looking forward to the result; I'm on 73 ⢠Traduisez en fran~ais. a. The title page had nothing to do with the book's content. b. A hobby is an activity practiced with an amateur spirit. c. My brother spends all his pocket money on second-hand books. d. When Sheila has her nose in a book, you can hear a pin drop. e. I embroidered red flowers on the hem of my uncle's trousers. 93 - 3 LES JOUETS ET LES JEUX TOYS AND GAMES Imtt,itA. a rattle [re] un hochet a soft toy = unepeluche a cuddly toy [A] a teddy bear [e] un ours en peluche a doll une poupee a (spinning) top une toupie a wind-up toy un jouet mecanique a train set un train electrique a building set un jeu de construction bricks des cubes a colouring book [A] un album de coloriage a colouring pendl un crayon de couleur a puppet [A] une marionnette a rocking horse un cheval abascule modelling clay =plasticine de la pate amodeler Children's ames leapfrog [i:] blind man's buff hide-and-seek hopscotch [0] marbles [0:] dominoes [0] battleships [re ] noughts and crosses = tic-tac-toe US a ball a kite [al] a peashooter [i:] a scooter [u:] roller-skates [;m] a slingshot [I] a seesaw [i:] a swing aslide[al] a hoop a skipping rope an outfit [au] to dress up to cheat [i:] &:JIU:t1llGJ a playing card [el] a pack of cards = a deck of cards US a game of cards the dealer [i:] a deal [i:] a trick a hand a court card = a face card US a trump (card) Lesjeux d'enfant saute-mouton colin-maillard cache-cache lamarelle les billes lesdominos la bataille navale Ie morpion un bailon, une balle un cerf-volant une sarbacane une trottinette des patins aroulettes un lance-pierres untape-cul une balan~ire un toboggan un cerceau une corde asauter une panoplie sedeguiser tricher Les jeW! de cartes une carte ajouer un jeu de cartes une partie de cartes Ie donneur unedonne un pli, une levee unemain unefigure un atout asuit hearts, spades, clubs, diamonds [al] an ace [el] a jack = a knave rummy [A] patience =solitaire to shuffle (the cards) tocut* todeal* to follow suit [0] to trump [A] todraw* unecouleur cceur, pique, trefle, carreau un as un valet Ie rami une reussite melanger (Ies cartes) couper (avant la donne) distribuer fournir, jouer ala couleur couper (avec un atout) piocher Board games and parlour games chess a chessboard [e] a pawn a bishop [I] a castle =a rook a knight [al] ⢠check checkmate [e] pool/billiards [I] a video game a game console [0] a joystick [JI] les echecs un echiquier un pion unfou unetour un cavalier echec echec et mat Ie billard unjeuvideo une console de jeux une manette, un joystick spot the differences a Olgsaw) puzzle crosswords [0] a grid a clue [u:] a crossword enthusiast across t. down Ie jeu des sept erreurs un puzzle des mots croises unegrille une definition un cruciverbiste horizontal II vertical NMail Games of chance Les jeW! de hasarcl a die pl. dice un de a tombola GB =a raffle = une loterie, une tombola a lottery a prize [al] un lot bingo [I] leloto a scratch card un jeu de grattage a slot machine / une machine asous / a one-armed bandit un bandit manchot a chip unjeton a stake [el] unemise lucky II unlucky [A] chanceux II malchanceux tobet* parier, miser to gamble [re] jouer (de I'argent) to draw* (lots) tirer au sort Phrases et expressions usuelles Eeny, meeny, miny, moe Simon says To hit the bull's eye She plays a good game of chess. Whose deal is it? Whose play is it? Your turn! = Your move! = Your go! To hit the jackpot To throw the dice =To roll the dice To draw straws To flip a coin =to toss a coin Heads or tails? He played high and he broke the bank. I recovered my stake. I like playing pinball and table football. To play tag To play cops and robbers Am, stram, gram Jacques a dit Mettre dans Ie mille C'est une bonne joueuse d'echecs. Aqui de donner? Aqui de jouer ? Atoi de jouer I Gagner Ie groslot Lancer les des Tirer a la courte paille Jouer a pile ou face Pile ou face? II a joue gros et il a fait sauter la banque. J'ai recupere ma mise. J'aime jouer au flipper et au baby-foot. Jouer a chat Jouer aux gendarmes et aux voleurs Pro'erbe$ et expressions lmapa To play one's last card To play one's cards well To play into sb's hands To play for time To draw the short straw He's lost his marbles. When the cat is away, the mice will play. To have an ace / a card up one's sleeve She's playing games with you. The die is cast. The dice are loaded. Back to square one. To be puzzled The stakes are high. Jouer son va-tout Bien mener sa barque Faire Ie jeu de qqn Gagner du temps Tirer Ie mauvais numero II est fou. Quand Ie chat n'est pas la, les souris dansent. Avoir un atout dans sa manche Elle te fait marcher. Le sort en est jete. Les des sont pipes. Retour a la case depart. ~tre perplexe l'enjeu est eleve. . ~ . Pieges et difficultes ⢠En anglais, Ie sens d'un verbe change quand on lui ajoute une particule, ex. : to play jouer. to play along cooperer to play back repasser (film, morceau) to play down minimiser to play up exagerer to play up to sb flatter qqn ⢠les noms de jeux se terminant par -5 (billiards, draughts, checkers, darts) sont suivis d'un verbe au singulier. Darts ~ a very difficult game. les f1echettes sont un jeu tres difficile. Draughts GB =Checkers US ~ my favourite game. les dames sont Ie jeu que je prefere. Exercices 74. Complthez Ie texte a I'aide des mots suivants aces - cut - dealt - pack - jack - shuffled The atmosphere was tense around the poker table. Tom took a new of cards. He .., he and he two cards to each player. James had a pair of .., the highest cards in the game. Joseph had a 10 and a .. of spades. With a queen he could win! 75. Traduisez en anglais. a. II n'a pas de chance il a mise sur Ie 12 et il a perdu. b. l'enfant etait assis sur son cheval a bascule avec son nounours dans les bras. c. J'ai joue a la tombola et j'ai gagne Ie gros lot: un train electrique ! d. II est trop grand pour jouer aux dominos. II prefere les jeux video. 95 39 LES SPORTS SPORTS IIt·h,'.t4 Wt.h' La competition an athlete [re] un sportif, un athlete sportsmanship [:>:] I'esprit sportif un championnat a championship [re] a tournament [:>:] untoumoi a match =a game un match, une rencontre une epreuve a contest =an event a quarter-final, un quart de finale, une demi-finale, une finale a semi-final, a final une medaille d'or / a gold / silver / bronze medal d'argent / de bronze a win = a victory [I] une victoire une defaite a loss =a defeat Ii:] un match nul a draw GB=a tie US a stadium [eI] un stade les tribunes the stands les gradins the terraces GB = the bleachers US the pitch GB =the field US Ie terrain a coach un entraineur practice = training I'entrainement warm-up I'echauffement the referee / the umpire I'arbitre a linesman [aI] un juge de touche a whistle [I] un sifflet a tracksuit = a jogsuit un survetement a jersey = a shirt un maillot a leotard Ii:] un justaucorps cleats des chaussures acrampons a mouthguard [au] un protege-dents to practice = to train 5'entrainer, entrainer to win' to lose' gagner'* perdre '* 1111'ij'I',. a team = a side a substitute [II] a goal a (goal)keeper Ii:] the kick-off the tip-off (basketball) a half half-time Injury time extra time afoul a yellow / red card a free kick a touch / a line-out ascrum[lI] a basket [0:] a free throw football GB = soccer US rugby [II] Les sports collectifs une equipe un rempla~nt un but un gardien de but Ie coup d'envoi I'entre-deux une mi-temps lami-temps Ie temps additionnel une prolongation unefaute un carton jaune / rouge un coup franc unetouche unemelee un panier un lancer franc Ie football Ie rugby Rugby union '* Rugby league American football GB = football US baseball / volleyball / basketball ice hockey / (field) hockey [0] cricket [I] home'* away [eI] offside to kick the ball to pass the ball to shoot' to score to lead' to tackle [re] Athletics GB = Track and field US Ie rugby a1S '* Ie rugby a13 Ie football americain Ie base-ball/Ie volley-ball / Ie basket-ball Ie hockey sur glace / surgazon Ie cricket adomicile '* aI'exterieur hors-jeu taper dans Ie ballon passer la baJle tirer marquer mener tacler (football) / plaquer (rugby) iiiij*iHi the track the starting line the finish line a lane [eI] a race [eI] the heats Ii:] long distance running short distance running a hurdle [3:] the javelin [a:] the shot put the hammer [re] the long jump / the high jump the pole vault la piste la ligne de depart la ligne d'arrivee un couloir une course les eliminatoires / les series la course de fond Ie sprint une haie lejavelot Ie poids Ie marteau Ie saut en longueur / en hauteur Ie saut ala perche golf tennis [e] table tennis badminton [re] a racket [re] the net a serve a backhand shot a forehand shot fencing[e] a sword / a foil boxing [0] wrestling [e] welghtlifting motor racing Ie golf Ie tennis Ie tennis de table Ie badminton une raquette Ie filet un service un revers un coup droit I'escrime une epee / un fleuret la boxe 1. la lutte 2. Ie catch I'halrerophilie la course automobile ,I.' ,.mii41' Phrases et expressions usuelles The Olympic Games =the Olympics The World Cup The Grand Slam May the best'man winl On your marksl Get setl Go! =Ready, steady, gol Les Jeux olympiques = les JO La Coupe du Monde Le Grand Chelem Que Ie meilleur gagne I Avos marques I Prets I Partez I Indoor sports ;o! outdoor sports To steal / intercept the ball To have a four-point lead / to lead by four points Three games all. Game, set and match. He came in third. He scored two goals / one try. The final score was two all. It's a drawl No score. The referee can send a player off. The ball hit the goal post / the crossbar. Les sports en salle' les sports de plein air Intercepter Ie ballon Mener de quatre points Trois jeux partout Jeu, set et match. II est arrive troisieme. II a marque deux buts / un essai. Le score final emit de deux partout Match null Zero azero. L'arbitre peut expulser un joueur. Le ballon a touche Ie poteau de but / la barre transversale. Pronr6es ⢠.',..,.,.... That's very sporting of her. It was great sportl That's not alcketl GB I beat him at his own game. Win some, lose some. It's win or lose now. It's a lose-lose situation. To be ahead of the game That's a whole new ball game. Keep your eyes on the balll We need to get the ball rolling on this project I C'est ues chic de sa part C'etait tres amusant I C'est pas du jeu I Je I'ai battu ason propre jeu. On ne gagne pas atous les coups. Maintenant, c'est quitte ou double. Tout Ie monde y perd. Avoir un temps d'avance La donne a completement change. Reste concentre I II faut lancer Ie projet Pleges et rllffi(lJltc:'~s ⢠Certains noms de disciplines sportives se terminant par -ics sont suivis en anglais par un verbe au singulier. Gymnastics is seldom broadcast on TV. La gymnastique est rarement retransmise ala tele. ⢠On peut utiliser Ie nom d'une ville ou d'un pays pour designer une equipe. En anglais americain, ce nom est logiquement suivi d'un verbe au singulier; mais en anglais britannique Ie verbe est au pluriel. Dallas is my favourite team. Dallas est I'equipe que je prerere. Nottingham were disappointing last night Nottingham a ete decevant hier soir. France were GB / was US beaten by Argentina. La France a ete battue par I:.rgentine. Exercices 76. Associez chaque mot au sport qui convient Un mot peut entrer dans plusieurs categories. a mouthguard - a goal - a racket - a net - to pass - a javelin - a team - a line-out the pole vault - to tackle a. Athletics b. Football c. Tennis d. Rugby 77 ⢠Traduisez en anglais. a. La France menait a la mi-temps. b. II a marque un but pendant Ie temps additionnel. c. Pour gagner une medaille, il faut beaucoup s'entrainer. d. Aux Jeux olympiques, il n'y a pas de course automobile. e. Le match semblait perdu quand il a intercepte Ie ballon. .5'f i ,.,tM hiking [al) a hiker = a backpacker backpacking = trekking orienteering [I~) a walking stick = a trekking pole a stroll a footpath [u) a hiking path la randonm!e un randonneur Ie trekking la course d'orientation un baton de marehe ~., Les deux-roues une bicyclette unemoto a bicycle = a bike a motorcycle = a motorbike [~u) amoped[~u) a mountain bike [au) BMX a crash helmet [e) a cycle path GB = a cycling track US handlebars [~) a pedal [e) the headlamp [e) the rear light the mudguard GB = the fender US the kick-stand aspoke[~u) a pump [1) 1::::':1,2' .f. a horseman [J:) a spur [3:) a stirrup [I) a riding crop [al) asaddle[~) a bridle [al) the reins a bit the harness [a:) a horseshoe [J:) show jumping [1) on horseback [J:) to mount tto dismount [I) toamble[~) to canter [~) to trot togallop[~) to prance to kick to rear (up) to bolt une promenade un sentier un sentier de randonnee un velomoteur unVTT Ie bicross un casque une piste cyclable Ie guidon unepedale Ie phare Ie feu arriere Ie garde-boue la bequille un rayon une pompe I velo l'ltmWll!a un cavalier, un ecuyer un eperon un !!trier une cravache une selle une bride les renes un mors Ie harnais un fer I cheval Ie saut d'obstacles I cheval monter I cheval ¢ descendre de cheval aller au pas aller au petit galop aller au trot galoper caracoler ruer se cabrer s'emballer Shooting andfishlng coursing / hunting a prey game [el) a game licence [al) waterfowl [J:) a rifle [al) a cartridge [a:) a gamebag[el) a gamekeeper a bloodhound [1) a retriever [i:) a pack (of hounds) the scent a birdcall [3:) a trap clay-pigeon shooting angling[~) an angler / a fisherman fishing tackle ⢠a fishing rod / pole a hook [u) the line [al) the float [~u) bait [el) waders [el) to cast· to land a catch la chasse I courre une proie Ie (gros) gibier un permis de chasse Ie gibier d'eau unfusil une cartouche une gibeciere un garde-chasse un limier (chien) un chien de chasse une meute (de chiens) la piste unappeau un piege Ie ball-trap la peme I la ligne unpemeur I'attirail de ped1e une canne I peche unham~n laligne Ie bouchon I'appat des cuissardes lancer (Ia ligne) ramener une prise sports Les sports extremes bungee jumping [1) Ie saut I I'elastique parachuting = skydiving Ie parachutisme gilding [al) Ie vol I voile a gilder un planeur paragliding [~) Ie parapente hang gilding [al) Ie deltaplane caving [el) la speleologie IL1MC ttl an amusement park a theme park a big wheel = a Ferris wheel US a roller coaster dodgems [0) Aunt Sally GB = the coconut shy a merry-go-round [e) a stand candyfl05s GB = cotton candy US a candy apple = a toffee apple un pare d'attractions un pare I theme une grande roue des montagnes russes les autos tamponneuses Ie jeu de massacre un manege (pour enfants) une baraque la barbe I papa une pomme d'amour Phrases et expressions usuelles No fishing To go on an outing To go for a walk =To take a walk To ride a horse / a bicycle To fall off one's horse / one's bike To ride side-saddle / bareback To break into a gallop She's the outdoor type. She walked me off my feet. o Peche interdite Faire une sortie, une excursion Faire une promenade Monter a cheval / Faire du velo Tomber de cheval/de velo Monter en amazone / a cru Prendre Ie grand galop Elle aime la vie au grand air. Elle m'a fait marcher jusqu'a epuisement. Proverlles ~ expressions lmagees To put a spoke in the wheels To back-pedal To champ at the bit He's riding for a fall. We'll have to ride with it. To hunt sb down To hunt sth out We took a stroll down Memory Lane. He reacted on the spur of the moment. She really took me for a ride. You're off the hook! To swallow / take the bait To allow sb a free rein The thief threw the police off the scent. To fall prey to sth Pete is in the saddle now. He's back in the saddle. The merry-go-round of life '! Mettre des batons dans les roues Faire machine arriere Ronger son frein II court a I'echec. II faudra faire avec. Traquerqqn Denicher qqch On a evoque Ie bon vieux temps. II a reagi sur Ie coup / sans reflechir. Elle m'a vraiment mene en bateau. Tu es sorti d'affaire I Mordre a I'hame~on Laisser qqn faire ce qu'il veut Le voleur a lance la police sur une fausse piste. £tre la victime de qqch C'est Pete qui dirige, maintenant. II s'est remis en selle. Le tourbillon de la vie Pieges et difficultes ⢠Dans les noms composes, I'ordre des mots est tres important. Comparez : horseriding ~ a riding horse I'equitation ~ un cheval de monte the ghost train ~ the train ghost Ie train fantome ~ Ie fantome du train ⢠Observez: a cartridge belt une cartouchiere a fishing-boat un bateau de peche a bicycle rack un porte-velos a riding hat une bombe Exercices 78 t Pour chaque phrase, choisissez la traduction qui convient. a. It was a spur-of-the-moment reaction. 1. Ce fut la reaction de I'etalon du moment. 2. C'etait une reaction irreflechie. b. Don't champ at the bit! 1. Ne t'impatiente pas! 2. Tu n'es pas un petit champion! c. She is an enthusiastic backpacker. 1. Elle fait toujours ses bagages apres coup. 2. C'est une randonneuse enthousiaste. 79 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Je suis montee en amazone, mais mon cheval s'est cabre. b. Hier; on est alles a la fete foraine. c. II faut toujours mettre un casque pour faire du velo. d. Je ne suis pas tres amateur d'activites de plein air. e. Je deteste la chasse a courre : tous ces chiens sur la piste d'une pauvre proie ! 99 COIIJlis p.n2 tt In the Middle Ages, different versions of the game of football were played throughout Europe. In Britain, 'foote balle' was a popular, often brutal, game. Much later, rules were developed and the game became more organized as it developed into a sport in the 19th century. Au Moyen Age, differentes versions du football se jouaient dans toute l'Europe. En Grande-Bretagne, Ie « foote ball » etait un jeu populaire mais souvent brutal. Beaucoup plus tard, on appliqua des regles et Ie jeu s'organisa en devenant un sport au XIX· siecie. The most popular form is known as 'soccer' or 'football' in most countries. The word 'soccer' comes from 'assoc', which is an abbreviation of 'association football' The word was coined to differentiate it from other forms of football, especially 'rugby football' played according to the rules of Rugby School, but it is used mostly in the United States now. La forme la plus populaire est connue sous Ie nom de « soccer » ou de « football » dans la plupart des pays. Le mot « soccer» vient de « assoc », abreviation de « association football ». Le mot fut invente pour differencier ce sport des autres formes de football, en particulier du rugby qui se jouait selon les regles de I'ecole de Rugby, mais on I'emploie surtout aux ~tats-Unis desormais. In the United States, soccer has failed to attain the popularity of American football, known simply as 'football' to Americans. Aux ~tats-Unis, Ie football n'atteint pas Ie niveau de popularite du football americain, que les Americains appellent simplement « football »: In the 19th century, Rugby College, an exclusive public school, developed its own football rules. According to legend, during a game in 1823, one of Rugby's students, William Webb Ellis, picked up the ball with his hands and ran to score a goal. So far, historians have failed to prove the reality of the anecdote, but Webb Ellis gave his name to the trophy given to the team winning the Rugby World Cup. What is certain is that Rugby's old boys were active in the spread of the game; they eventually managed to impose their 'Rugby rules', which allowed the use of hands. Au XIX· siecie, Rugby College, ecole privee tres elitiste, mit au point ses propres regles pour Ie jeu de football. Selon la legende, un jour de 1823, un eleve de I'ecole, William Webb Ellis, ramassa Ie ballon avec les mains pendant un match et marqua un but. Les historiens n'ont jamais pu prouver la realite de cette anecdote, mais Webb Ellis a donne son nom au trophee qui recompense Ie vainqueur de la Coupe du monde de rugby. Ce qui est certain, c'est que les anciens eleves de Rugby eurent un role actif dans la propagation de ce sport et qu'ils finirent par imposer leurs regles, qui permettaient I'usage des mains. Rugby took root in other parts of the British Empire. Australia was the first to embrace the game in the mid-19th century, and New Zealand rapidly took to it as well. It was introduced to South Africa as early as 1861 and adopted by British settlers and Boer farmers alike. Le rugby s'imposa dans d'autres parties de l'Empire britannique. L'Australie fut Ie premier pays a I'adopter au milieu du XIX· siecie, bientot suivie par la NouvelleZelande. II fut introduit en Afrique du Sud des 1861 et adopte aussi bien par les colons britanniques que par les fermiers boers. During World War I, rugby was played by British troops throughout the British Empire, and by 1918, the game had been established worldwide. Pendant la Premiere Guerre mondiale, les soldats britanniques firent connaitre Ie rugby dans tout l'Empire britannique et, en 1918, il s'etait impose dans Ie monde entier. In Britain and America, many people devote much time to observation of the environment for pleasure. The most famous of such hobbies is birdwatching, in which the birdwatchers observe birds' migrations, eating habits, habitat etc. using binoculars and cameras, trying not to disturb the birds. En Grande-Bretagne et en Amerique, nombreux sont ceux qui consacrent beaucoup de temps a observer I'environnement pour leur plaisir. Le plus celebre passe-temps de ce genre est I'observation des oiseaux on observe leurs migrations, leurs habitudes alimentaires, leur habitat, etc. a I'aide de jumelles et d'appareils photo, en essayant de ne pas les deranger. A variant of this activity is trainspotting, in which railfans (US) or trainspotters (GB) stand by railtracks and observe trains. They collect and exchange information about the trains, and sometimes specialise in certain types of material, especially locomotives. Une variante de ce type d'activite est I'observation des trains, dans laquelle les amateurs s'installent pres des voies pour observer les trains. lis recueillent et echangent des informations sur les trains et se specialisent parfois dans certains types de materiel, en particulier les locomotives. There are also plane spotters, metro spotters and bus spotters. II existe aussi des observateurs d'avions, de metros et d'autobus. Le saviez-vous 1 Blog is a portmanteau word derived from 'web' (i.e. World Wide Web, the Internet) and 'log' (a list of important events occurring on a ship and recorded in. the logbook). 'Weblog' was soon abbreviated to 'blog' in the early 2000s. The word pixel appeared in 1969 to describe the elements ('el') composing the pictures ('picts' = 'pix') on a TV screen. Podcast is another portmanteau word combining 'iPod', Apple's famous digital audio system, and 'broadcast', to describe radio broadcast that can be downloaded from the Internet onto iPods. I Originally, in 1937, Spam was an American I brand of canned meat. Its modern sense, of massive unsolicited commercial e-mail, derives probably from a sketch by Monty Python, a famous British comedy team, in which customers at a restaurant could only find Spam on the menu. The word is repeated 130 times during the sketch, which would account for the link with Internet junk mail. Blog est un mot-valise forme a partir de « web » (Ie World Wide Web, Internet) et « log» (Iiste d'evenements importants se produisant sur un bateau et consignes dans Ie livre de bord). « Web log » a vite ete abrege en « blog » au debut des annees 2000. I' I I I Le mot pixel apparait en 1969 pour decrire les elements el ») composant les images . picts » = « pix») sur un ecran de television. «( «( Podcast est un autre mot-valise combinant « iPod », Ie celebre baladeur numerique d~pple, et « broadcast », qui renvoie aux programmes radio telechargeables depuis Internet sur des iPods. , A I'origine, en 1937, Spam etait une I I marque americaine de viande en conserve. i Le sens actuel du mot (courriers electro- I niques publicitaires nombreux et indesirables) vient probablement d'un sketch des Monty Python, celebre groupe de comiques anglais, dans lequel les clients d'un restaurant ne trouvent que du Spam sur Ie menu. Le mot est repete 130 fois au cours du I sketch, ce qui expliquerait Ie lien avec Ie courrier indesirable sur internet. I I 4 VOYAGER PAR LA ROUTE ROAD TRAVEL lil~J~'~!(1 the road network [e] the roadway [;m] a junction =a crossroads =an intersection a verge =a roadside a hard shoulder [;m] II!I;IP;~ Ie reseau routier la chaussee une intersection, un carrefour un bas-cote une bande d'arret d'urgence a bend GB =a curve US un virage a hairpin (bend) [e~] un virage en epingle acheveu a toll gate un peage a lane une voie, une file a bridge un pont a (road) sign un panneau (routier) a signpost [al] un poteau indicateur a pothole [0] un nid de poule a rut [II] une orniere a hump back un dos d'ane a rest area [e;J] une aire de repos a lay-by =a parking area une aire de stationnement a service station une aire de services a milestone [al] une borne (kilometrique) bumpy [II] cahoteux winding [al] sinueux I!~II Ii!~. a car a rental car [e] car rental a vintage car anSUV a convertible [3:] a limo =a limousine [I] a lorry G8 =a truck US a utility trailer a van a delivery van a bus a coach G8 second-hand [e] une voiture une voiture de location la location de voiture une voiture de collection un4X4 une decapotable une limousine uncamion une remorque une camionnette un camion de livraison un autobus, un autocar un autocar d'occasion Initl p,jttil.!lml the body [0] the engine [e] the steering-wheel [I ~ ] power steering the clutch [II] the brakes [e I] the handbrake [ee] neutral [j u: ] la carrosserie Ie moteur Ie volant la direction assisree I'embrayage les freins Ie frein amain Ie point mort a safety-belt / a seat belt the dashboard [eel the speedometer [0] the rear-view mirror the .wIndscreen GB = the windshield US the rear-window the sunroof [II] the roof rack the headlights [e] a wheel [i:] a tyre GB= a tire US [al] a puncture =a flat (tyre) a jack a bumper [II] a wing G8 =a fender US maintenance [el] to fill up to break' down to repair [e~] to service [3:] ··rm ,!:_ i traffic [ee] a traffic jam a driver / a motorist the ignition key [I] a driving licence registration papers the highway code (the) right of way to drive' to switch on *off the engine to start up (the car) to put' the car Into first gear to pull out to let' in *out the clutch to speed' to speed' up = to accelerate [e ] to slowdown to brake [el] to pass =to overtake' to cut' in to stall [J:] to reverse =to back up to do' / make' a U-turn to flash one's headlights to give' way =to yield to sound the horn = to hoot une ceinture de securite Ie tableau de bord Ie compteur de vitesse Ie retroviseur (central) Ie pare-brise la lunette arriere Ie toit ouvrant la galerie les phares une roue un pneu un pneu creve un cric un pare-choc une aile I'entretien faire Ie plein tomber en panne nlparer reviser 1!1~'~I~'~i:3 la circulation un embouteillage un conducteur la cle de contact un permis de conduire la carte grise Ie code de la route la priorite conduire mettre *couper Ie contact mettre (Ia voiture) en marche passer la premiere debolter embrayer *debrayer allervite accelerer ralentir freiner doubler faire une queue de poisson caler faire marche arriere faire demi-tour faire un appel de phares ceder Ie passage, laisser la priorite klaxonner ...i:.. Phrases et expressions usuelles Fasten your seatbelt! This car drives like a dream. Fill her up, please! Drive safely. It's a half hour's drive from here. Why don't you take the wheel? He is a reckless driver / a road hog. Their coupe was wrecked in the crash. He drove straight into a tree and smashed up his sportscar. Step on itl Attache ta ceinture I e'est un bonheur de conduire cette voiture. Le plein, s'il vous plait! Soyez prudent sur la route. C'est aune demi-heure d'ici en voiture. Pourquoi est-ce que tu ne prends pas Ie volant? II conduit comme un fou. / C'est un chauffard. Leur coupe a ete detruit dans I'accident II a percute un arbre et a demoli sa voiture de sport Accelere ! Proverlles et upressIons ' ' ' ' The road to hell is paved with good intentions. She's on the road to success. A middle-of-the-road stance Bring me up to speed. At breakneck speed He leads a life in the fast lane. He made a U-turn on this issue. L'enfer est pave de bonnes intentions. Elle est sur la voie de la reussite. Une position moderee / de compromis Dis-moi 011. nous en sommes. Atombeau ouvert II brille la vie par les deux bouts. II a completement change d'avis sur Ie sujet ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠le vocabulaire de la route est souvent different en anglais britannique et en anglais americain. GB US a ring road a dual carriageway a roundabout amotorway a toll road a four-door saloon a people carrier an estate car a lorry driver a towing-truck an articulated lorry the gear lever the accelerator a wing mirror a windscreen wiper the indicator the bonnet the boot the exhaust pipe a number plate a beltway a divided highway a traffic circle a freeway a turnpike ⢠a sedan a minivan a station wagon a truck driver a towtruck a trailer truck the gear shift the gas pedal a sideview mirror a windshield wiper the turn signal the hood the trunk the tailpipe a license plate l~'f?l1J!W',([email protected]~f~'!:fl':!': Exercices un peripherique, une rocade une route aquatre voies un rond-point une auto route une auto route apeage une berline un monospace un break un chauffeur routier; un camionneur une depanneuse un semi-remorque Ie levier de vitesses I'accelerateur un retroviseur (lateral) un essuie-glace Ie clignotant Ie capot Ie coffre Ie pot d' echappement une plaque mineralogique ;;;.~~-~~~f- 80 t Mettez ces verbes et expressions dans I'ordre logique de la conduite. a. to switch off the engine d. to switch on the engine g. to pull out b. to speed up e. to slow down h. to stop c. to put the car into fifth gear f. to put the car into first gear i. to get in the car 81 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Jetez un coup d'<EiI dans votre retroviseur avant de faire demi-tour. b. II faut laisser la priorite agauche aux ronds-points. c. ' a deboite sans regarder et a cause un grave accident. d. ' est interdit de klaxonner en ville. 103 lilltl a train the rails [el] a railway GB = a railroad US a railway station the railway network a main line a suburban line a commuter train a connection [e] a locker [0] atrack a platform [!f] a ticket office the engine / the locomotive a carriage / a coach GB =acarUS the buffet car [u] the dining car =the diner a sleeping car the luggage-rack to get* on '- off a train to transfer [3:] to go* off the rails Air transport an airline company an international / a domestic line a plane [el] the cockpit [0] a propeller [e] a wing the landing gear the black box the hold a flight [al] astopover [0] an airport [e a] a terminal [3:] the departure / arrivals lounge a customs officer a charter flight the business / economy / tourist class a boarding card /pass the captain [!f] the crew [u:] Le transport ferroviaire un train les rails un chemin de fer une gare Ie reseau ferroviaire une grande ligne une ligne de banlieue un train de banlieue unecorrespondance une consigne automatique une voie ferree un quai un guichet la locomotive un wagon la voiture-bar la voiture restaurant un wagon-lit Ie porte-bagages monter dans '- descendre d'un train prendre une correspondance, changer derailler Le transport aerien une compagnie aerienne une ligne intemationale / interieure un avion Ie poste de pilotage une helice une aile Ie train d'atterrissage la boite noire la soute un vol une escale un aeroport un terminal la salle d'embarquement / des arrivees un douanier un vol charter la classe affaires / economique / touriste une carte d'embarquement Ie commandant de bord I'equipage a steward/ a stewardess [j u] an aisle [al] an emergency exit a runway =an airstrip (the) take-off [el] a (smooth '- rough) landing [!f] air sickness [I] to check in to go* through customs to board a plane totake* off to stop over to land =to touch down toaash Iitlw.9. a craft pl. craft a boat / a ship the bridge un steward / une hotesse de I'air une allee, un couloir une sortie de secours une piste ledecollage un atterrissage (en douceur '- brutal) Ie mal de I'air enregistrer ses bagages passer la douane monter abord (d'un avion) decoller faire escale atterrir, se poser s'ecraser Le transport maritime et fluvial une embarcation un bateau / un navire la passerelle de commandement the deck Ie pont the hull [/I] la coque the hold lacale the keel [i:] laquille the prow =the bow la proue the stem [3:] la poupe the rudder [/I] Ie gouvemail the engine room [e] la salle des machines a mast un mat moorings [:>:] les amarres a porthole [:>:] un hublot a lifeboat =a life raft un canot de sauvetage a lifebuoy =a life saver une bouee de sauvetage a barge [0:] une peniche a liner =a packet-boat un paquebot a ferry [e] un ferry, un bac asteamer [i:] un bateau avapeur a paddle steamer un bateau aaubes a fleet uneflotte a lighthouse [al] un phare a port =a harbo(u)r [0:] un port a dock / a quay =a wharf un dock / un quai a pier /ajetty[e] unejeree une passerelle a gangway / d'embarquement a gangplank [!f] a cabin [!f] une cabine a berth =a bunk une couchette a port of call une escale the wake [el] Ie sillage to go* on board 'monter abord 'to go* ashore [:>:] iller aterre to capsize [!f] chavirer o Phrases et expressions usuelles Reserve aux personnes munies d'un billet TIckets only To travel on a non-stop train A high speed train Their train is due at 10:15. It usually runs on time. We'll be meeting them at the station. The train pulled out / pulled in at ten. Once stamped, your ticket is valid. Are they flying or sailing? I always fly British Airways. Arrive well before departure time. Going through security checks takes a long time. Right AF200 to Paris Is now boarding at gate 5. It was the children's malden flight. Right delayed / Right cancelled Our boat called at Portsmouth. To drop / weigh anch~r She was sea-sick during the crossing. Ten people died In the shipwreck. Prendre un train direct Un train agrande vitesse Leur train doit arriver a10h15. D'habitude, il arrive aI'heure. Nous irons les chercher ala gare. Le train est parti / est arrive adix heures. Une fois composte, votre ticket est valable. lis voyagent par avion ou par bateau? Je prends toujours British Airways. Arrive bien avant I'heure du depart Passer les controles prend beaucoup de temps. L'embarquement du vol AF200 adestination de Paris vient de commencer ala porte 5. Pour les enfants, c'etait Ie bapteme de I'air. Vol retarde / Vol annule Notre bateau a fait escaIe aPortsmouth. Jeter / Lever I'anere Elle a eu Ie mal de mer pendant la traverse. Dix personnes sont mortes dans ce naufrage. Pro........ '.. We're all In the same boat. When my ship comes In .â¢. Ilost my train of thought. The talks derailed. In the wake ofâ¢â¢â¢ Our company Is back on track. To jump on the bandwagon Nous sommes tous loges ala meme enseigne. Quand j'aurai fait fortune .. J'ai perdu Ie fil de ma pense. Les negociations ont echoue. Ala suite de.. / Dans Ie sillage de.. Notre entreprise est repartie de I'avant Suivre Ie mouvement ! Piegcs et difficultes ⢠Le vocabulaire des transports est souvent different en anglais britannique et en anglais americain. GB US the time-table the schedule les horaires a one-way ticket un aller simple a single ticket a return ticket a round-trip ticket un aller-retour a level crossing a grade crossing un passage aniveau a life-jacket a life-vest un gilet de sauvetage a hovercraft an air cushion vehicle un aeroglisseur Exercices 82 t Choisissez Ie mot qui convient pour completer chaque phrase. a. She lives in the suburbs and works in London, so she takes a commuter / connection train. b. I'm not coming back by train, I want a single / return ticket. c. Flying back home, we stopped in / over / offin Dubai. d. A round little window in a boat's hull is called a black hole / porthole / skylight 83 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Le paquebot a fait escale aSouthampton. b. Apres avoir passe la douane, il a dO attendre avant de monter a bord de son avion. c.« Votre voyage s'est-il bien passe? - Qui, mais I'atterrissage a ete un peu brutal. » d. Nous avons passe la nuit dans Ie train mais nous n'avions pas pu reserver un wagon-lit. 43 LE TOURISME TOURISM IiiIillllDD 1!~I',~!11~3ll a tourist [u~] a holidayrnaker [0] a resort [J:] a spa a (summer) camp the peak season the off season a travel agency a travel agent [re] a tour operator [0] a package holiday / tour ajourney [3:] = a trip a travel(l)er luggage = bags asuitcase [u:] a trolley case [0] a backpack = a rucksack a sponge bag a cooler [u:] hitchhiking [I] a cruise [u:] a recreational vehicle a (travel) trailer the arrival [aI] the departure [0:] to be on holiday GB = to be on vacation US to holiday GB = to vacation US to travel to hitchhike to leave' - to arrive un touriste un vacancier un lieu de vacances une station thermale une colonie de vacances la haute saison la basse saison une agence de voyage un agent de voyage unvoyagiste un voyage organise un voyage un voyageur des bagages unevalise une valise a roulettes un sac a dos une trousse de toilette une glaciere I'auto-stop une croisiere un camping-car une caravane I'arrivee Ie depart etre en vacances l i m3 ' ahotel[e] an inn a bed-and-breakfast = aBBrB amotel[e] a boarding house = a guest house the front desk = the reception [e] a receptionist the lobby [0] a hotel manager an Innkeeper [I] a chambermaid [eI] a bellboy = a bellhop [e] a doorman [J:] a guest = a patron [eI] a single room / a double room prendre des vacances = passer des vacances voyager faire de I'auto-stop partir - arriver 1~:1~·~'11 un hotel 1. une auberge 2. un hotel un bed and breakfast / une chambre d'hCite un motel une pension de famille la reception un receptionniste Ie hall un directeur d'hCiteI un aubergiste une femme de chambre un groom un voiturier un client une chambre simple / double aslngle bed / a double bed board and lodging = room and board full board half board a wake-up call [eI] a campsite = a camping site [re] a tent a sleeping bag [i:] a portable stove a camp bed a sleeping pad a deposit [0] vacant [el] seasonal [i:] booked-up =full to book =to make' a reservation to check in t. out to cancel [re] un lita une place / a deux places une chambre avec pension la pension complete la demi-pension un reveil telephonique un camping unetente un sac de couch age un rechaud un lit de camp un tapis de sol desarrhes libre (chambre) saisonnier complet reserver arriver a - quitter I'hotel annuler At the restaurant a walter, a waitress [el] un serveur, une serveuse the menu [e] Ie menu the wine list la carte des vins a tip un pourboire a pub = a public house [A] un pub a publican [A] un patron de pub a maitre d' un maitre d'hOtel a chef un cuisinier, un chef a wine butler [A] un sommelier the bar =the counter [au] Ie bar, Ie comptoir a bartender = a barman un barman a tearoom [i:] un salon de the a non-smoking area une zone non-fumeur to order [J:] commander to tip laisser un pourboire ~ Faire du tourisme the landscape =the scenery Ie paysage a sight une attraction touristique a visit = a tour une visite an excursion [3:] une excursion a tour guide un( e) guide touristique a guidebook [aI] un guide touristique (livre) a phrase book un guide de conversation the tourist office = I' office du tourisme the tourist information centre a gift shop = une boutique de souvenirs a souvenir shop [I~] to visit [I] visiter Phrases et expressions usuelles Let's eat out tonight. Atable for two We're a party of five. What's 2!! the menu? Can I get your order? Waiter! Today's special How would you like your steak? I'll have the vegetables on the side. The bill, pleasel GB / Check, please! US To pick up the bill Asteep bill Leave it, it's on me. It's on the house. Take-out =Take away (food) No vacancies *Vacancies To stay / To put up at a four-star hotel The hotel business To see the sights To go to camp To go on a safari Afellow traveller When Igo camping, I take a pop-up tent. Prover6es et expressIons#magees They left with bag and baggage. It's in the bag! It was a sight to see. Let me give you a tour of the house. /! Allons diner au restaurant ce soir. Une table pour deux Nous sommes cinq. Qu'y a-t-il au menu? Puis-je prendre la commande ? Ga~onl Le plat du jour Quelle cuisson pour votre steak? Mettez-moi les legumes apart. L'addition, s'il vous plait I Payer pour tout Ie monde Une addition salee Laisse, c'est pour moi. C'est la maison qui regale. Plats aem porter Complet * Chambres disponibles Descendre dans un hotel quatre miles L'hotellerie Voir les principaux sites Partir en colonie (de vacances) Faire un safari Un compagnon de voyage Quand je vais faire du camping, je prends une tente amontage rapide. 115 sont partis avec armes et bagages. C'est dansla poche I c;a valait Ie coup d'(I!il. Je vous fais visiter la maison. Pieges et diffimltes ⢠Les faux-amis a vacation US des vacances an order une commande a hostel un foyer pour travailleurs a youth hostel une auberge de jeunesse a journey un voyage a patron un client a vacancy une chambre libre an extra bed un lit supplementaire Exercices 84 t Associez un terme pris dans chacune des deux colonnes pour former autant d'expressions et de noms composes que possible, puis traduisez-Ies. summer camp holiday site school holidays package industry tourist office 85 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Avez-vous des chambres libres ? b. Pourriez-vous mettre un lit supph~mentaire ? c. Le service est-il compris ? d. lis ont donne un gros pourboire au serveur. e. Nous sommes descendus dans un hotel trois etoiles. 107 Museums and galleries a museum goer a curator [el] an attendant [e] the entry charge = the admission fee a collection [e] a display [el] an exhibit [I] an exhibition [I] a guided tour [al] a display cabinet = a showcase patronage [a:] a patron of the arts to make* a donation [el] to sponsor [0] Les musees et les galeries un amateur de musees un consemteur un gardien Ie prix d'entree une collection une exposition 1. un objet expose 2. une exposition US une exposition une visite guidee unevitrine to raise funds toput* on an exhibition to house a collection to show* / to exhibit lemecenat un mecene faire une donation 1. parrainer 2. commanditer lever des fonds monter, organiser une exposition abriter une collection exposer a masterpiece [a:] a subject painting a miniature [I] a still life a self-portrait [:>:] a nude [ju:] a landscape [a:] a seascape [i:] a conversation piece a Madonna with Child an equestrian statue an antique [i:] a sarcophagus [0] a mummy [II] an amphora [a:] a broadsword [:>:] a crossbow [0] a quiver [I] an armour [a:] a coat of mail a replica [e] a fake [el] a counterfeit [au] forgery [:>:] restoration [el] famous =well-known un chef-d'teuvre un tableau de genre une miniature une nature morte un autoportrait unnu un paysage unemarine un portrait de groupe une Vierge al'Enfant une statue equestre une antiquite un sarcophage unemomie uneamphore un glaive une arbalete un carquois unearmure une cotte de maille une reproduction une contrefa~n un faux la contrefa~n la restauration celebre half-length full-length (neo)classical [a:] academic [e] impressionist [e] symbolist [I] cubist [j u:] fauvist [;m] abstract ' flgurative primitive [I] naive [i:] life-size authentic' fake to portray to restore [:>:] en buste en pied (neo-)classique academique impressionniste symboliste cubiste fauviste abstrait ' figuratif primitif naif grandeur nature authentique ' faux representer restaurer Les monuments (cultural) heritage a church [3:] atemple[e] a chapel [a:] a cathedral [i:] an abbey [a:] a basilica [I] a minaret [e] a bell tower / a steeple a beIfry[e] a spire [al] a flying buttress a gargoyle [0:] a cloister [:>1] a vault the nave [el] the aisles [al] the chancel/ the choir a stained-glass window a rose-window [I] the altar [:>:] a pulpit [u] a pew [ju:] an altar piece a castle [0:] a tower [au] a turret [II] a moat the keep [i:] the battlements [a:] an arrow slit [a:] a parapet walk [a:] a column [0] acomice[:>:] a frieze a keystone [i:] a pillar [I] Ie patrimoine (culturel) une eglise un temple une chapelle une cathedrale uneabbaye une basilique un minaret undocher un beffroi une fleche (d'eglise) un arc-boutant une gargouille un doitre unevoiite lanef les bas-cotes lechteur un vitrail une rosace I'autel unechaire un banc un retable un chateau fort unetour 1. un docheton 2. une tour d'angle une douve, un fosse ledonjon les remparts une meurtriere un chemin de ronde unecolonne unecomiche unefrise une def de voiite un pilier Phrases et expressions usuelles o Don't touch the artworks. The picture is on loan ma Japanese museum from an American museum. Do plan ahead your visit to the museum. The Rosetta Stone is on display at the British Museum. Un musee d'art Un musee des arts et traditions populaires Un museum d'histoire naturelle Un musee des sciences Un musee de dre / un musee virtuel Un jardin botanique Un jardin zoologique =un zoo Un musee en plein air Entree gratuite pour Ies etudiants. Un guide YOUS aidera aYOUS y retrouver dans Ies collections exposees. ' est interdit d'introduire des appareils photo dans Ie musee. Ne touchez pas aux CEUYres exposees. Ce tableau a ete prete aun musee japonais par un musee americain. Planifiez votre visite du musee. La Pierre de Rosette est exposee au British Museum. Prowr6aet . . . . . . . . . . . . To have a bat in the belfry He's a pillar of strength / a tower of strength. To build castles in the air / in Spain AYOir une araignee au plafond ' est solide comme un roc. Bitir des chateaux en Espagne An art museum Afolk art museum A Natural History museum A science museum A wax museum / a virtual museum A botanical garden A zoological garden = a zoo An open-air museum Free admission for students. A guide will show you around the exhibits. Cameras are not allowed in the museum. ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Attention aI'emploi des prepositions of et by: a portrait!?l Van Gogh = un portrait de (= peint par) Van Gogh a portrait 2f Van Gogh = un pORrait de (= representant) Van Gogh ⢠Les particules anglaises peuvent se traduire de diverses manieres (preposition, verbe, etc.). We walked ~ the drawbridge 2m the moat. Nous avons traverse Ie pont-levis gui enjambait Ies douves. As the portcullis was YR. we went throu&h the thick wooden gates. Comme la herse mit relevee. nous avons franchi les lourdes portes de bois. Exercices 86 t Pour chaque phrase, trouvez la traduction qui convient. a. They are on show in an 18th-century display cabinet. 1. Elles sont exposees dans une vitrine du XVIII' siede. 2. Elles font un spectade du XVIII' siede dans un petit cabinet de jeux. b. This patron of the arts has organized an exhibition. 1. Ce patron d'une ecole d'art a organise une exhibition. 2. Ce mecene a organise une exposition. c. It's forgery! d. What a beautifully adorned pillar! 1. Cest de la contrefa~on ! 1. Quel beau piedestal ajoure ! 2. Cest un produit de la forge! 2. Que ce pilier est joliment decore ! 87 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Ces statuettes sont un pret d'un musee egyptien. b. Cette exposition YOUS donne I'occasion de voir des tableaux de Vermeer. c. Si j'avais beaucoup d'argent, j'acheterais ce chef-d'ceuvre. d. Moi, je m'offrirais ce petit Turner qui est expose dans un musee parisien. ttl~'!~i.{+t7tO a seaside resort a beach sand pebble =shingle a shell seaweed Ii:] sea bathing [eI] sunscreen [1] suntan cream / lotion = tanning cream / lotion a sunshade to bathe to get' a (sun)tan to sunbathe to get' sunburnt Au bord de I. mer une station balneaire uneplage Ie sable desgalets uncoquillage unealgue les bains de mer de I'«ran solaire de la creme solaire, de la lotion solaire une ombrelle, un parasol se baigner bronzer se dorer au solei I prendre un coup de solei! yachting [0] water-skiing to row [au] to windsurf [I] C'imtj!1 a swimmer [I] a swimming pool a dive [aI] a diving board a wetsuit [e] a snorkel [J:] flippers =(swim)-fins goggles [0] a rubber ring = a swim ring armbands an air mattress [re] crawl breaststroke [e] backstroke [re] butterfly stroke [1] scuba diving = deep-sea diving to swim' to dive to float to drown [au] rowing [;lU] a paddle [re] an oar asai! a pedal boat [e] a row(ing) boat [au] a salling boat GB = a sailboat US [eI] a canoe [u:] asallboard salling un nageur, une nageuse une piscine un plongeon un plongeoir une combinaison deplongee un tuba des palmes des lunettes de plongee une bouee des brassards un matelas pneumatique Ie crawl la brasse Ie dos (crawle) Ie papillon la plongee sous-marine .·',ll,I·P'. .mf i,t ~j ktM a sleigh GB =a sled US a luge =a toboggan [0] a snow-cannon = a snow-gun a snowmobile [au] a snowplough GB = a snowplow US ski, a ski skiing [i:] a skier alpine skiing cross-country skiing snowboarding downhill skiing snowshoes a trail =a piste GB = a slope US a ski lift a platter lift a chair lift an aerial tramway = a cable car to ski to slide' un traineau une luge un canon aneige 10m3 an ice skate an ice rink = a skating rink [eI] ice skating figure skating to skate [eI] nager plonger f10tter 1. couler 2. se noyer li~~IW,1~ mountaineering [Ia] a climber =an alpinist a party of climbers an ascent =a climb abseilingGB= rappelling US a marked trail aslope[;lu] an ice axe an ice pick uphill' downhill to climb I'aviron une pagaie un aviron, une rame unevoile un pedalo un bateau (a rames) un bateau avoiles / un voilier un canoe une planche avoile la (navigation a) voile 110 la (navigation de) plaisance Ie ski nautique ramer faire de la planche avoile une motoneige un chasse-neige Ie ski, un ski Ie ski un skieur Ie ski alpin Ie ski de fond Ie snowboard Ie ski de descente des raquettes une piste une remontee mecanique un teleski, un tire-fesses un telesiege un telepherique skier, faire du ski glisser WI!tj1 tTiLtiiI un patin aglace une patinoire Ie patinage Ie patinage artistique patiner lIIi:l~'·'t::~ I'alpinisme un alpiniste une cordee une ascension, une montee la descente en rappel un sentier balise une pente un piolet un pic aglace amont'aval grimper Phrases et expressions usuelles Asun helmet The children were making a sandcastle. Beware of quicksand! To go for a swim To bask in the sun Swimming forbidden A mountain guide Un casque colonial Les enfants faisaient un chateau de sable. Attention I Sables mouvants I Aller se baigner Prendre un bain de soleil Baignade interdite Un guide de haute montagne Pro'.,.'. et expreulon$ lmagee. You are not the only pebble on the beach. My head is swimming. To swim against the tide She was left to sink or swim. To achieve a place in the sun He's the biggest liar under the sun. Amy buried her head in the sand. The sands are shifting. He's paddling his own canoe. He is skating on thin ice. To break the ice It cuts no ice with me. Tu n'es pas Ie centre du monde. J'ai la tete qui tourne. Nager acontre-courant Elle ne pouvait plus compter que sur elle-meme. Se faire une place au soleil C'est un menteur de premiere. Amy a fait I'autruche / comme si de rien n'eta-it La situation est en train de changer. II mene sa barque / se debrouille tout seu!. II prend beaucoup de risques. Briser la glace <;II ne me fait ni chaud ni froid I! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Nom + nom en anglais =nom + complement de nom en fran~ais sunglasses =sunshades des lunettes de solei I a ski pole un baton de ski a sunbath un bain de soleil a jumping hill un tremplin (de saut aski) sunburn un coup de solei I, des coups de soleil a snowman un bonhomme de neige a swimming costume GB =a bathing suit US a snowball une boule de neige un maillot de bain speed skating Ie patinage de vitesse (swimming) trunks GB, (swimming) shorts US a mountain hut un refuge de montagne un maillot de bain (pour hom me) a swimsuit un maillot de bain (pour femme) a swim(ming) cap =a bathing cap un bonnet de bain a surfboard une planche de surf Exercices 88. Chassez I'intrus dans chaque ligne. a. swimming - flippers - dive - slope - breaststroke - goggles b. rowing - to row - a rink - a sail - an oar - a paddle c. skiing - a trail - a chair lift - to slide - to float - a slope d. mountaineering - pebble - hut - ascent - trail - climb - an ice pick 89. Traduisez en anglais. a. II a mis son maillot de bain, son bonnet de bain, ses lunettes, ses palmes et iI a plonge dans la piscine. b. Elle s'est enduite de lotion solaire pour eviter les coups de solei!. c. Les canons aneige sont parfois necessaires pour permettre aux skieurs de profiter des pistes. d. L'alpiniste s'est abrite dans un refuge avant de continuer son ascension. 111 Born in the Pacific archipelago ⢠⢠â¢_ of Hawaii, surf spread to South California beaches in the 1950s. Born during the fast economic post-war expansion period, it led to the emergence of a laid-back way of life, characterized by freedom, search for harmony with nature and a carefree behaviour. Ne dans I'archipel d'Hawai dans Ie Pacifique, Ie surf s'est repandu sur les plages de Californie du Sud it. partir des annees 1950. Apparu apres la guerre dans un contexte d'expansion economique rapide, il donne naissance it. un mode de vie decontrac:te, marque par la liberte, la recherche de I'harmonie avec la nature et un comportement insouciant. Because of the hot weather and constant active lifestyle, clothes had to be comfortable and loose. This was how beach wear developed, with the baggy shorts (also known as baggies or board shorts), the bikini, and colourful Hawaiian shirts with huge flowers. What was originally an underground culture developed into an enormous market, and many clothing companies have surfed the financially successful wave of surf culture ever since. Du fait du climat chaud et de I'activite physique constante, les vetements devaient etre confortables et amples, ce qui est it. I'origine d'une mode plage, allant des shorts larges (<< baggy ») au bikini et aux chemises hawa'iennes colorees it. grandes f1eurs. Ce qui n'etait it. I'origine qu'une culture de marginaux devint alors un marche considerable et, depuis, beaucoup d'entreprises de textile surfent sur la vague rentable du surf. Skateboarding was invented by surfers who wanted to be able to surf when going to the ocean was not possible. Surf music is best represented by the Beach Boys (no name could be more apt), who were made famous by some tracks reflecting surf culture and helped to make it popular Surfin' USA, Surfer Girl, Catch A Wave, etc. Le skateboardofut invente par des surfeurs qui voulaient pouvoir surfer meme quand il etait impossible d'aller sur I'eau. Les meilleurs representants de la musique surf sont les Beach Boys (un nom on ne peut plus adapte), rendus celebres par certains titres qui evoquent la culture surf et ont contribue it. la populariser Surfin' USA, Surfer Girl, Catch a Wave, etc. Surf was also popular in Australia, but it did not really spread to other parts of the world until the 1990s in the wake of the TV show Baywatch and the film Point Break. The shores of South Africa and Southwest France also include famous 'spots', i.e. places where the waves are particularly good. Le surf etait aussi populaire en Australie, mais il fallut attendre les annees 1990 pour qu'il s'enracine dans d'autres parties du monde, grice notamment it. la serie televisee Alerte a Malibu et au film Point Break. Les rivages d1>.frique du Sud et du sud-ouest de la France sont celebres pour leurs « spots It, des endroits ou. les vagues sont particulierement belles. At the end of the 18th century, the Prince Regent, later George IV, was a regular visitor to Brighton, on the south coast of England. Sea-bathing had been advised to the Prince by his physician to cure his gout. Sea baths became popular to cure other diseases, encouraging the development of other seaside resorts. Brighton then became a fashionable resort for rich citizens. A la fin du XVllle siecle, Ie Prince Regent, futur roi Georges IV, fit de nombreux sejours it. Brighton, sur la cote sud de l1>.ngleterre. Les bains de mer lui avaient ete prescrits par son medecin pour soigner ses crises de goutte. lis devinrent populaires pour soigner d'autres maladies et contribuerent au developpement d'autres stations balneaires. Brighton devint alors un lieu de villegiature it. la mode pour les plus riches. 112 It was not until the mid-19th century that English people who did not belong to the upper classes began to have holidays and to spend them away from home. The resort most popular with the working-classes was Blackpool, on the Irish Sea, where people living in Lancashire industrial towns such as Manchester came on Sundays to stroll on the beach and on the pier. Ce n'est qu'au milieu du XIx' siecle que les Anglais n'appartenant pas aux classes aisees commencerent a avoir des vacances et a les passer loin de chez eux. La station la plus appreciee de la classe ouvriire etait Blackpool, sur la mer d'iriande ; les travailleurs venus des villes industrielles du Lancashire, Manchester notamment, s'y rendaient Ie dimanche pour se promener sur la plage et sur la jetee. Brighton was connected to the railway network in 1841 and Blackpool in 1846, allowing 'day-trippers' to take an early train and return home by night. Sometimes they would come by steamer, which is the reason why piers were erected in some places. Brighton fut reliee au reseau ferroviaire en 1841 et Blackpool en 1846, ce qui permit aux « excursionnistes » de prendre Ie train tot Ie matin et de rentrer chez eux Ie soir. Parfois ils arrivaient en bateau a vapeur, ce qui explique pourquoi on a construit des jetees. Since the 19705, British people have tended to favour travelling abroad over national resorts. They take advantage of package holidays, invented in 1841 by Thomas Cook, an Englishman, and low-cost airlines to travel round the world. Depuis les annees 1970, les Britanniques ont ten dance a preferer les voyages a I'etranger a leurs propres stations. 115 profitent des voyages organises, inventes par I~nglais Thomas Cook en 1841, et des lignes aeriennes bon marche pour voyager dans Ie monde entier. Le saviez-vous ? Pourquoi Ies Britannlques rOuIent-11s agauche ? A horse is mounted from the left, and then you swing the right leg over the horse's back. So, to make it easier for people to mount a horse, there used to be mounting stones on the left side of the roads. Therefore riding on the left was general in Europe until the late 18th century. Pour monter sur un cheval, on se met a sa gauche, puis on lance la jambe droite par-dessus son dos. Aussi, pour faciUter I'operation, il y avait jadis des montolrs dans les rues, sur Ie cote gauche. e'est pourquoi on circulait a gauche dans toute l'Europe jusqu'a la fin du xvme siecle. The French Revolution imposed riding on the right and Napoleon extended this habit to most of the countries he invaded - therefore not to Britain. La Revolution fran~ise imposa de circuler a droite, habitude qui fut etendue par Napoleon a la plupart des pays qu'il envahit - donc pas a la Grande-Bretagne. The United States is believed to have adopted driving on the right to symbolically sever its colonial link with Britain. Les I:tats-Unis auraient adopte la conduite a droite pour rompre symboliquement Ie lien colonial avec la Grande-Bretagne. In the late 19505, Britain considered changing to the right, but eventually dismissed the thought because of the costs involved. Moreover, Britain being an island, it was felt that it was the responsibility of visitors to Britain to adjust. Vers la fin des annees 1950, la GrandeBretagne envisagea d'adopter la conduite a droite mais finit par abandonner cette idee en raison du coGt. De plus, comme la Grande-Bretagne est une TIe, on pensait que c'etait a ceux qui venaient dans Ie pays de s'adapter. 113 4 LA LITTERATURE LITERATURE Makin abook an author [J:] a writer [aI] a ghost writer a manuscript [ae] a draft a deletion [i:] a spelling mistake a typing mistake a misprint [I] typography [0] a footnote [u] a printer [I] the proofs a publisher [A] a translation [eI] a translator a book agent [eI] to translate to (re)word / to (re)phrase to strike' / cross out to sign / to inscribe abooktosb to edit a book [e] to print (out) to Illustrate [I] to illuminate [u:] to proofread' [u:] to go' to press III a novelist [0] a novel a detective novel aspy novel ashort story [J:] a collection [e] a serial (story) a comic (strip) [0] the story [J:] the plot asub·plot [A] the narrator [eI] the narrative [ae] a character [ae] the atmosphere = themood the setting [e] the climax [aI] a twist 'C'ii'''':J un auteur the unfolding of the story a turning point the beginning the end(ing) telllion [e] mystery [I] realism, surrealism naturalism [ae] a romance [ae] un ecrivain un« negre» un manuscrit un premier jet, une ebauche une suppression une faute d'orthographe une faute de frappe une faute d'impression la typographie une note de bas de page un imprimeur les epreuves un editeur, une maison d'edition une traduction un traducteur un agent litteraire traduire (re)formuler mysterious [I;)] realistic [I] romantic, Romantic [ae] fictional [I] epistolary [I] to describe [aI] to depict [I] to unravel a plot [ae] to tell' / to narrate [eI] barrer / rayer / raturer dedicacer un livre pour qqn corriger / reviser un livre imprimer iIIustrer enluminer relire, corriger les epreuves etre mis sous presse BI·il un(e) romancier(.ere) un roman un roman policier un roman d'espionnage une nouvelle un recueil un feuilleton une bande dessinee I'histoire I'intrigue une intrigue secondaire Ie narrateur la narration un personnage I'atmosphere 1;@jG'JI Wl!illlii apoet(ess) a poem [;)u] a line / a verse a stanza [ae] a rhyme [aI] a stress a foot pl. feet the caesura an epic (poem) asonnet [0] a ballad [ae] an elegy [e] a nursery rhyme poetic(al) [e] Iyric(al) [I] in verse Il in prose to rhyme [aI] un(e) poete(sse) unpoeme un vers une strophe unerime un accent tonique un pied lacesure uneepopee un sonnet une ballade une elegie unecomptine poetique Iyrique en vers Il en prose rimer ','E- a playwright = a dramatist a play an act ascene[i:] a dialogue [aI] a monologue [0] a soliloquy [I] comedy, a comedy [0] tragedy, a tragedy [ae] melodrama, a melodrama the stage directions comic Il tragic Ie cadre, Ie decor Ie paroxysme de I'action un rebondissement 114 Ie deroulement de I'histoire un tournant Ie debut lafin la tension Ie mystere Ie realisme, Ie surrealisme Ie naturalisme 1. un roman d'aventures 2. un roman d'amour mysrerieux realiste romanesque, romantique de fiction, de roman epistolaire decrire depeindre, representer denouer une intrigue raconter / narrer Ut1iUt¢l un auteur dramatique = un dramaturge une piece de theatre un acte une scene (d'une piece) un dialogue un monologue un soliloque la comedie, une comedie la tragedie, une tragedie Ie melodrame, un melodrame les indications sceniques comique Il tragique ;~~~ i~·;£.~~ Phrases et expressions usuelles _IlL Out of print' in print That book is a blockbuster. Well, I find it unreadable. A coffee table book Some literary genres: travel literature, children's literature, and science fiction. WE.J £puise ' disponible Ce livre est un enorme succes de librairie. Eh bien moi, je Ie trouve iIIisible. Un beau livre, un livre d'art Quelques genres litteraires : la litterature de voyage, la litterature pour la jeunesse, la science-fiction. Athriller is a novel in which the suspense Un thriller est un roman dans lequelle suspense is almost unbearable. est presque insoutenable. (Fairy) tales teem with ogres, fairies, witches, Les contes (de tees) sont remplis d'ogres, de tees, goblins, werewolves, mermaids, and giants. de sorcieres, de lutins, de loups-garous, de sirenes et de geants. All writers are afraid of the blank page and Tous les ecrivains ont I'angoisse de la page blanche et du blocage de I'ecrivain. of writer's block. Mrs Dalloway is a novell2l Virginia Woolf. Mrs Datlowayest un roman de Virginia Woolf. This writer often uses a pseudonym / a pen-name. Cet ecrivain prend souvent un pseUdonyme. In drama, the three unities are time, place Au theatre, il y a trois unites: unite de temps, unite de lieu et unite d'action. and action. She was his muse and inspired his early works. Elle fut sa muse et inspira ses premieres ceuvres. The iambic pentameter is to English poetry Le pentametre iambique est a la poesie anglaise what the alexandrine is to French poetry. ce que I'alexandrin est ala poesie fran~ise Biographies, autobiographies, essays, diaries, Biographies, autobiographies, essais, journaux memoirs, dictionaries, encyclop(a)edias, (intimes), memoires, dictionnaires, encyclopedies, guidebooks, atlases and cookbooks are guides touristiques, atlas et livres de cuisine non-fiction books. sont des ceuvres non litteraires. Proverbes et expressions lmagies He knows every trick in the book. He is in the manager's bad books. The plot thickens. She is a walking encyclopedia. '! On ne la lui fait pas. II est mal vu du directeur. Le mystere s'epaissit C'est une encyclopedie vivante. Pieges et difficultes ⢠En anglais, certains mots sont les memes qu'en frant;ais; on dit qu'ils sont transparents introduction, prologue, correction, publication, illustration, description, assonance, conclusion, versification, ode, structure, etc. Pour d'autres, il y a une legere difference orthographique a preface une pr~face a paragraph un paragraph~ a biography une biograph~ a line une ligne an anthology une antholo~ an alliteration une allit~ration the denouement Ie d~nouement a text un text~ ::*~.{;{:, ,~l~i:'i:~~.~,/ ',4:!t1!';w.;if Exercices 90. Traduisez en fran~ais. a. They are proofreading their book. b. The sub-plot is as interesting as the main plot. c. The author creates the mood by describing a mysterious setting. d. When the reader thinks the novel is nearly finished, there is a twist that revives his interest. 91. Traduisez en anglais. a. L'auteur a pris un pseudonyme pour ecrire son dernier roman. b. J'ai du mal a suivre Ie deroulement de I'histoire parce que I'intrigue est tres complexe. c. Ce dramaturge a ecrit beaucoup de pieces. d. Ses indications sceniques sont toujours tres detaillees. e. Pour que son texte so it parfaitement clair; il faudrait reformuler cette phrase. . 115 _ 47 ~ LES SPECTACLES ⢠11r~ SHOWS .c- _ ~ .~n:·~i'·. un film ⢠~ a stage manager [IeJ a stage designer [arJ a costume designer dramatic art = (play)acting an understudy [A) a role / a part the cast a cue liu:) an aside [ar) a prompter [D) a (dress) rehearsal [3:) a skit =a sketch a comedian [i:) an encore [D) theatrical [Ie) to stage a play to cast' to act to give* the cue to prompt =to cue to rehearse [3:) a film = a picture GB = a movie US a screenplay =a script = un scenario a scenario a screenwriter = un(e) scenariste a scriptwriter Ie heros, I'heroine the hero, the heroine a camera [Ie) unecamera the set Ie plateau de toumage a film / movie director un metteur en scene a film-maker [er) un cineaste, un realisateur a producer Ii u:) un producteur an actor, an actress [Ie) un acteur, une actrice a stand-in une doublure a walk-on actor / an extra un figurant un plan =une prise de vue a shot une prise a take special effects [e) les effets spedaux une cascade, un cascadeur a stunt, a stuntman la bande-son the soundtrack [au) a subtitle [A) un sous-titre dubbing [AI ledoublage the credits [e) Ie generique un bout d'essai a screen test une bande-annonce a trailer [er] a clip un extrait la sortie d'un film the release of a film a cinema = a movie un cinema theater US un cinema en plein air a drive-in movie a film library [ar) une cinematheque I'ecran the screen un ouvreur, une ouvreuse an usher, an usherette to direct [e) mettre en scene to edit [e) monter to stand' in for rem placer, doubler to project [e] projeter ~,:.'~ ',',:::,:i1 a theatre GB =a theater US un theatre the stage [er) la scene (lieu) cote cour stage left = prompt side US cotejardin stage right =opposite promptside US les coulisses the wings =off stage limelight [ar) les feux de la rampe les accessoires the props a performance [:>:) 1. une representation 2. une interpretation a company [A) unetroupe a stage director [e] un metteur en scene un machiniste a stage hand iim=t:! I.!llltO Ie chapiteau un numero un clown un acrobate un trapeziste un jongleur un dompteur de fauves un prestidigitateur un ventriloque itinerant =ambulant faire des acrobaties dompter a dancer [0:) choreography [0] a choreographer ballet (dancing) a principal dancer a prima ballerina [i:] a ballet skirt, a tutu a leotard [i:] ballet shoes [Ie I a (dance) step tap dancing [0:) ballroom dancing belly dancing to dance to dance on points 116 une doublure un role la distribution une replique unaparte un souffleur une repetition (generale) un sketch un (acteur) comique un rappel, un bis theatral mettre en scene une piece distribuer les roles jouer (un role) donner la replique souffler repeter the tent an act a clown an acrobat [Ie] a trapeze artist ajuggler [A] a lion tamer a magician / a conjurer a ventriloquist [I] itinerant = travelling to perform stunts to tame [er] .1lil~' I)'' 1'~ ',~.. :,j,.~ un regisseur un decorateur une costumiere I'art dramatique I~'li un danseur, une danseuse la choregraphie un choregraphe la danse classique un danseur etoile une danseuse etoile un tutu un justaucorps des chaussons de danse un pas (de danse) les claquettes les danses de salon la danse orientale danser faire des pointes Phrases et expressions usuelles III,Q I'm keen on detective movies. I love musicals. Alan is a film buff. He likes art films. Shrek 2 is the sequel to Shrek. To shoot a film on location QuietI RolI'eml Action! Starring Charlton Heston as Ben Hur This film stars Jodie Foster. She has the lead = the leading part / role. That was the first / last showing. That dud has been a hit. The box-office returns have been really high. Blue films are X-rated. Suitable for 12 years and over GB PG =Parental guidance Uc (Universal children) GB = G (General audiences) US Movie attendance declined dramatically with the advent of television. The gaffer, the head grip, the lighting director, the continuity girl and the prop man are all members of a film crew. A ham actor This show is the hottest ticket in town. He comes on stage in Act II. On stage and off, she is funny. To play to a full house At the Punch and Judy show, when Mister Punch speaks, children split their sides with laughter. spectaculaire avec I'apparition de la television. Le chef electricien, Ie chef machiniste, Ie chef eclairagiste, la scripte et I'accessoiriste font partie de I'equipe technique. Un cabotin / un mauvais acteur Ce spectacle est Ie grand succes du moment II entre en scene aI'acte II. Ala scene comme ala ville, elle est drole. Jouer aguichets fermes Au guignol, quand Guignol parle, les enfants se tordent de rire. Pronrbes et ap'''magies What takes place behind the scenes? The silver screen Curtains! To be in the limelight To take center stage To set the stage for sth To steal the show He runs the show. The show must go on! Que se passe-t-il en coulisse ? Le septieme art =Ie cinema Rideau! £tre sous les feux de la rampe Occuper Ie devant de la scene Preparer Ie terrain pour qqch Voler la vedette C'est lui Ie patron. Et Ie spectacle cohtinue ! 7 Je suis fanatique de films policiers. J'adore les comedies musicales. Alan est cinephile.1I aime les films d'art et d'essai. Shrek 2 est la suite de Shrek. Tourner un film en extlirieur Silence I On tourne I Action! Avec Charlton Heston dans Ie role de Ben Hur Jodie Foster est la vedette de ce film. Elle joue Ie role principal. C'etait la premiere / la derniere seance. Ce navet a eu un enorme succes. Les recettes ont ere considerables. Les films porno sont interdits aux moins de 18 ans. Interdit aux moins de 12 ans Accord parental souhaitable Tous publics La frequentation des salles a baisse de fa~on Exercices 92. Associez chacun des mots de la liste a I'un des spectacles suivants the cinema - the theatre - the circus Un mot peut entrer dans plusieurs categories. a. an understudy f. a walk-on actor b. a screenplay g. the tent c. a character h. a sequel d. a tamer i. the props e. a stand-in j. the lead k. a stunt I. dubbing m. a juggler n. a clip o. a screen 93 ⢠Traduisez en anglais. a. C'est une tres bonne actrice, mais elle joue souvent les doublures. b. Le prestidigitateur a fait disparaitre Ie jongleur. c. Les cascadeurs, les trapezistes et les dompteurs risquent leur vie. d. Nous allons au cinema au moins une fois par semaine. 4 LES ARTS VISUELS VISUAL ARTS rJiI aesthetia [e] the fine arts 1m IZlIiIm .f'·tam,II;. I'esthetique les beaux-arts, les arts plastiques I'artisanat d'art Ie talent Ie style, un style une ceuvre d'art a painter [eI] an easel[ i:] a canvas [re] arrame [eI] paint gouache watercolour, a watercolour [:>:] wash tint, a wash an oil painting turpentine [3:] a palette [re] a brush [A] a brushstroke [A] ashade [eI] a mural [jU;!] a fresco pl. frescoes [e] a monochrome (painting) a trompe I'ceil a daub [:>:] to paint to tone down to varnish [0:] un (artiste) peintre un chevalet unetoile un cadre, un encadrement la peinture (materiau) gouache I'aquarelle, une aquarelle arts and craft talent = skill style, a style a work of art = an artwork [0:] a masterpiece [0:] an art dealer Ii:] an auction [:>:] an auction house realism [i:] verisimilitude [I] talented talentless [re] realistic [I] un chef-d'ceuvre un marchand d'art une vente aux encheres une salle des ventes Ie realisme la vraisemblance talentueux sans talent realiste 'fr1n 'umma * a draughtsman, a draughtswoman a cartoonist [u:] * un dessinateur, une dessinatrice un dessinateur humoristique a sitter [I] un modele a sitting une seance de pose a drawing-board [:>:] une planche adessin vellum [e] levelin a sheet Ii:] unefeuille apencil[e] un crayon a pendl stroke un coup de crayon anib uneplume drawing ink = China ink I'encre de Chine charcoal [0:] Ie fusain crayon [eI] la craie grasse a stencil [e] un pochoir asketch [e] une esquisse, un croquis a sketchbook un carnet de croquis a (free-hand) drawing [:>:] un dessin (a main levee) a rough [A] un crayonne the outline [au] les contours to draw' dessiner to pose / to sit' poser to shade off estomper iLMUL1:I E1i:1rk,'UM an engraving [eI] woodcutting, a woodcut [u] etching, an etching [e] a print an engraver [eI] relief [i:] to engrave tc! etch une gravure la gravure sur bois, une gravure sur bois I'eau-forte, une eau-forte une estampe un graveur Ie relief graver graver aI'eau-forte Ie lavis, un lavis une peinture aI'huile la terebenthine une palette un pinceau, une brosse un coup de pinceau une nuance une peinture murale unefresque un camaieu un trompe-I' ceil unecroCrte peindre attenuer vernir Emmi't;) 1!1!~llm!'I~1I a sculptor [A] wood-carving [0:] a chisel [I] a mallet [re] marble [0:] clay terracotta [0] wax Ivory [aI] a bronze a cast(ing)[ 0:] a mo(u)ld, a mo(u)lding a recumbent statue a gargoyle [0:] a garland [a:] stucco [A] a bas-relief = a low relief a high relief a pedestal to sculpt [A] to carve to erect = to set' up to polish [0] tomo(u)ld to cast' to model/to fashion / to shape to chisel un sculpteur, une sculptrice la sculpture du / sur bois un eiseau de sculpteur un maillet Ie marbre I'argile la terre cuite la eire ivoire un bronze un moulage un moule, une moulure un gisant une gargouille une guirlande lestuc un bas-relief un haut-relief un piedestal sculpter graver, sculpter elever, eriger polir mouler fondre, couler modeler / fa~nner eiseler Phrases et expressions usuelles o Stencilled ornamentation Leonardo popularized the use of red chalk drawing. He occasionally paints on parchment. He is an artist of genius. She is an art lover. He doesn't paint - he daubs canvases with paint. Painters and engravers work in a studio. Le decor au pochoir Leonard de Vinci a popularise I'utilisation de la sanguine. II lui arrive de peindre sur parthemin. C'est un artiste de genie. C'est une amoureuse des arts. II ne peint pas : il barbouille des toiles de peinture. Peintres et graveurs travaillent dans un atelier. Proverbeset ..... '... As cold as marble To put somebody on a pedestal Agiant with feet of day To be cast in the same mould It's like watching paint dry. He described the situation with broad strokes. Art for Art's sake Froid comme Ie marbre Mettre quelqu'un sur un piedestal Un geant aux pieds d'argile Sortir du meme moule C'est ennuyeux comme un jour de pluie. II a decrit la situation agrands traits. L'art pour I'art I Pieges et difficultes ⢠Attention ! La preposition est souvent differente en anglais et en fran~ais : It's a rough sketch hx Durer. C'est une ebauche de Durer. The Old Masters liked to paint from life. Les maitres anciens aimaient peindre d'aeres nature. It's etched 2!! my memory. C'est grave dans ma memoire. The walls of the studio are covered with paintings. Les murs de I'atelier sont couverts de tableaux. ⢠Attention ! art ' arts an art student un etudiant des beaux-arts a Faculty of Arq une Faculte des Lettres an arq student un etudiant en lettres ⢠Lorsque vous traduisez les mots transparents de fran~ais en anglais ou d'anglais en fran~ais, pretez la plus grande attention aI'orthographe. an artist un artist~ lithography la lithograph~ paper Ie papjer ⢠Les adjectifs qui se terminent par -ic en anglais prennent la terminaison -ique en fran~is : artistic artistique acrylic acrylique ⢠Certains mots s'ecrivent exactement de la meme fa~on dans les deux langues statue, pastel, caricature, burin. ~~ Exercices 94 t Completez les phrases avec I'un des mots suivants : turpentine - canvas - frescoes - clay - sheet a. There was a .. on the easel, but the painter seemed to have lost inspiration. b. She took a .. of paper and started sketching the sitter's figure. c. Before leaving her studio, she cleans her brushes with d. It's fascinating to watch a sculptor fashioning which gradually takes shape. e. The walls of the basilica of San Francesco in Assisi are covered with .. by great Italian painters. 95 t Traduisez en anglais. a. C'est un dessinateur sans talent qui a reussi a vendre des croutes. b. II utilise Ie fusain pour dessiner ceux qui posent pour lui. c. De quelques coups de pinceau, il sait creer une oeuvre d'art. d. Cette statue, qui a ete sculptee par un grand artiste, se dresse sur un piedestal de marbre. e. Ce peintre n'utilise que de la peinture acrylique. 119 - 4 LA MUSIQUE MUSIC II:mt:!D .~. a (musical) score a staff =a stave GB a beat [i:] a bar GB =a measure us an octave [0] a note a quaver rest [ eI] a tone, a semitone a clef a key a chord an arpeggio [e] sharp, flat, natural major, minor to sight-read· . IlIiMlit:I a choir [aI;}] the choirmaster a chorister [0] an accompanist [II] atune [ju:] a song amelody[e] a verse [3:] a chorus [;,:] a (Christmas) carol the Iyria [I] singing exercises a chorus [;,:] opera, an opera [0] a libretto [e] a prima donna unaccompanied = a capella to sing· to hum [II] '4:. '!41,] une partition une portee un temps unemesure uneoctave une note un soupir un ton, un demi-ton unecle 1. une tonalite 2. une touche (de clavier) un accord un arpege diese, bemol, becarre majeur, mineur dechiffrer 'limn' unechorale Ie chef de ch<Eur un(e) choriste un accompagnateur un air un chant, une chanson unemelodie un couplet un refrain un chant de Noel les paroles des vocalises un ch<Eur (d'opera) I'opera, un opera un livret (d'opera) une cantatrice a capella chanter fredonner 1~'H~~gim '!4Jg.'B4·ijI a musician [I] a composer [;}u] a conductor [II] the baton asoloist [;}u] an orchestra [;,:] a symphony orchestra a symphony [I] a concerto [e;} ] asonata [a:] a recital [II] chamber music a band un musicien un compositeur un chef d'orchestre la baguette (du chef) un soliste un orchestre un orchestre symphonique une symphonie un concerto une sonate un recital la musique de chambre un groupe a tuning fork a music stand the beat rhythm [I] classical to compose [;}u] to conduct (an orchestra) to beat· time to tune to tune in to interpret [3:] un diapason un pupitre Ie tempo Ie rythme classique composer diriger (un orchestre) battre la mesure accorder s'accorder interpreter Les instruments demusique the strings a guitar [a:] a bass guitar a double-bass [II] acello[e] a violin / a fiddle [I] a viola [;}u] a bow [;}u] a harp the wind Instruments [I] bagpipes [ les (instruments a) cordes uneguitare une (guitare) basse une contrebasse un violoncelle unviolon un (violon) alto un archet une harpe les (instruments a) vent(s) une comemuse un basson un hautbois un pipeau les cuivres une trompette un trombone une clarinette unefllite un saxophone un cor d'harmonie un comet apistons un clairon les percussions la / une batterie un xylophone des timbales des baguettes unecymbale un piano aqueue un piano droit un accordeon un clavecin un orgue un orgue de Barbarie un clavier un synthetiseur une boite arythmes un ampli(ficateur) jouer du piano Phrases et expressions usuelles Practise GB / Practice USyour scales every day. A, B, C, D, E, F, G According to the tessitura of your voice, you may be a soprano, a mezzo-soprano, an alto, a contralto, if you are a woman. A man may be a tenor, a counter-tenor, a baritone, or a bass. To dance ma tune To set a poem to music To have perfect pitch To sing in tune It To sing out of tune To be off the beat To play something gn the piano Fais tes gammes tous les jours. La, si, do, re, mi, fa, sol Selon la tessiture de votre voix, vous pouvez etre soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto ou contralto, si vous etes une femme. Un homme peut etre tenor, haute-contre, baryton ou basse. Danser sur un air Mettre un poeme en musique Avoir I'oreille absolue Chanter juste It Chanter faux £tre acontretemps Jouer quelque chose au piano PronrlMset.',..'. ,.... To have an ear for music To play second fiddle He came with a face as long as a fiddle. Does it ring a bell/strike a chord? To call the tune To sing to the same tune This is music to my ears. It's the same old song. It set the tone for the whole evening. Avoir de I'oreille Jouer les seconds couteaux II est arrive avec une tete d'enterrement ~ t'evoque quelque chose 7 Mener la danse Accorder ses violons ~ fait plaisir aentendre. e'est toujours la meme rengaine. Cela a donne Ie ton de la soiree. ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Certains termes musicaux sont dif'ferents en anglais britannique et en anglais americain. GB US a semibreve a whole note a minim a half note a crotchet a quarter note a quaver an eighth note a semiquaver a sixteenth note ⢠II Ya deux fa~ons de former des noms designant des instrumentistes. 1. Nom de I'instrument + -ist : a pianist un pianiste a trombonist un tromboniste a clarinettist un clarinettiste a saxophonist un saxophoniste a violinist un violoniste a harpist un harpiste 2. Nom de I'instrument + -er : a drummer un batteur a trumpeter un trompettiste une ronde une blanche une noire une croche une double croche a cellist un violoncelliste a guitarist un guitariste a flutist un fiutiste a fiddler un violoneux ⢠On peut aussi employer Ie nom de I'instrument suivi du mot player: a piano player un pianiste a trumpet player un trompettiste Exercices 96. Retrouvez I'instrument de musique en remettant les lettres dans I'ordre. a. aeibgpsp b. euedkmtrtsl c. aiococdnr d. aeiclntr e. aoeohnpxs f. son boas 97. Traduisez en anglais. a. Un bon musicien sait dechiffrer les partitions. b. Le chef de chceur nous a dit de faire des vocalises tous les jours. c. S'il te plait, joue-nous un air au piano. d. Essayez d'accorder vos violons I 121 - 5 LES SCIENCES HUMAINES SOCIAL SCIENCES 'mHHd metaphysics, a metaphysician [I] ontology [0] epistemology [0] a dialectician [I] logic, a logician rhetoric [e] essence [e] matter [if] contingency [I] nothingness [1] a concept [0] a doctrine [0] a principle [I] a syllogism [I) a sophism, a sophist [0] to conceive [i:) to conceptualize [e) to theorize [Ia ] la mmphysique, un mmphysicien I'ontologie I'epistemologie un dialecticien la logique, un logicien la rhetorique I'essence lamatiere la contingence Ie neant un concept une doctrine un principe un syllogisme un sophisme, un sophiste concevoir conceptualiser theoriser -:raM- '!!iourn' un historien a historian [J:] archives, an archivist [0:] chronology [0] a dmeline [all an era [Ia] archaeology, an archaeologist [0] excavations [eI] a find [all a fossil [0] remains [eI] paleontology, a paleontologist [0] (Carbon-14) dating prehistory [I] a dinosaur [aI) a pterodactyf [if] a mammoth [if] the Ice Age the Stone / Iron / Bronze Age a cave [eI] a caveman a cave painting [eI] a burial mound a dolmen [0] a menhir [e] a monolith [0] a megalith [e] Andquity [I] the Middle Ages Modern Times des archives, un archiviste la chronologie une chronologie une ere, une peri ode I'archeologie, un archeologue desfouilles une decouverte un fossile des vestiges la paleontologie, un paleontologue la datation (au carbone 14) la prehistoire un dinosaure un prerodactyle unmammouth I'ere glaciaire I'age de pierre / de fer / du bronze une grotte, une caverne un homme des cavernes une peinture rupestre untumulus un dolmen un menhir un monolithe un megalithe I:ontiquire Ie Moyen Age I'epoque moderne the Age of Enlightenment [aI) the Victorian era the Roaring Twenties the legacy of the past prehistoric ancient / antique fossilized [0) embalmed [0:] monolithic [I] megalithic paleolithic mesollthic neolithic medi(a)eval feudal Ii u:) todig* to dig* out / up to die out mM~f.I?· .1vfR~ psychology, a psychologist [0] psychoanalysis, a psychoanalyst [if] the ego [i:] the superego theid repression [e] transference anthropology, an anthropologist [0) ethnology, an ethnologist a tribe sociology, a sociologist geography, a geographer [0] demography, a demographer a census [e] an age group the fertility rate the birth rate the death rate life expectancy [e] population density the population pyramid to analyse GB = to analyze US [if] to explain [eI] to study in depth to be in analysis Ie siecle des lumieres I'epoque victorienne les Annees folies I'heritage du passe prehistorique ancien / antique fossilise embaume monolithique megalithique paleolithique mesolithique neolithique medieval feodal creuser extraire s'ereindre Autres sciences humaines la psychologie, un psychologue la psychanalyse, un psychanalyste lemoi Ie surmoi le~ Ie refoulement Ie transfert I'anthropologie, un anthropologue I' ethnologie, un ethnologue unetribu la sociologie, un sociologue la geographie, un geographe la demographie, un demographe un recensement une tranche d'age Ie taux de recondire Ie taux de natalire Ie taux de mortalire I'esperance de vie la den site de population la pyramide des ages analyser expliquer etudier en profondeur faire une analyse _.lilIIIIIIII_ _ mlll Phrases et expressions usuelles = The social sciences are academic disciplines which study human aspects of the world. Les sciences humaines sont des disciplines universitaires qui se penchent sur les aspects humains du monde. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were Socrate, Platon et Aristote etaient des philosophes Greek philosophers. grecs. Philosophical theories: empiricism, Epicureanism, Theories philosophiques : I'empirisme, Stoicism, Platonism, positivism, idealism, I'epicurisme, Ie stoi'cisme, Ie platonisme, materialism, existentialism, hedonism, Ie positivisme, I'idealisme, Ie materialisme, evolutionism, creationism, rationalism, I'existentialisme, I'hedonisme, I'evolutionnisme, determinism, transcendentalism, Cartesianism, Ie creationnisme, Ie rationalisme, scepticism G8 = skepticism Us. Ie determinisme, Ie transcendantalisme, Ie cartesianisme, Ie scepticisme. 2000 years BC (= before Christ) 2000 ans avant Jesus-Christ In 567 AD (= Anno Domini) En I'an 567 de notre ere / apres Jesus-Christ The book provides a record of 18th-century Le livre est un document sur la societe London SOciety. londonienne au XVllle siecle. History books are the memory of mankind. Les livres d'histoire sont la memoire de I'humanite. The Seven Wonders of the world Les Sept Merveilles du monde Pro'.,.'. et '',/magies He's on an ego trip. And the rest is history .. This is history in the making. To make history It will go down in history. That's history. ! II veut se faire remarquer. Tout Ie monde connait la suite.. Nous vivons un moment historique. Entrer dans I'histoire ~ va entrer dans les annales. e'est de I'histoire ancienne. Pieges et difficultes ⢠Les noms de sciences humaines se terminent souvent en -ics et sont suivis d'un verbe au singulier : dialectics la dialectique ethics I'ethique maieutics la maieutique Metaphysics i! the branch of philosophy concerned with what exists. La metaphysique est la branche de la philosophie qui s'interesse ace qui existe. ⢠Dans Ie domaine des sciences humaines, de nombreux adjectifs anglais se terminent par -ical.1I faut generalement les traduire par un adjectif qui se termine par -ique. psychological psychologique archeological archeologique rhetorical rhetorique logicallogique chronological chronologique ethical ethique ⢠L'adjectif « historique » peut se traduire de deux fa~ons en anglais historic (marquant / qui fait date) ou historical (lie au passe, aI'histoire comme discipline). France winning the World Cup was a historic moment. La victoire de la France ala Coupe du Monde a ete un moment historique. The historical background is essential to understand events. Le contexte historique est essentiel pour comprendre les evenements. Exercices 98 t Reliez chaque mot de la liste a I'un des domaines suivants Philosophy - History a. archives, b. fossil, c. a find, d. a burial mound, e. rhetoric, f. mediaeval, g. a sophism, h. feudal 99 t Traduisez en anglais. a. La chute du Mur de Berlin a ete un evenement historique. b. Le systeme feodal s'est eteint apres Ie Moyen Age. c. En quoi consiste Ie travail du psychologue ? A quoi s'interesse I'archiviste ? d. Avez-vous vu Stonehenge ? Ce monument megalithique est I'un des vestiges les plus impressionnants de la prehistoire. 123 - 51 LES SCIENCES SCIENCES Mathematics = math(s} a mathematician [I) a theorem [1;1) an axiom [a!) a postulate [0] a reasoning [i:] the solution [u:] arithmetic [I] mental arithmetic algebra [a!] a figure [I] a number [1] an Integer [I] a natural number calculus =calculation a calculator [a!] a multiple [1] a divisor [al] a quotient [;lU] the result [1] the remainder [el] an equation [el] a function [1] a fraction [a!] a square / cube root geometry [0] trigonometry [0] the diameter [a!] the perimeter [I] the area [e;l) the circumference [1] the volume [0] the radius [el] a segment [e] a point a parallelogram [e] an arc a diagonal [a!] a polygon [0] a quadrilateral [a!] a cube Ii u:] a graph an exponent [;lU] a percentage [e] a vector [e ] infinity [I] QED per cent [e] plus ~ minus [al] prime [al] whole decimal [e] to calculate = to compute Les mathematiques =les maths un(e) mathematicien( ne) un theoreme un axiome un postulat un raisonnement la solution I'arithmetique Ie calcul mental I'algebre 1. un chiffre 2. une figure un nombre un nombre entier relatif un nombre entier naturel Ie calcul une calculatrice un multiple un diviseur un quotient Ie resultat Ie reste une equation une fonction une fraction une racine carree / cubique la geometrie la trigonometrie Ie diametre Ie peri metre I'aire / la surface la circonrerence Ie volume Ie rayon (d'un cercle) un segment un point un parallelogram me un arc une diagonale un polygone un quadrilatere un cube un graphique un exposant un pourcentage un vecteur I'infini CQ,FD pour cent plus ~ moins premier entier decimal calculer to add to subtract [a!] to multiply [1] to divide [al] to demonstrate [e] additionner soustraire multiplier diviser demontrer wmm ~!I un(e) physicien( ne) une propriere uneforce lagravite la resistance I'energie la masse Ie poids uneonde Ie vide I'electricite un electron un fil electrique une pile, une batterie unaimant la physique nudeaire la fission de I'atome un atome la radioactivite atomique a physicist [I] a property [0] aforee gravity [a!] resistance [I) energy [e] mass weight a wave [el] vacuum [a!] electricity [I] an electron [e] a wire [al;l] a battery [a!] a magnet [a!] nuclear physics nuclear fission an atom [a!] radioactivity [I] atomic [0) I:! il1iil an a chemist [e] a formula [J:] a test-tube a buret(te)[ e] a crucible [u:) a Bunsen burner an acid [a!] a base [el] a reagent [el] a predpitate [I] a residue [e) an element [e] a particle [0:] a molecule [0] an Ion [al] a chemical (substance) a gas a catalyst [a!] ammonia [;lU) chlorine [J:] nitrogen [al] hazardous foolproof / safe to oxidize [0] to react (with)[ a!] 124 1D:i1rm~ un(e) chimiste uneformule une eprouvette une burette un creuset un bee Bunsen un acide une base un reactif un precipite un residu un element une particule une molecule union un produit chimique ungaz un catalyseur I'ammoniaque lechlore I'azote dangereux sans danger s'oxyder reagir (avec) Phrases et expressions usuelles Applied / experimentalsdences Natural sciences include biology, zoology, botany, etc. Cross-ciisciplines The four sums are: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. 10,000 is a five-figure number. 2 to the power of 3 equals 8. The nine-times table is the hardest one to learn. The rule of three AS is parallel mFG and perpendicular mCD. The Pythagorean theorem Euclid's theorem Newton's law of universal gravitation Einstein worded the theory of relativity. The most famous scientific equation of all time is the relationship E=mel. Mendeleev developed the periodic table of elements. C is the chemical symbol for carbon. To look at something under / throum the microscope To observe cell division / cell proliferation ProverIIes et.,..'.'.. He always thinks of number onel It all adds upl It doesn't add up. This is the add test. The new coach acted as a catalyst to his team. ! Les sciences appliquees / experimentales Parmi les sciences naturelles on compte la biologie, la zoologie, la botanique, etc. La pluridisciplinarite, les disciplines transversales Les quatre operations sont : I'addition, la soustraction, la multiplication et la division. 10 000 est un nombre a dnq chiffres. 2 a la puissance 3 egale 8. La table de neuf est la plus dure a apprendre. La regie de trois AB est parallele a FG et perpendiculaire a CD. Le theoreme de Pythagore Le theoreme d'Euclide La loi de la gravitation universelle de Newton Einstein a enonce la loi de la relativite. L'equation scientifique la plus celebre de tous les temps est la relation E=mel. Mendeleiev a mis au point la classification periodique des elements. C est Ie symbole chimique du carbone. Observer quelque chose au microscope Observer la division / la multiplication des cellules ' ne pense qu'a lui I Tout s'explique I c;:a ne tient pas debout e'est I'epreuve de verite. Le nouvel entraineur a ere Ie catalyseur de son equipe. Pieges et difficultes ⢠En anglais, res objets qui sont composes de deux parties symetriques sont, Ie plus souvent, au pluriel : compasses un compas mais a compass une boussole ⢠Attention! « Un scientifique » se dit a scientist, alors que I'adjectif« scientifique » se dit scientific. Exercices 100. Completez chaque phrase par Ie mot qui convient pris dans la liste add - hazardous - minus - multiplied - root - sums a. In arithmetics you must be able to do the four b. Thirty-five nine is twenty-six. c. One hundred and seventy-four by two is three hundred and forty-eight. d. Carrying on an experiment may be .. e. The square of four is two. f. five and eight and you get thirteen. 101 ⢠Traduisez en anglais. a. Deux plus trois egale cinq. Vingt moins quatre egale seize. b. Je n'ai jamais ete capable de memoriser res formules chimiques. c. L'utilisation de certains produits chimiques est interdite. d. La physique est ma matiere preferee. e. Les scientifiques ecrivent leurs articles scientifiques en anglais. 5 LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Ifii§;mn;a a researcher [3:] un chercheur an engineer [Ia] un ingenieur a lab assistant [I] un laborantin a pioneer [Ia] un pionnier a laboratory = a lab un laboratoire = un labo exact sciences / les sciences exactes / hard sciences les sciences dures observation [eI] l'obseMtion experimentation =testing I'experimentation checking [e] la verification an experiment [e] une experience a trial [aI] un essai a sample [a:] 1. un echantillon 2. un prelevement a guinea pig [I] un cobaye les experiences animal testing sur les animaux a safeguard [eI] une precaution, un garde-fou une decouverte a discovery / a find an advance [0:] un progres, une avancee a patent [re] un brevet a field of research [I] un domaine de recherche technology [0] la technologie nanotechnologies les nanotechnologies technological technologique de pointe cutting edge / state-of-the-art ground-breaking [eI] novateur random[re] aleatoire rechercher to search for to do· research faire de la recherche faire des experiences to experiment verifier to check to run· a test proceder aun test tester totestout/ to put· to the test decouvrir, trouver to discover / to find· to develop [e] 1. mettre au point 2. se developper to Innovate [I] innover to revolutionize [u:] revolutionner to patent faire breveter to misuse [I] utiliser amauvais escient alterer, manipuler to tamper with [reI 111. a pharmaceutical company a generic drug [e] the placebo effect triple cocktail treatment Les progres de la medecine un laboratoire pharmaceutique un medicament generique I'effet placebo la tritherapie laser surgery open-heart surgery an ultrasound (scan) [1] assisted reproductive technology fertility '# infertility [I] semen = sperm a sperm donor [au] an egg artificial insemination an embryo [e] embryology [0] a foetus Ii:] the umbilical cord [I] a test-tube baby a birth defect [e] a vaccine [reI a transplant [re] embryonic [0] to implant [a:] to transplant [0:] ⢠la chirurgie au laser la chirurgie acceur ouvert une echographie la procreation medicale assistee la fertilite '# la sterilite Ie sperme un donneur de sperme un ovule I'insemination artificielle unembryon I'embryologie un fcetus Ie cordon ombilical un bebe eprouvette une malformation congenitale un vaccin une greffe (d'organe) embryonnaire implanter greffer Irl§,(§ittl a gene a chromosome [au] genetic engineering a geneticist [e] heredity [e] the genetic make-up genetic disorders an orphan disease / a rare disease diabetes Ii:] haemophllia [I] a haemophlliac [I] cystic fibrosis myopathy [0] multiple sclerosis gene therapy a cell a nucleus [j u:] a stem cell a pre-implantation genetic diagnosis a paternity test [3:] medical ethics [e] bioethics [e] a clone / cloning [au] eugenics [e] hereditary [e] transgenic [e] to clone to alter [;,:] to mutate Ii u:] un gene un chromosome Ie genie genetique un geneticien I'heredite Ie patrimoine genetique les maladies genetiques une maladie orpheline / rare Ie diabete I'hemophilie un hemophile la mucoviscidose la myopathie la sclerose en plaques la therapie genique une cellule un noyau une cellule souche un diagnostic preimplantatoire un test de paternite la deontologie medicale la bioethique un clone / Ie cion age I'eugenisme hereditaire transgenique cloner modifier muter To pioneer in a field To finance =to fund =to sponsor research To carry out an experiment To advance / foster / promote science He is engaged in fundamental' applied research. Some diseases are due to faulty genes. Gregor Mendel, who studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants, is considered as 'the father of modern genetics'. Genetic manipulations question the moral responsibility of researchers. Science progresses through trial and error. Science often involves going from theory to practice. Some scientists believe that a bioethics law is insufficient to protect people from potential abuse. Penicillin was a chance discovery. The fertility gene was discovered by accident in 2005. Two Australian scientists discovered that most stomach ulcers are caused by a bacterium. Most chromosomes go in pairs. £tre pionnier dans un domaine Financer la recherche Faire une experience Faire avancer la science II fait de la recherche fondamentale ' appliquee. Certaines maladies $Ont dues ades gimes defectueux. Gregor Mendel, qui etudia la transmission des caracteres dans les pois comestibles, est reconnu comme « Ie pere de la genetique moderne ». Les manipulations genetiques mettent en jeu la responsabilite morale des chercheurs. La science progresse par tatonnements. La science implique souvent que I'on passe de la theorie ala pratique. Certains scientifiques pensent qU'une loi de bioethique ne suffit pas pour proteger les gens d'abus potentiels. La penicilline a ete decouverte par hasard Le gene de la fertilite a ete decouvert par hasard en 2005. Deux scientifiques australiens ont decouvert que la plupart des ulceres de I'estomac $Ont dus aune bacterie. La plupart des chromosomes vont par deux. Proverbes et expruslolu lmagee. II a ~ dans Ie sang. Ce n'est pourtant pas $Orcier I Jouer aI'apprenti $Orcier It's in his genes. You don't need to be a rocket scientist! To be the sorcerer's apprentice ' Pieges et difficultes ⢠Attention! Experience signifie I'experience qu'on acquiert au fil du temps, tan dis qU'une experience scientifique se dit an experiment ⢠En fran~ais comme en anglais, certains termes scientifiques sont surtout connus par leurs sigles. Sigle anglais Nom anglais Sigle fran~ais Nom fran~ais R&D MRI IVF DNA GMO Research and Development Magnetic Resonance Imaging In Vitro Fertilization Desoxyribonucleic Acid Genetically Modified Organism R&D IRM FIV ADN OGM Recherche et developpement Imagerie aresonance magnetique Fertilisation in vitro Acide desoxyribonucleique Organisme genetiquement modifie Exercices 102 t Traduisez en fran~ais. a. Researchers often use a trial-and-error approach. b. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from an animal cell. c. Pharmaceutical companies are caught between scientific research and the search for profit. d. Cloning demands experiments and safeguards. 103 t Traduisez en anglais. a. C'est une decouverte novatrice. b. II fait de la recherche depuis quinze ans. c. Les laboratoires pharmaceutiques fabriquent aussi des medicaments generiques. d. II souffre d'hemophilie depuis sa naissance. e. C'est grace a I'insemination artificielle qu'elle a pu avoir un enfant. 127 - Le saviez-vous ? William Shakespeare (1564-1616) The most famous English playwright of all times lived during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. He wrote tragedies and comedies which were played at the Globe Theatre, in London. He also wrote wonderful sonnets. Le plus celebre dramaturge anglais de tous les temps vecut sous Ie regne de la reine Elizabeth I. II ecrivit des tragedies et des comedies qui furent jouees au theatre du Globe, a Londres. II ecrivit aussi de merveilleux sonnets. Shakespeare's works played a major part in the development and enrichment of the English language, and this is particularly true of the vocabulary. Les Cl!uvres de Shakespeare ont joue un role primordial dans Ie developpement et I'enrichissement de la langue anglaise, et cela est particulierement vrai du vocabulaire. Many words first recorded in Shakespeare's works have survived into Modern English. Such is the case of assassination, barefaced, countless, eventful, lacklustre, laughable, premeditated, and so on. De nombreux mots qui apparaissent pour la premiere fois dans les Cl!uvres de Shakespeare ont survetu en anglais moderne. C'est Ie cas des termes assassinat, ehonte, innombrable, mouvemente, teme, risible, premedite, etc. Current everyday idioms are derived from Shakespeare: 'it was Greek to me' - Julius Caesar, 'brevity is the soul of wit' - Hamlet, 'love is blind' - The Merchant of Venice, 'devils incarnate' - Henry V; 'good riddance' - Troilus and Cressida, 'a foregone conclusion' - Othello, and many more. Certaines expressions idiomatiques tres courantes viennent de Shakespeare. - pour moi, c'emit de I'hebreu, - c'est une marque d'esprit que d'et:re bref, -I'amour est aveugle, - Ie diable incarne, - bon debarras, - une issue certaine, et bien d'autres. Bluebeard Cinderella Goldilocks and the Three Bears Hop 0' My Thumb Jack and the Beanstalk The Little Mermaid Little Red Riding Hood The Pied Piper of Hamelin Puss in Boots Sleeping Beauty Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs The Ugly Duckling The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Alice au pays des merveilles La Belle et la bete Barbe-Bleue Cendrillon Boucle d'Or et les trois ours Le Petit Poucet Jack et Ie Haricot magique La Petite Sirene le Petit Chaperon rouge Le Joueur de flute de Hamelin Le Chat botte La Belle au bois dormant Blanche-Neige et les sept nains Le Vilain Petit Canard le Magicien d'Oz After the 'cinematographe' was ..._ _... invented in France, California attracted the movie industry because of the variety of its landscapes. Apres I'invention du cinematographe en France, I'industrie cinl!matographique fut seduite par la variete des paysages californiens. It was in 1911 that the first film studio was opened in a place known as Hollywood, in Los Angeles. The thriving new industry brought huge numbers of people to California. High-rise commercial bUildings, banks, clubs, restaurants and movie palaces sprang up along Hollywood Boulevard. C'est en 1911 que Ie premier studio fut ouvert dans un endroit connu sous Ie nom de Hollywood, a Los Angeles. Prospere, la nouvelle industrie attira les foules en Californie. Des gratte-ciel de bureaux, des banques, des clubs, des restaurants et des cinemas surgirent Ie long de Hollywood Boulevard. Today most films are shot on location and Hollywood studios are used mostly for the production of TV serials and cop shows that are so popular in the United States and abroad. Aujourd'hui, la plupart des films sont toumes en exterieur et on utilise surtout les studios de Hollywood pour la production de feuilletons et de series policieres qui sont tellement prises aux Etats-Unis et a I'etranger. Many modern musical styles were born in Britain and America. But where do their funny names come from? De nombreux styles musicaux sont nes en Grande-Bretagne et aux Etats-Unis. Mais d'ol! viennent leurs droles de noms? Rock 'n' roll was a euphemism used by Black Americans since the 1930s to describe sexual intercourse. It was picked uR in the mid1950s to describe the style crossing white country music and black rhythm and blues. Rock 'n' roll etait un euphemisme utilise par les Noirs americains depuis les annees 1930 pour decrire les rapports sexuels. II fut repris au milieu des annees 1950 pour designer Ie style qui associait la musique country des Blancs au« rhythm and blues» des Noirs. Blues derives from old songs in which Negro slaves lamented their miserable condition, as to be blue and to have the blues mean 'to be sad' Le mot blues vient des anciens chants dans lesquels les esclaves noirs se lamentaient sur leur condition miserable (<< to be blue» et « to have the blues » signifient « avoir Ie cafard »). Rap is an old word to describe rapid speech. As to the term hip-hop, it appeared in the 19705 when a rapper, Keith Cowboy, made fun of a friend who had just joined the army by singing 'hipjhopjhipjhop' in a song, imitating a marching soldier. Rap est un mot ancien qui designait une elocution rapide. Quant au terme hip-hop, il est apparu dans les annees 1970 lorsque Ie rappeur Keith Cowboy scanda« hip, hop, hip, hop » dans une chanson, tel un soldat qui defile, afin de se moquer d'un ami qui venait de s'engager dans I'armee. Punk rock is associated to the punk subculture, punk being an insult for a worthless person. Le punk rock est associe a la culture punk. Le mot« punk » est une insulte qui designe un vaurien. The term reggae comes from a 1968 song called Do the Reggay, and may derive from rege-rege, a Jamaican word meaning a quarrel, a fight. Le mot reggae est tire d'une chanson de 1968 intitulee « Do the Reggay », et vient peutetre de « rege-rege », un mot jama'icain qui signifie « dispute», « bagarre ». 129 The family cell a parent [e;l) the mother, the father mummy =mum =mom daddy = dad motherhood [A) fatherhood [0:) a child pl. children a son, a daughter [J:) a brother, a sister a sibling [I) a twin the offspring [0) a Christian name a first name a middle name a surname [3:) a nickname [I) the grandmother [re) the grandfather the great-grandmother the great-grandfather a grandchild a grandson a granddaughter motherly / fatherly brotherly [A) adopted [0) adoptive to adopt to name a child Marriage and divorce a bachelor [re) a spinster =an old maid a (marriage) proposal an engagement [el) an engagement ring marriage [re) a wedding [e) a wedding ring / band the bride [al) the (brlde)groom a bridesmaid the best man the husband [A) the wife pl. wives the newlyweds [j u:) thein-laws a partner, a common law husband / wife La cellule familiale cohabitation [e I) adultery [A) a break-up [el) alimony[re) a one-parent family = a single-parent family a lone / single mother a reconstituted family polygamy [I) single = unmarried to propose to sb [au) to get· engaged to get· married [re) tomarrysb to (re)marry to get· divorced [J:) to divorce sb to cohabit / to live as man and wife to recognize a child legally I'un des deux parents la mere, Ie pere maman papa la maternite la paternite un enfant un fils, une fille un frere, une S Ie concubinage I'adultere une rupture une pension alimentaire une famille monoparentale une mere celibataire une famille recomposee la polygamie celibataire demander qqn en mariage se fiancer se marier epouserqqn se (re)marier divorcer divorcer de qqn vivre en concubinage reconnaitre un enfant Iil. the ancestors / the for( e)bears family ties a relative [e) an aunt, an uncle [A) a cousin [A) a niece, a nephew [e) a godson, a goddaughter to be related [el) Lemarlage et Ie divorce les ancetres / les a'ieux les liens familiaux un parent, un proche une tante, un oncle un(e) cousin(e) une niece, un neveu un filleul, une filleule etre de la meme famille Les reunions defamllle un celibataire une vieille fille une demande en mariage a birthday [3:) a candle [re) a wish a present =a gift gift-wrap ribbon [I) a bow [;m) adhesive tape = Sellotape® a balloon [u:) a Christmas tree tinsel [I) a Christmas bauble GB / ball US Santa Claus = Father Christmas Christmas Eve New Year's Eve desfian~illes une bague de fian~illes Ie mariage (institution) un mariage (ceremonie) unealliance la mariee Ie marie une demoiselle d'honneur Ie ga~on d'honneur, letemoin lemari la femme, I'epouse les jeunes maries la belle-famille un(e) concubin(e) 130 un anniversaire une bougie un vceu un cadeau du papier cadeau du ruban un nceud duscotch un ballon un sapin de Noel des guirlandes une boule (de Noel) Ie pere Noel Ie reveillon de Noel Ie reveillon du Nouvel An Phrases et expressions usuelles Afamily man She was named after her grandmother. He takes after his father. A white wedding An unconsummated marriage They have celebrated their silver wedding. To stand godmother / godfather to a child A natural child is a child born out of wedlock. a Adopted children sometimes want to meet their birth parents. She gained custody of their child. She's like a mother to me. He is a first cousin of my mother's. She is my aunt gn my mother's side. He's my uncle .bl marriage. John is an only child. Anna is Lauren's baby sister. Happy birthday! Merry Christmas! Happy New Year! Mother's Day / Father's Day Un (bon) pere de famille On lui a donne Ie nom de sa grand-mere. II tient de son pere. Un mariage en blanc Un mariage blanc (= non consomme) 115 ont fete leurs noces d'argent £tre la marraine / Ie parrain d'un enfant Un enfant naturel est un enfant ne en dehors des liens du mariage. Les enfants adoptes veulent parfois rencontrer leurs parents naturels. Elle a obtenu la garde de leur enfant C'est une vraie mere pour moi. C'est I'un des cousins germains de ma mere. Cest ma tante du cote de ma mere. Cest mon oncle par alliance. John est enfant unique. Anna est la petite sa!ur de Lauren. Bon anniversaire ! JoyeUl( Noell Bonne annee I La fete des meres / La rete des peres Proverlla et expressions Image. Like father, like son. Blood is thicker than water. He was in his birthday suit. Tel pere, tel fils. Bon sang ne saurait mentir. II etait nu comme un ver. ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠En anglais, Ie suffixe -in-law sert adesigner les membres de la famille du conjoint, alors que Ie prefixe step- sert adesigner les membres d'une famille recomposee. the father-in-law a stepfather un beau-pere = mari de la mere Ie beau-pere = pere du ou de la marie(e) a stepmother une belle-mere = femme du pere the mother-in-law a stepson un beau-fils = fils du conjoint la belle-mere =mere du ou de la marie(e) a stepdaughter une belle-fille =fille du conjoint a son-in-law un gendre a stepbrother / a half-brother un demi-frere a daughter-in-law une bru, une belle-fille a stepsister / a half-sister une demi-sa!ur ⢠Attention! Pour les freres et sa!urs, Ie superlatif de old est the elder quand ils sont deux et the eldest quand ils sont trois ou plus They have two children; Valentine is the elder. 115 ont deux enfants; Valentin est I'arne. They have three children; Alex is the eldest. 115 ont trois enfants ; Alex est I'aine. Exercices 104 t Dans chaque phrase, barrez Ie mot qui ne convient pas. a. Their marriage / wedding was a success but their marriage / wedding is a failure. b. Their two children were born on the same day; they are twins / offsprings. C. My wife's father is my stepfather / father-in-law. d. After their divorce he insisted on giving his wife substantial custody / alimony. e. All the time they got / were engaged, he was delightful; now, he is an awful husband. f. When they got married he gave her a beautiful wedding-/ marriage-ring. 105 t Traduisez en anglais. a. II tient vraiment de sa mere. b. 115 ont deux filles; Sue est I'ainee. C. Elle s'est remariee void deux ans, mais ses enfants ne s'entendent pas avec leur beau-pere. d. II etait malheureux dans sa famille naturelle et il est tres heureux dans sa famille adoptive. 131 _ 5 LES RELATIONS HUMAINES HUMAN RELA TIONS Acquaintances introductions [II] a nelghbo(u)r the people next door Ii:] a greeting = greetings Ii:] a handshake [If] hand-kissing [I] a conversation [eI] social life a party [u:] Les connalssances et les relations les presentations un voisin les voisins,le voisinage une salutation une poignee de mains Ie baisemain une conversation la vie sociale une fete, une soiree, une reception a cocktail party un cocktail an invitation [eI] une invitation a guest [e] un( e) invite( e) the host / the hostess [du] I'hote / I'hotesse = la maTtresse de maison sociability [I] la sociabilite affinities [I] des affinites, des atomes crochus hospitality [If] I'hospitalite community spirit I'esprit de groupe solidarity [If ] la solidarite sociable [du] sociable, liant, affable hospitable [0] hospitalier hearty / cordial/warm chaleureux companionable [If] sociable, de compagnie agreable considerate [I] prevenant, plein d'egards to introduce sb to sb else presenter qqn aqqn d'autre to meet> rencontrer to make> sb's faire la connaissance acquaintance deqqn to welcome sb [e] souhaiter la bienvenue aqqn / accueillir qqn to come> across sb = rencontrer qqn par hasard to run> into sb = to bump Into sb to shake> hands with sb serrer la main de qqn to chat =to have> a chat discuter to nod tosb faire un signe de tete aqqn to invite sb over inviter qqn chez soi to visit sb GB = rendre visite aqqn to visit with sb US to call on sb passer voir qqn to drop in (on sb) passer aI'improviste (chez qqn) to entertain [eI] recevoir to throw> a party donner une soiree to rub shoulders with frequenter to part se quitter, se separer to leave> s'en aller, partir .«mmn wmorw a relationship [eI] 1. une relation 2. une liaison a friend un (e) amite) a close friend un( e) ami( e) proche a bosom friend un(e) amite) intime a childhood friend un(e) amite) d'enfance a pal, a chum, a mate GB = un copain / une copine a buddy US a comrade [0] un( e) camarade a companion [If] un compagnon / une compagne a bond un lien comradeship la camaraderie friendliness [e] Ie comportement amical trust / confidence la confiance devotion [du] Ie devouement amiable / likeable aimable / sympathique friendly Ii unfriendly amical '* inamical nice / congenial sympathique easy-going facile avivre popular [0] apprecie de tous unpopular peu apprecie loyal Ii disloyal [JI] loyal Ii deloyal faithful Ii unfaithful [eI] fidele '* infidele staunch sur, loyal, fidele trustworthy = reliable digne de confiance devoted (to)[au] attache (a) to like [aI] aimer bien to get> on / bien s'entendre avec along well with to talk (to) parler (a) to confide in [aI] se confier a to trust avoir confiance en to rely on [aI] compter sur to reciprocate (a feeling) partager (un sentiment) tostand* by soutenir qqn '!'·lIama loneliness [du] a loner a dropout [0] a wet blanket, a killjoy lonely fastidious [I] boring [J:] standoffish [0] antisocial [au] friendless to slip away to keep> to oneself to be by oneself to remain aloof to drop out Ie sentiment d'etre seul un solitaire un marginal un rabat-joie seul, solitaire jamais content ennuyeux distant, froid asocial sans am is s'eclipser rester dans son coin etre seul rester adistance se marginaliser Phrases et expressions usuelles Q She is a friend of mine = one of my friends. We are on friendly terms. To make friends with sb = To strike up a friendship with sb We have a wide circle of friends. He's a good mixer. He did it out of friendship for me. We need to stick together. She lives alone but never feels lonely. We were just getting to know them when they moved out. Pop in whenever you like. Will you come over for a drink? They entertained us to dinner. What are you having? Enjoy your meal! Help yourself! Help yourself to some wine. Cheers! I'd like to propose a toast to the newlyweds. We just engaged in a bit of small talk. Do look us up when you come to France. To part company with sb To crash a party He is a gatecrasher. C'est une de mes amies. Nous avons des rapports amicaux. Se lier d'amith~ avec qqn Nous avons beaucoup d'amis. II est tres sociable. IIl'a fait par amitie pour moi. II faut nous serrer les coudes. Elle habite seule mais ne se sent jamais seule. Nous commencions tout juste ales connaitre quand ils ont demenage. Passe a la maison quand tu voudras. Voulez-vous venir prendre un verre a la maison ? lis nous ont invites a diner. Que prendrez-vous ? Bon appetit I Servez-vous I Prenez donc un peu de vin. (A votre) sante ! Je souhaite porter un toast aux jeunes maries. Nous n'avons echange que de menus propos. Passe donc nous voir quand tu viendras en France. 1. £tre en desaccord avec qqn 2. Se separer Venir a une fete sans y etre invite C'est un pique-assiette. Proverlles et expressions Image. Afriend in need is a friend indeed. Short reckonings make long friends. I have a pen friend in Canada. Shall we be friends? You want to leave? Well, be my guest! He's the life and soul ofthe party. Party snacks A party animal To get on like a house on fire C'est dans Ie besoin qu'on reconnait ses amis. Les bons comptes font les bons amis. J'ai un correspondant au Canada Allez, on fait la paix ? Tu veux partir? Eh bien, ne te gene pas ! C'est un vrai boute-en-train. Des amuse-gueule Un fetard S'entendre comme larrons en foire Exercices Comph~tez chaque phrase avec Ie mot qui convient. along - out of - by - on - to - with - over a. They are friendly terms. b. They are good friends, they get really well. c. Everything I did was done kindness. d. Help yourself some vegetables. e. She entertained me lunch. f. When he arrived he shook hands everybody. g. They invited us to dinner. h. He is reliable: he stands his friends. 106 t 107 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Nous sommes des amis d'enfance et nous nous entendons bien. b. C'est une amie fidele et sure en qui j'ai toute confiance. c. Merci de votre aimable invitation. d. lis sont si chaleureux que c'est un plaisir de leur rendre des visites improvisees. e. Ce rabat-joie est reste dans son coin to ute la soiree. f. J'aime bien Linda; j'ai fait sa connaissance lors d'une soiree. 133 55 LA COMMUNICATION COMMUNICA TION 'i.i'';'' a letter [e] an envelope [e] a postcard [~u] a telegram [e] a parcel [0:] the wrapping [(f] bubble wrap a letter opener the address [e] the addressee [i:] the sender [e] a stamp the collection [e] the mallvan [eI] a post bag a post office [D] the postmark [~u] a postal order p.o. Box registered [e] epistolary [I] to communicate [j u:] to writeto sign [aI] to initial [I] to fold to seal [i:] to stamp to sendto sort to deliver [I] to receive [i:] to reply (to a letter) The telephone a phone call the receiver [i:] the cord / the flex the dial [aI] the dial tone the ringing tone a directory / a phone book the yellow pages a (telephone) number a premium rate number a line [aI] a phone operator [D] a switchboard [I] a cordless phone an answerphone = an answering machine ⢠·j.(.£,1). a loudspeaker [i:] a fax machine [i:] a hands-free kit [(f] a mobile phone = acellphone voice mail ki~J6M. une lettre une enveloppe une carte postale un telegram me un paquet, un colis I'emballage du papier bulle un coupe-papier I'adresse Ie destinataire I'expediteur un timbre la levee la camionnette de la poste un sac postal un bureau de poste, une poste Ie cachet de la poste un mandat B.P. (boTte postal e) recommande epistolaire communiquer ecrire signer parapher plier fermer (I'enveloppe) timbrer, affranchir envoyer trier distribuer recevoir repondre (it une lettre) a teleconference [D] an SMS = a text message [e] a public phone [,] a phone card local -long-distance prepaid = pay-as-you-go to phone sb = to ring- sb = to callsb to dial [aI] to connect [e] to ringto get- through to sb to answer the phone [0:] to pick up the phone to call back to hang- up (l!!l sb) to add credit [e] to send- an SMS / a text message to text ⢠ane-mail the subject (line) [,] an attachment [(f] an address book [e] a mailbox [eI] junk mail = spam un haut-parleur un telecopieur, un fax un kit mains libres un (telephone) portable une messagerie, une boTte vocale une visioconference un SMS / minimessage un telephone public une telecarte local of. interurbain prepaye telephoner it qqn composer un numero relier, connecter sonner joindre qqn repondre au telephone decrocher rappeler raccrocher (au nez de qqn) recharger envoyer un SMS / un minimessage taper un SMS / un minimessage lill·11 un courriel, un mail I'objet une piece jointe un carnet d'adresses une boTte aux lettres Ie courrier indesirable, Ie spam a chat room un chat a newsgroup [j u:] un forum a nickname = a handle = un pseudo a screen name FAQ (Frequently une FAQ (Foire Asked Questions) Aux Questions) to e-mail sb [i:] envoyer un courrier electronique it qqn to attach a file joindre un tichier to forward transferer / faire suivre a document un document to retrieve = to download relever ses messages one's messages to chat chatter 1I!mItP.J!LIJ un appel telephonique Ie combine Ie til du telephone Ie cadran la tonalite la sonnerie un annuaire les pages jaunes un numero de telephone un numero surtaxe une ligne un standardiste un standard un telephone sans til un repondeur 134 Phrases et expressions usuelles Has the postman come? A I~r of complaint In August I have my mail forwarded. Please forward. We must catch the post / the mail. We missed the mail / the last post. Snail mail . e-mail They replied by return of post. Post-free / Postage paid Date as postmark Return to sender What's the postage on this parcel? I've left the phone off the hook so as not to be disturbed. Sarah is m! the phone. To look up a number in the directory They're unlisted = ex-directory. They're in the book. Give me a call / a bun / a ringl Please leave a message after the tone. You've got mail. '''magees Proverbes et A poison-pen letter A Dear John letter Don't forget to drop me a linel Keep me posted. ! o Le facteur est passe ? Une lettre de reclamation En aout, je fais suivre mon courrier. Faire suivre, SVP. II faut qu'on poste Ie courrier avant la levee. On a loupe la derniere levee. Le courrier postal' Ie courrier electronique 115 ont repondu par retour du courrier. Port pare / Ne pas affranchir Le cachet de la poste faisant foi Retour aI'envoyeur C'est combien pour envoyer ce paquet ? J'ai decroche Ie telephone pour ne pas etre derange. Sarah est au telephone. Chercher un numero dans I'annuaire 115 sont sur liste rouge. 115 sont dans I'annuaire. Passe-moi un coup de fill Merci de laisser un message apres Ie bip. Vous avez un nouveau message / du courrier. Une lettre anonyme Une lettre de rupture N'oublie pas de m'envoyer un mot I Tenez-moi au courant Pieges et difficultes ⢠Certaines expressions varient selon qu'elles sont en anglais britannique ou americain GB US to post to mail poster the mailman Ie facteur the postman the postcode the zip code Ie code postal postage and packing postage and handling les frais de port et d'emballage a letterbox a mail box une borte a lettres (chez soi) a mail box une borte Ii lettres (dans la rue) a postbox, a pillar box a phone booth une cabine telephonique a phone box a toll-free number un numero vert a freephone number a reverse charge call a collect call un appel en PCV Exercices 108 ⢠Quel est Ie mot compose qui convient pour completer la phrase? a. I looked up a number phone / phone number in the directory. b. She wrote down his address in her address book / book address. c. Can you hear the tone dial/dial tone? d. The problem with e-mails is that you get a lot of mail junk / junk mail. e. Just give me time to give a phone call / call phone. 109 ⢠Traduisez en anglais. a. A quelle heure est la levee? b. Quandj'ai decroche, il n'y avait personne au bout du fiI. c. Hier soir, j'ai decroche Ie telephone pour dormir tranquille. d. Raccroche, je t'enverrai un SMS plus tard. e. Elle passe to utes ses journees au telephone. f. Je leur ai envoye un courriel avec des pieces jointes. 135 56 LA PRESSE ECRITE PRINT MEDIA The written press a press baron / tycoon a publisher [II) a newspaper = a paper a daily (newspaper) a weekly [i:) a monthly [II) a Sunday paper a broadsheet = a quality paper a tabloid [If:) a rag the layout [eI) the front page a headline [e) a heading [e) an article [0:) a caption [If: ) a cartoon [u:) an issue [I) a copy [D) the circulation [eI) the readership [i:) a subscriber [aI) a subscription [I) mass circulation [eI) to publish / to print to subscribe to 'i.,iiij,E'tnjjI the press current affairs (the) news +sing. a piece of news = a news Item [aI) news-oriented journalism La presse 6crite un magnat de la presse un editeur un journal un quotidien un hebdomadaire un mensuel un quotidien du dimanche un journal de qualite un tabloYde 1. un canard 2. un torchon la mise en page la« une» un (gros) titre un chapeau, un en-tete un article une legende (de photo) un dessin de presse un numero un exemplaire la diffusion, Ie tirage Ie lectorat un abonne un abonnement agros tirage publier s'abonner a Le journalisme la presse, les journalistes I'actualite les informations une information Ie journalisme d'information a journalist / a reporter un journaliste a correspondent [D) un correspondant a special correspondent un envoye special an editor [e) 1. un redacteur en chef 2. un chef de rubrique a newswriter [j u: I un redacteur a freelancer = un pigiste, un journaliste a freelance journalist independant the newsroom [j u:) la salle de redaction a quotation = a quote une citation a copy editor un secretaire de redaction a news agency [ell une agence de presse a hoax [;10) un canular newsworthy [j u:) digne d'etre pub lie biased ~ unbiased [aI) partial ~ impartial controversial [3:) polemique to inform [):) informer to run- a story to make- good copy to investigate [e) to quote publier un article faire bien vendre enqueter citer a report [):) a story f):) a cover story a columnist a leader = an editorial a feature story an obituary [I) news in brief a dispatch [If:) the letters to the editor [e) the classified ads = the small ads the TV listings [I) the agony columl.1 a critic = a reviewer a critique = a review to interview [I) to review [j u:) un reportage un sujet, un article un article ala une un chroniqueur un editorial un article de fond une necrologie les breves, les faits divers une depeche Ie courrier des lecteurs les petites annonces les programmes tele Ie courrier du cceur un critique une critique interviewer faire une critique Lecontr61e del'lnformation censorship [e) self-censorship [e) freedom of the press the right to know public relations (PR) a spin doctor [D) a spokesman, a spokeswoman, a spokesperson [;lU) a press secretary / officer a statement[ eI) a news release = a press release [i:) a leak doublespeak [II) propaganda [If: ) a correction [e) a disclaimer [eI) politically correct to censor [e) to gag the press to suppress a paper to hush up to spin- / to doctor the news la censure I'autocensure la liberte de la presse Ie droit aI'information les relations publiques un conseiller en communication un( e) porte-parole un attache de presse une declaration un communique de presse une fuite Ie / un double langage la propagande un rectificatif un dementi politiquement correct censurer biiillonner la presse interdire un journal etouffer manipuler I'information Phrases et expressions usuelles o He works 2D. a newspaper. He accepted an interview with the LA. Times. That's front page news. It's in the news. The royal wedding hit the front pages. The gutter press =The yellow press covers sensational events. The editorial staff of this magazine specialize in investigative journalism / muckraking. II travaille dans un journal. II a accepi:e de donner une interview au LA. Times. e'est de I'info de premier ordre. C'est dans I'actualite. Le mariage royal a fait la une des journaux. La presse asensation couvre les evenements qui font scandale. La redaction de ce magazine se specialise dans Ie journalisme d'investigation / la chasse aux« affaires It. Agood journalist should aim at accuracy and Un bon journaliste doit tendre ala precision et a brevity while avoiding journalese. la concision tout en evitant Ie jargon journalistique. The Daily Mirror is a Labour-leaning paper. Le Daily Mirror est un journal pro-travailliste. I need a back issue of Newsweek. J'ai besoin d'un ancien numero de Newsweek. Maybe my newsagent has unsold copies. Peut-etre que mon marchand de journaux a des invendus. The world's biggest publishing empire belongs Le plus gros empire de presse du monde to Rupert Murdoch. appartient aRupert Murdoch. In the US paperboys do their paper rounds Aux Etats-Unis, les livreurs de journaux font every morning. leur tournee tous les matins. The press is sometimes called the Fourth Estate. La presse est parfois surnommee Ie quatrieme pouvoir. Prowwlles crt upressIons '''' If it bleeds, it leads. Le sang, ~ fait vendre. News travels fast! Les nouvelles vont vite I No news is good news. Pas de nouvelles, bonnes nouvelles. It's yesterday's news! Ce n'est plus d'actualite. That's bad press for him. ~ lui fait une mauvaise publicite. You never read about a plane that did not crash. On ne parle jamais des trains qui arrivent aI'heure. Exercices 110 ⢠Completez les phrases au moyen des termes suivants : issue - hoax - investigative - circulation - reporters - spinning - story - tabloids a. The Watergate scandal was a good example of journalism. b. Without Borders is an organisation which supports persecuted journalists around the world. c.. are generally cheap popular newspapers. d. Politicians have become experts at .. the information. e. A few weeks ago, The Times ran a fantastic .. about the discovery of gold in Scotland, but it was later revealed that it was just a .. f. The actor was forced to a statement after rumours that he had suffered a heart attack. g. The Daily Mail's .. dropped by 20% over the last 6 months. 111 ⢠Associez chaque mot de la colonne de gauche a sa definition don nee dans la colonne de droite. a. a quotation b. a free-lancer c. an interview d. a newsroom e. a correspondent f. coverage g. censorship h. an obituary 1. a journalist permanently based in a country or city 2. an article summing up a dead person's life 3. questions and answers 4. suppressing information 5. the treatment of an event 6. where reporters get together 7. reported words 8. non-permanent reporter 137 5 L'AUDIOVISUEL BROADCAST MEDIA Ilalll a broadcaster [J:] a transmitter [I] a frequency [i:] optical fibre a wave [eI] a wavelength long / medium / shortwaves FM radio [eI] un diffuseur un emetteur une frequence la fibre optique uneonde une longueur d' onde les ondes longues / moyennes / courtes la FM = la modulation de rrequence a radio station une station de radio an Internet radio une webradio a webcast [e] une emission diffusee sur Ie web terrestrial television [e] la television hertzienne cable TV [eI] la television par cable a channel [1f] 1. une chaine 2. un canal a specialty channel une chaine thematique the licence fee [aI] la redevance pay TV la television 11 peage a toll channel [1f] une chaine 11 peage encryption [I] Ie cadage high definition / HDTV la haute definition encrypted [I] code, crypte on (the) air 11 I'antenne to transmit [I] emettre to broadcast· =to air diffuser to televise [e] televiser mm: 1 CI!!i!!f'm 'Qi·JYZ·'I . 'QD the program(me)s [;)u] les programmes a program(me) = une emission a show = a broadcast a television / une grille de programmes radio schedule radio / tele air time Ie temps d'antenne prime time Ie prime time peak (viewing / listening) les heures de grande time ecoute an episode [e] un episode a recurring character un personnage recurrent a television movie = un telefilm a television film a documentary [e] un documentaire a chat show GB = un talk show a talk show US a game show / a quiz show un jeu televise a quiz master [Q:] un animateur de jeux a cartoon [u:] un dessin anime candid camera [1f] la camera cachee breakfast TV GB = la television du matin the morning show US reality TV [1f ] la tele realite a talent show = une emission de decouverte a talent contest de jeunes talents a video [I] un clip (video), une video a news bulletin = un journal, un bulletin a news program(me) d'information a news flash un flash d'information a roundup of news un resume de I'actualite infotainment [ex] I'info-spectacle a sportscaster [J:] un journaliste sportif the weather forecast Ie bulletin meteo,la meteo a televangelist [1f] un televangeliste a trailer [eI] une bande-annonce a host = a compere = un presentateur, anMC un animateur a set un plateau an announcer [au] un speaker, une speakerine footage[u] des images, une sequence archive footage = des images d'archives file footage US = library pictures GB an autocue [J:] un teleprompteur a monitor screen un ecran de centrale a microphone / a mike un microphone / un micro a laugh track = canned laughter [Q:] des rires enregistres a rerun = a repeat [i:] une rediffusion slow motion [;)u] Ie ralenti Instant replay Ie retour sur image a phone-in une emission de libre programme GB = antenne a call-in program US [;)u] live to recorded [J:] en direct to en differe to run· a programme diffuser, mettre 11 I'antenne to rerun· = to repeat rediffuser (une emission) to replay [i:] repasser (une sequence) to anchor = to host presenter (une emission) (a show) to serialize [I;)] adapter en feuilleton to be taken off the air etre deprogramme L'auclience et la publlclte a listener [I] a viewer Ii u:] audience figures GB = audience ratings US audience shares [J:] an advertisement = an advert = an ad GB a commercial US [3:] a commercial break teleshopping [e] a sponsor [D] un auditeur un telespectateur les audiences' I'l>.udimat des parts d'audience une publicite une publicite (TV et radio) une coupure publicitaire Ie teleachat un annonceur Phrases et expressions usuelles What's on TV tonight? Pay-per-vlew television A round-the-clock news channel Digital terrestrial television He's a real couch potato. His marriage got a lot of media coverage. I like to sing 12 the radio. And here's the news. Staytunedl To be continued.. 'Breaking News' 'This is Michael O'Neil reporting live from Canberra.' In the 19205, people listened to the wireless. o Qu'est-ce qu'il y a a la television ce 50ir ? Le pay-per-view ' la television a la carte Une chaine d'information en continu La television numerique terrestre (TNT) II passe son temps devant la tele. II y a eu une grosse couverture mediatique de $On mariage. J'aime chanter en ecoutant la radio. Et void les informations. Ne zappez pas I Asuivre.. « Flash special It « Michael O'Neil, en direct de Canberra. » Dansles anneas 1920, les gens tkoutaient la TSF. Prollfll'bes et expreulons lmagies We're on the same wavelength. Nous sommes sur la meme longueur d'onde. 'If it weren't for electricity, we'd all be watching « Sansl'electricite, on regarderait tous la tele television by candlelight.' (George Gobal) ala lumiere d'une bougie. It «J'apprends beaucoup de choses avec la television. '1 find television very educating. Every time Chaque fois que quelqu'un I'allume, je vais somebody turns on the set, I go into the other dans la piece d'a cote et j'ouvre un livre. » room and read a book.' (Groucho Marx) ! Pieges et diffiwltes ⢠II existe de multiples manieres de designer un presentateur de journal televise a (news) anchor a news presenter an anchorman, an anchorwoman a news reader a newscaster US ⢠Quelques types de feuilletons a serial un feuilleton (dont I'histoire se suit) a series une serie (dont les episodes sont in dependants ) a cop show une serie policiere a sitcom =a situation comedy une sitcom (feuilleton comique) a soap opera un soap opera (feuilleton sentimental) Exercices 112 ⢠Comph~tez chaque phrase avec Ie mot ou I'expression qui convient. a host - prime time - off the air - webcast - a newsreader a. A .. is broadcast on the net. b.' 'is a phrase used to refer to peak-viewing time. c. A person who presents the news on TV is called .. d. A person who presents a TV show is called .. e. When a program has been taken .., it means that it is no longer broadcast. 113 ⢠Traduisez en anglais. a. Sans Ie teleprompteur, Ie presentateur du journal televise serait incapable de donner to utes les nouvelles. b. Et voici maintenant un resume de I'actualite. c. Heureusement qu'il y ales coupures publicitaires pour qu'on puisse parler un peu ! d. Les publicites coutent plus cher pendant les heures de grande ecoute. e. S'iI ne peut pas nous envoyer de documents recents, nous utiliserons des images d'archives. f. Si c'etait un reporter connu, on lui paierait ses videos beaucoup plus cher. g. Quelle est la chaine que tu regardes Ie plus souvent ? 139 The school year a term [3:] asemester[ e] the timetable GB = the schedule US a class = a period [I;}] a free period the bell a break GB = recess US school hours the attendance register truancy [u:] extra-curricular activities a form GB =a grade US a school holiday GB = a school vacation US a half-term holiday [0] the winter / spring break L'annee seolaire un trimestre seolaire un semestre I'emploi du temps un cours une heure de permanence la cloche, la sonnerie une recreation les heures de cours Ie cahier d'appel I'ecole buissonniere les activites parascolaires une classe, un niveau des vacances scolaires des petites vacances les vacances d'hiver / de printemps compulsory = mandatory obligatoire facultatif optional = elective to attend (school) [e] aller it I'ecole secher, faire I'ecole to play truant = buissonniere to skip lessons ,',tJ'i, ,0 m schooling [u:] I'instruction, la scolarite teaching Ii:] I'enseignement a teacher un professeur un(e) eleve = a pupil = a schoolboy / a schoolgirl un(e) ecolier(-iere) a class representative [e] un(e) delegue(e) de classe a boarding-sehool [:1:] un internat a boarder un(e) interne un(e) externe a day boy / girl a uniform [j u:] un uniforme Ie tableau noir the blackboard Ie tableau blanc the whlteboard chalk [:1:] lacraie the duster [II] Ie chiffon un bureau a desk the rostrum [D] I'estrade the playground [el] la cour (de recreation) the gym(nasium) legymnase Ie refectoire the refectory = the (dining) hall discipline ~ indiscipline [I] la discipline ~ I'indiscipline a punishment [II] une punition detention [e] une retenue, une colle obedient ~ disobedient Ii:] obeissant ~ desobeissant to teach< enseigner to learn < apprendre to punish [II] punir to detain [el] donner une retenue a to suspend [e] to expel tel exclure (temporairement) renvoyer Les fournitures seolaires a textbook [e] an exercise-book [e] a (loose-leaf) binder [al] a schoolbag / a satchel a pen an ink eraser [el] a ballpoint pen = a biro a felt pen apencil[e] a pencil sharpener an eraser =a rubber a high lighter [al] a calculator [a!] a ruler [u:] a set square a protractor [re] ⢠(a pair of) compasses [II] to highlight [al] un manuel scolaire un cahier un classeur un cartable un stylo un effaceur un stylo abille un feutre un crayon un taille-crayon unegomme un surligneur une calculatrice une regie une equerre un rapporteur un compas surligner the curriculum [I] Ie programme (Ies matieres etudiees) Ie programme (d'un examen, d'une discipline) les notions de base une matiere, une discipline la lecture I'ecriture I'arithmetique, Ie calcul la grammaire I'orthographe les arts plastiques les langues vivantes la gym(nastique) = I'EPS Le travail seolaire the syllabus [I] the basics [el] a subject [II] reading Ii:] writing [al] arithmetic [I] grammar [re] spelling [e] art foreign languages gym(nastics) = physical education = PE homework [;}u] a swot remedial teaching school performance [:1:] the level/the standard mixed-ability teaching streaming GB = tracking US a dunce [II] backwardness [re] hard-working / industrious backward to succeed ~ to fail to swot =to cram les devoirs et les le~ons un bachoteur Ie soutien scolaire les resultats scolaires Ie niveau la pedagogie ditrerenciee la repartition en groupes de niveau un cancre Ie retard travailleur en retard, moins avance reussir ~ echouer bachoter Phrases et expressions usuelles School attendance is compulsory. To take the school bus To call the roll/the register To be late To be missing To learn a lesson by heart / by rote I took three years of Latin. Anne is doing really well at school. She can skip a class. He is below standard / He is not up to standard. He must repeat a year GB = be held back Us. Britney is proficient in / good at maths. She has a smattering of physia. She has a good command of English. He has a grounding In computer science. These children have a flair for languages. Lax discipline is bad for the pupils. We must tighten discipline. David, come and sit in the front rowl School's out! We wish to achieve equality of opportunity. Pro'' et expressions lmagee. To teach someone a lesson I know my lesson backwards / like the back of my hand. Do I have to spell it out for you? He's (of the) old school. The school of hard knocks ! o L'ecole est obligatoire. Prendre Ie car de ramassage scolaire Faire I'appel £tre en retard £tre absent Apprendre une le~on par cceur J'ai fait trois ans de latin. Anne a de tres bons resultats aI'ecole. Elle peut sauter une classe. II n'est pas au niveau. II doit redoubler. Britney est bonne en maths. Elle a des notions de physique. Elle a une bonne connaissance de I'anglais. II a des bases solides en informatique. Ces enfants sont doues pour les langues. Une discipline relachee est mauvaise pour les eleva II faut que nous renforcions la discipline. David I Viens t'asseoir au premier rang I L'ecole est finie I Nous voulons instaurer I'egalite des chances. Donner une le~n aqqn Je connais ma I~on sur Ie bout des doigts. II faut que je te mette les points sur les i ? II est de la vieille ecole. L'ecole de la vie Pieges et difficultes .11 ne faut pas confondre the humanities, qui correspond en fran~ais aux lettres et sciences humaines, avec classia, qui correspond aux humanites (c'est-il-dire Ie latin et Ie grec). ⢠Le mot class est un faux-ami partiel il peut Signifier « classe » (un groupe d'eleves suivant les memes cours), « promotion» (I'ensemble des eleves sortant la meme annee d'une ecole ou d'une universite), ou encore « cours ». Mais il ne designe pas Ie lieu qui se dit a classroom. There are 30 pupils in the class. II y a 30 eleves dans la classe. He's from the 1988 class. II est de la promotion 1988. A history class Un cours d'histoire Exercices 114 t Completez la phrase avec la particule qui convient : at - up to - by - in - of a. Children must learn their lessons heart. b. Good pupils like to sit .. the front row. c. Our children aren't doing well school. d. She has a good command Latin. e. I'm afraid you aren't standards. 115 t Traduisez en anglais. a. As-tu fait tes devoirs et appris tes le~ons ? b. C'est un eleve travailleur, mais il n'est pas bon en maths. c. Avec autant de cancres, Ie travail de la ma'itresse est beaucoup plus difficile. d. Nous allons encourager la repartition en groupes de niveau. 141 - 5 LE SYSTEME EDUCATIF THE EDUCA TIONAL SYSTEM Primary and secondary education a state school an independent school a public school [fI] a primary school [al] a junior school GB = an elementary school US a secondary school a middle school GB = a junior high school US a technical school GB = a vocational school US a denominational school tuition (fees) a scholarship / a grant the head (teacher) GB = the principal US a school teacher [i:] a special needs teacher an educationalist [el] vocational training a sandwich course careers guidance GB = counseling US a careers adviser GB = a counselor US lifelong learning co-educational f. single-sex late beginners [I] to educate [e] to train [el] tostudY[fI] lIB a campus [if] a university [3:] a college [0] a polytechnic GB [e] a law school [J:] a business school a medical school an engineering school an art college a military academy an academic [e] the faculty [if ] L'enseignement prlmalre et secondaire a chancellor [0:] a professor [e] a lecture [e] a lecturer a lecture-room, a lecture hall, a lecture theatre a university library une ecole publique une ecole privee une ecole privee GB, une ecole publique US une ecole primaire une ecole elementaire a scholar [0] a course a seminar [e] a student [j u:] a fresher GB = a freshman US [e] a sophomore US [0] a junior US[u:] a senior US[i:] an undergraduate [if ] a graduate [if] an alumnus pl. a/umni[fI] an alumna pl. alumnae a dissertation [el] ⢠a degree = a diploma a Bachelor's degree a Master's (degree) registration / enrol(l)ment graduation = commencement US to graduate [if ] to lecture un etablissement secondaire un college un Iycee technique / professionnel une ecole confessionnelle les frais de scolarite une bourse Ie / la chef d'etablissement un(e) instituteur( -trice) un educateur specialise un pedagogue la formation professionnelle une formation en alternance I'orientation scolaire un conseiller d'orientation la formation permanente mixte f. non mixte &'4''4'. les grands debutants eduquer former etudier a test a mark GB = a grade US the average (mark) an exam = an examination a mock exam GB = a practice test US an examiner [if] an examinee = a candidate [if ] a paper [el] a dictation [el] an essay = a composition a multiple-choice questionnaire a school report = a report card [J:] to crib to assess [e] to mark GB = to grade US to hand in (a paper) to be failed =to flunk L' enselgnement superieur un campus une universite un college universitaire GB / une universite US '' unlUT une faculte de droit une ecole de commerce une faculte de medecine une ecole d'ingenieurs une ecole des beaux-arts une ecole militaire un(e) universitaire Ie corps enseignant 142 un president d'universite un professeur d'universite une conference, un cours un maitre de conferences une salle de cours, un amphi(theatre) une bibliotheque universitaire un erudit, un specialiste un cours (semestriel) un seminaire un etudiant un etudiant de 1ere annee un etudiant de 2' annee un etudiant de 3' annee un etudiant de 4' annee un etudiant de 1er cycle undiplame un ancien eleve une ancienne eleve un memoire undiplame '' la licence une maitrise I'inscription la remise des diplames obtenir un diplame faire un cours / une conference 'WOttm t.],. un test, un contrale une note la moyenne un examen un examen blanc un examinateur un candidat une copie, un devoir une dictee une redaction un questionnaire achoix multiple = un QCM un bulletin scolaire copier evaluer noter rendre (un devoir) etre recale No cribbing! Alice got 18 out of 20. To enroll / register at university To read law Students who take an exam can pass or fail. Mary was awarded a pass degree / an honours degree. To defend a PhD He graduated from Harvard University in 1979. A dropout To drop out of school Who is dean of the faculty? His uncle put him through college. Young children go to a day-nursery GB / a creche US or to nursery school GB / kindergarten US. Many schools went cooed in 1968. ! On ne copie pas I Alice a obtenu 18 sur 20. S'inscrire aI'universite ~tudier Ie droit / Faire son droit Les etudiants qui passent un exam en peuvent Ie reussir ou Ie rater. Mary a obtenu un diplome sans / avec mention. Soutenir une these II est sorti de (I'universite de) Harvard en 1979. Un etudiant qui a abandonne ses etudes Abandonner I'ecole Qui est Ie directeur du departement ? C'est son oncle qui a finance ses etudes. Les jeunes enfants vont ala creche ou bien au jardin d'enfants. Beaucoup d'ecoles sont devenues mixtes en 1968. Pieges et difficultes ⢠Les noms de matieres se terminant par -ics sont, Ie plus souvent, suivis d'un verbe au singulier : Linguistics ~ taught at that university. On enseigne la linguistique dans cette universite. Economics ~ a subject chosen by many students. Beaucoup d'etudiants choisissent I'economie. ⢠Aux ~tats-Unis, I'ensemble college + Iycee se dit high school. En Grande-Bretagne, 90 % des etablissements secondaires publics sont des comprehensive schools i la plupart des autres sont des institutions selectives appelees grammar schools. ⢠Les diplomes universitaires britanniques et americains sont Ie plus souvent designes par des sigles : Diplome Titre complet Equivalent franPJis BA GB =AB US BSc GB =BS US LLB GB JD US MA MSc GB = MS US MBA PhD MB BChir GB MD US Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Sciences Bachelor of Laws GB Doctor of Jurisprudence US Master of the Arts Master of Science Master of Business Administration Philosopher's Doctorate Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery GB Doctor of Medicine US licencie/Iicence es lettres licencie/licence es sciences licencie/licence en droit licencie/licence en droit maitre/maitrise es lettres maltre/maitrise es sciences master de gestion docteur / doctorat es lettres diplome/diplome de medecine diplome/diplome de medecine Exercices 116 ⢠Completez les phrases avec les mots qui conviennent. vocational- head teacher - denominational- scholar - principal a. The person in charge of a school is the or b. A .. school is linked to a church. c. To learn a trade you go through training. d. A .. is a person who has a vast knowledge. 117 ⢠Traduisez en anglais. a. Quelle note as-tu eue ? b. Est-ce que tu as remis ta copie ? c. Elle va etudier Ie droit a Paris et a Londres. d. II a passe un examen et il a reussi ! e. Apres avoir etudie dans un Iycee professionnel, il a suivi des cours en alternance. 143 -- I:AIQI divinity [I] 1.la divinite 2.la theologie a deity [i:] une divinite God / a god, a goddess [0] Dieu / un dieu, une deesse the devil [e] Ie diable a messiah [aI] un messie a prophet [0] un prophete a prophetess une prophetesse a prophecy [0] une prophetie an angel [eI] un ange a believer un croyant a non-believer [i:] un non-croyant a creed [i:] une croyance Good - Evil Ie Bien -Ie Mal spirituality [If] la spiritualite the soul [au] I'ame the hereafter = I'au-dela the beyond heaven =paradise Ie paradis I'enfer hell a sacrilege [If] un sacrilege 1. religieux 2. croyant religious [I] spiritual [I] spirituel divine [aI] divin prophetic [e] prophetique sacred [eI] sacre holy [au] saint, sacre to believe [i:] croire to prophesy [0] prophetiser to resurrect [e] ressusciter piety [aI] devoutness [au] devotion [;m] mysticism [I] polytheism [0] a polytheist monotheism [0] a monotheist paganism [eI] a pagan =a heathen proselytism [0] a proselyte a hermit [3:] a hermitage fanaticism / bigotry a fanatic [If] a bigot [I] ecumenism [j u] fundamentalism [e] a fundamentalist atheism [eI] Lescomportements rellgleux la piete la ferveur ladevotion Ie mysticisme Ie polytheisme un polytheiste Ie monotheisme un monotheiste Ie paganisme un pa'ien Ie proselytisme un proselyte un ermite un ermitage Ie fanatisme un fanatique un bigot I'CEcumenisme I'integrisme un integriste I'atheisme a dogma [0] a doctrine [0] indoctrination [eI] a convert [0] a conversion [3:] dogmatic [If] zealous [e] secular [e] devout [au] mystic [I] pious [aI] atheistic [I] sacrilegious [e] godless [0] pagan = heathen [i:] to preach [i:] to proselytize [0] to indoctrinate [0] to convert (to)[3:] un athee I'agnosticisme un agnostique la Ia'icite 1. un(e) Ia'ique, un Ia'ic 2. un profane undogme une doctrine I' endoctrinement un converti une conversion dogmatique fervent Ia'ique (pays, loi) devot mystique pieux athee sacrilege impie pa'ien precher faire du proselytisme endoctriner se convertir (a) I;Hi4w a ritual [I] a prayer leal a fast, fasting [0:] abstinence [If] celibacy [e] penitence [e] a worshipper [3:] idolatry [0] a sacrifice [If] an offering [0] a blessing [e] a veil an altar [J:] a pilgrim [I] a pilgrimage a shrine [aI] a relic [e] sacrificial [I] blessed [e] to meditate [e] to worship [3:] to Idolize [aI] to revere [Ia] to pray to sacrifice [If] to fast [0:] to bless un rituel, un ceremonial une priere un jeune, Ie jeune I'abstinence Ie celibat la penitence un fidele I'idolatrie un sacrifice une offrande une benediction un voile un autel un pelerin un pelerinage un lieu saint, un reliquaire une relique sacrificiel beni mediter adorer idolatrer reverer prier sacrifier jeuner benir an atheist agnosticism [0] an agnostic secularism [e] a layman [eI] rmurn Phrases et expressions usuelles Elle va aI'eglise n!gulierement She is a regular churchgoer. On Sundays, the faithful come in large numbers. Say your prayers! Lord, have mercy on us! The separation of ehurch and State He is a righteous and god-fearing man. They believe in an almighty, all-knowing and yet merciful God. He had, to break his fast. Ours is a secular country where all religions are respected. a Le dimanche, les fideles viennent en grand nombre. Fais tes prieres ! Seigneur, ayez pitie de nous ! La separation de I'£glise et de I'£tat e'est un homme vertueux et craignant Dieu. 115 croient en un dieu tout-puissant, omniscient et pourtant misericordieux. II a ete oblige d'interrompre son jeCtne. Nous vivons dans un pays liique OU I'on respecte toutes les religions. Prove'' et expressions lmagee. For God's sake! =In Heaven's sake / name! A God-forsaken place God rest his / her soul. That money is a real godsend! Heaven helps those who help themselves. Honest to God! God help me! To play God To play (the) devil's advocate Talk of the devil (and he's sure to appear). To go through hell When hell freezes over.. A hell-raiser This job is a living hell. Come hell or high water I'll be there. He is a prophet of doom. To err is human, to forgive divine. Seeing is believing. To be in seventh heaven Holy Smoke! This is Twickenham, the holy of holies of English rugby. Pour I'amour du ciel ! Un endroit completement perdu Dieu ait son ame. Cet argent est un don du ciell Aide-toi, Ie ciel t'aidera. Croix de bois, croix de fer I Pauvre de moi I Se prendre pour Dieu Se faire I'avocat du diable Quand on parle du loup (on en voit la queue). Vivre un enfer Quand les poules auront des dents.. Un fauteur de troubles Ce boulot est un veritable enfer. Quoi qu'il advienne, je serai Ii Cest un oiseau de malheur. L'erreur est humaine, Ie pardon divino II faut Ie voir pour Ie croire. £tre au septieme ciel ~alors I Voici Twickenham, Ie saint des saints du rugby anglais. Exercices 118 t En utilisant les suffixes -age, -ed, -ess, -er, -ing, -ism ou -ize, formez un ou plusieurs mots a partir des termes suivants. a. fanatic c. offer e. believe g. pilgrim b. bless d. prophet f. hermit h. secular 119 t Choisissez Ie mot qui permet de completer chaque phrase de faITon logique. a. He is a devoted Christian and believes in the hereafter / between. b. He converted to / prophesied the coming of the Messiah. c. A polygamist / polytheist believes in several gods. d. A fanatic may try to indoctrinate / in doctrine you. 120 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Les paTens sacrifiaient des animaux a leurs dieux. b. Je sais en quoi je crois. c. Dans leur pays, il y a une religion d'£tat. d. Elle est tres croyante et va regulierement a I'eglise. 145 - 6 LES RELIGIONS RELIGIONS .'En,_ '!1ttnttH'tW Jehovah [a u) a Jew a Hebrew [i:) a patriarch [el) the plagues of Egypt Moses [au) the Flood [A) the Talmud [re) the Torah [J:) Sabbath [re) the Promised Land the Chosen People a synagogue [I) a rabbi [re) circumcision [I) Zionism, a Zionist [al) Jewish [u:) kosher [au) to circumcise [3:) Jehovah unjuif un Hebreu un patriarche les plaies d'tgypte Mo'ise Ie Deluge Ie Talmud la Torah shabbat la terre promise Ie peuple elu une synagogue un rabbin la circoncision Ie sionisme, un sioniste juif casher circoncire flmmmtD Christ [al) a Christian [I) Christendom [I) the Lord the Virgin Mary the Immaculate Conception the Holy Bible = the (Good) Book the Apostles [D) the Holy Scrlpture(s) the Cross the Crucifixion [I) (Roman) Catholicism a (Roman) Catholic the Pope [au) the Holy See [au) saintliness, a saint [el) a clergyman [3:) a bishop, an archbishop a cardinal [0:) a priest [i:) a choirboy [ala) confession [e) the service [3:) mass a prayer book [el) a psalm [0:) a christening [I) the Host [au) a church [3:) a schism Le chrlstlanlsme Ie Christ un chretien la chretiente Ie Seigneur la Vierge Marie I'lmmaculee Conception la sainte Bible les Apotres les Saintes tcritures la Croix la crucifixion Ie catholicisme un catholique Ie Pape Ie Saint-Siege la saintete, un(e) saint(e) un ecclesiastique un eveque, un archeveque un cardinal un pretre un enfant de chceur la confession I'office la messe un missel un psaume un bapteme I'hostie une eglise un schisme Protestantism [D) a Protestant a parish [re) a vicar [I) a vicarage a curate [ju) the Reformation [el) the Orthodox church a pope a sin, a sinner [I) a monk [A) a monastery [D) a nun [A) a nunnery = a convent an abbot, an abbess [re) Biblical [I) to christen [I) to sin to cross oneself to receive communion 'n6',1 Allah [re) a Muslim = a Moslem Muhammad = Mohammed [re) the Koran [0:) a verse / a sura Mecca [e) Ramadan [re) a prayer mat [ea) the Islamic scarf a mosque a muezzin [e) an imam [0:) Shiism = Shia Islam Sunnism = Sunni Islam Koranic [re ) Islamic [re) Ie protestantisme un protestant une paroisse un cure un presbytere un vicaire la Reforme I'eglise orthodoxe un pope un peche, un pecheur un moine un monastere une religieuse = une nonne un couvent (de femmes) un abbe, une abbesse biblique baptiser pecher se signer communier um:m:I Allah un(e) musulman(e) Mahomet Ie Coran un verset / une sourate laMecque Ie Ramadan un tapis de priere Ie foulard islamique une mosquee un muezzin un imam Ie chiisme Ie sunnisme coranique islamique N~m:m~a i!II~!q~'-~J'~.ft Buddhism [u) a Buddhist animism [re) Hinduism, a Hindu [I) Shintoism [I) spiritualism [I) a cult [A) a guru [u) a witch doctor / a medicine man witchcraft [I) a faith healer [i:) a soothsayer [u:} a lucky charm Ie bouddhisme un bouddhiste I'animisme I'hindouisme, un hindou Ie shinto'isme Ie spiritisme 1. un culte 2. une secte un gourou un sorcier Hot ~j la sorcellerie un guerisseur, un rebouteux un devin un gri-gri, une amulette Phrases et expressions usuelles Aller aI'eglise / ala messe To go to church / to mass Entrer dans les ordres To go into the church =to take holy orders To take the veil The Trinity is composed of the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost / Spirit. The Last Judg( e)ment The four Gospels are part of the New Testament. The Gospel according to Mark = Mark's Gospel The seven deadly sins are avarice, wrath, envy, gluttony, lechery, pride and sloth. The original sin ⢠The three Wise Men = the Magi When you confess your sins and repent, you are likely to be forgiven. The Christian festivals are Christmas, Epiphany or Twelfth Night, Candlemas, Shrove Tuesday, Ash Wednesday, Lent, Palm Sunday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, Easter, Ascension Day, Whitsun = Pentecost, Trinity Sunday, Michaelmas, All Saints' Day, and ~I Souls' Day. For Catholics, the sacraments are baptism, the Holy Communion, confirmation, matrimony, extreme unction, and ordination. o Prendre Ie voile La Sainte Trinite se compose du Pere, du Fils et du Saint-Esprit Le Jugement dernier Les quatre £vangiles font partie du Nouveau Testament L'£vangile selon saint Marc Les sept peches capitaux sont I'avarice, la colere, I'envie, la gourmandise, la luxure, I'orgueil et la paresse. Le peche originel Les rois mages Quand on confesse ses peches et qu'on se repent, iI est probable qu'on sera pardonne. Les fetes chretiennes sont Noel, I'£piphanie, la Chandeleur, mardi gras, Ie mercredi des Cendres, Ie Careme, Ie dimanche des Rameaux, Ie jeudi saint, Ie vendredi saint, Piques, l1.scension, la Pentecote, la Trinite, la Saint-Michel, la Toussaint et Ie jour des Morts. Man was created in God's image. Pour les catholiques, les sacrements sont Ie bapteme, la communion, la confirmation, Ie sacrement du mariage, I'extreme-onction et I'ordination. L'homme a ete cree aI'image de Dieu. Proverbes et expressions'', It's not kosherl It's a garden of Eden! We'll wait until Doomsday. Ce n'est pas tres catholique ! C'est un vrai paradis I Nous attendrons jusqu'au Jugement dernier. ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Les noms et adjectifs de religion prennent une majuscule en anglais, pas en franfi:ais Presbyterianism, Lutheranism, Calvinism, Methodism and Baptism are all Protestant denominations. Le presbyterianisme, Ie lutherianisme, Ie calvinisme, Ie methodisme et Ie baptisme sont tous des eglises protestantes. Exercices 121 t Reliez chaque mot a la religion dont il depend. a. Judaism 1. a bishop b. Christianity 2. the Host c. Islam 3. an imam d. Other beliefs 4. circumcision 5. the Apostles 6. a guru 7. the Pope 8. a synagogue 9. a prayer mat 10. a lucky charm 122 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Les fideles entraient dans I'eglise, leur missel a la main. b. Ce texte se trouve dans I'evangile selon saint Matthieu. c. « Tu crois en Dieu ? - Oui. » d. L'envie, I'orgueil et la paresse sont des peches capitaux. 147 - Why are exclusive private schools called 'public' in England and Wales while, in Scotland and in the United States, the phrase 'public school' refers to a state-funded school? Pourquoi les ecoles pnvees eliti.stes d'Angleterre et du pays de Galles sont-elles dites « publiques » alors que, en Ecosse et aux Etats-Unis, I'adjectif s'applique aux ecoles financees par l'Etat ? Originally, English schools were religious institutions for bright poor boys who studied there before taking the cloth. The basic subject was Latin grammar, the teaching of which was laid down by public statute. Another possible meaning of their publicity is that the pupils were bred to become the elite of the nation and serve the public as civil servants, politicians, army officers, etc. A I'origine, les ecoles anglaises etaient des institutions religieuses pour les enfants pauvres intelligents qui y etudiaient avant d'entrer dans les ordres. La matiere principale etait la grammaire latine, dont I'enseignement emit fixe par une loi. II se peut aussi qU'elies aient ete dites publiques parce que les eleves y etaient formes pour devenir I'elite de la nation et servir Ie public en devenant hauts fonctionnaires, hommes politiques, officiers, etc. Today public schools are attended by children whose parents pay very high fees and by a small number of children from less well-off families who have been granted scholarships. Aujourd'hui, les public schools sont frequentees par des enfants dont les parents paient des frais de scolarite considerables et par un petit nombn! d'enfants de families moins aisees auxquels on a donne une bourse. Most public schools are boarding-schools. The best-known are Eton, Harrow and Winchester for boys, and Roedean and Cheltenham Ladies' College for girls. La plupart des public schools sont des pensionnats. Les plus connues sont Eton, Harrow et Winchester pour les gar~ons, et Roedean et Cheltenham pour les filles. Le saviez-vous ? Oxbridge This portmanteau word, made from 'Oxford' and 'Cambridge', is used to refer to the two English universities, particularly when distinguished from other universities. Ce mot-valise, qui associe Oxford et Cambridge, est utilise pour parler de ces deux universites anglaises, en particulier quand on les distingue des autres. Oxford and Cambridge being the oldest universities in Britain and considered as the best, an Oxbridge degree is unquestionably an asset when applying for a job. Oxford et Cambridge, les deux plus anciennes universites de Grande-Bretagne, sont considerees comme les meilleures et un diplome d'Oxbridge est, sans aucun doute, un atout quand on postule pour un emploi. Academically, the two universities are rivals. Their rugby and cricket teams regularly play against each other, and the famous Boat Race which is held every year on the River Thames is watched by millions of English people. Sur Ie plan universitaire, les deux institutions sont rivales. Leurs equipes de rugby et de cricket s'affrontent regulierement, et la celebre Boat Race, course d'aviron qui a lieu tous les ans sur la Tamise, est suivie par des millions d'l>.nglais. The ongms of the Church of England go back to king Henry VIII, who reigned from 1509 to 1547. L'origine de I'~glise anglicane remonte au roi Henri VIII, qui regna de 1509 a 1547. Henry VIII had married Catherine of Aragon, a Catholic Spanish princess, who failed to give him a male heir. Henry wanted to divorce her but the Pope refused to allow him to do so. Eventually, Henry broke off with the papacy and by the Act of Supremacy (1534), the King became head of the newly created English, or Anglican, Church and could choose the bishops and archbishops. Henri VIII avait epouse Catherine d'lragon, princesse espagnole catholique, qui ne lui donna pas d'heritier mile. Henri voulait divorcer, mais Ie pape lui en refusa la permission. En fin de compte, Henri rompit les relations avec la papaute et, par I'lcte de Suprematie de 1534, Ie Roi devint chef de I'tglise d'lngleterre, ou tglise anglicane, nouvellement creee, et se dota du pouvoir de choisir les eveques et les archeveques. Henry divorced Catherine and married Ann Boleyn, and as a consequence was excommunicated by the Pope. The child Ann gave him was another daughter, who was to become the greatest English queen, Elizabeth I. It was her who firmly and definitely established the Protestant Church of England as the official religion in Britain. Henri divor~a de Catherine et epousa Ann Boleyn, a la suite de quoi il fut excommunie par Ie pape. L'enfant que lui donna Ann fut encore une fille, qui devait devenir la plus grande reine d'lngleterre, Elizabeth I. C'est elle qui etablit fermement et definitivement I'tglise protestante d'Angleterre comme religion officielle. Today, the sovereign is still Supreme Governor ot the Church of England but its spiritual head is the Archbishop of Canterbury. In every parish, there is a vicar or rector. Church of England priests may get married. Since 1992, women have been allowed to become priests and the first women were ordained in 1994. Aujourd'hui, Ie souverain reste Gouverneur Supreme de I'tglise anglicane, mais son chef spirituel est I'archeveque de Canterbury. Dans chaque paroisse, il y a un pretre ou pasteur. Les pretres de I'tglise anglicane peuvent se marier. Depuis 1992, les femmes sont autorisees a devenir pretres et les premieres femmes ont ete ordonnees en 1994. 'The Ivy League' refers to the eight most prestigious universities in the north-eastern United States. The name comes from the ivy growing on the walls of the old colleges. L'expression « Ivy League » s'applique aux huit universites les plus prestigieuses du nordest des ttats-Unis. Elle a pour origine Ie lierre qui pousse sur les murs des vieux biitiments universitaires. The members of the Ivy League are Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Princeton, the University of Pennsylvania and Yale. They are the oldest universities in the country: all of them except Cornell were founded before the USA became independent in 1776. Les universites qui font partie de l'lvy League sont Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Princeton, I'universite de Pennsylvanie et Yale. Ce sont les plus anciennes universites du pays hormis Cornell, to utes ont ete fondees avant I'independance des ttats-Unis en 1776. Ivy League universities have very high academic standards, tuition fees are extremely high, but scholarships are available and their alumni are likely to find very good jobs. Ces universites appartiennent a I'elite universitaire et les etudes y sont extremement couteuses, mais il y a des bourses et leurs anciens eleves ont to utes les chances de trouver de tres bons emplois. Historically rooted in freedom of speech that has been guaranteed since the 17th century, the British press is one of the most widely read and most dynamic in the world. Historiquement ancree dans la liberte d'expression, qui est garantie depuis Ie XVll e siecle, la presse britannique est I'une des plus lues et des plus dynamiques du monde. Newspapers are generally divided into 'quality' and 'tabloid' papers. The former deal with issues in-depth in a serious tone. They include The Times, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph. The latter address the same topics in a more superficial, spectacular, sometimes provocative way, and are keener on lighter topics, such as celebrities and sports. They include The Sun, The Daily Mail and The Daily Mirror. On distingue generalement les journaux de qualite des tablo'ides. Les premiers traitent de problemes de fond d'une maniere serieuse. Ce sont notamment The Times, The Guardian et The Daily Telegraph. Les seconds traitent des memes sujets d'une maniere plus superficielle, sensationnaliste, parfois provocatrice, et ils s'interessent plus a des sujets legers, tels que les celebrites et les sports. Ce sont, entre autres, The Sun, The Daily Mail et The Daily Mirror. Circulation is among the highest in the world: the leading title, The Sun, sells more than 3 million copies and is read by almost 8 million people every day. Sunday papers are also very popular (The Observer, The Sunday Times, etc.). Les tirages sont parmi les plus eleves du monde Ie titre principal, The Sun, se vend a plus de 3 millions d'exemplaires et il est lu par pres de 8 millions de gens chaque jour. Les journaux du dimanche sont egalement tres populaires (The Observer, The Sunday Times, etc.). ABC, CBS and NBC are the three major television networks in America. They are not exactly channels, but rather central operators that provide programmes to thousands of local TV stations across the country, which are affiliated to them. ABC, CBS et NBC sont les trois principaux rI!seaux de teh!vision americains. Ce ne sont pas exactement des chaines, mais plutot des operateurs centraux qui fournissent des programmes a des milliers de stations locales reparties dans tout Ie pays et qui leur sont affiliees. These huge corporations started as radio networks in the 1920s before expanding to TI. They rely on commercials for their funding. Through their programmes, they have contributed to shape American identity, but also modern culture around the world. Ces immenses societes etaient au debut, dans les annees 1920, des chaines de radio avant de s'etendre a la television. Elles dependent de la publicite pour leur financement. Elles ont contribue, par leurs programmes, a fa~onner I'identite americaine, mais aussi la culture moderne mondiale. The latest commercial network, FOX, was launched in 1986. PBS is a non-profit TV service, funded by the federal government, which broadcasts mainly educational programmes, and is famous for its children's shows. There are also hundreds of specialized pay channels on cable, such as HBO (Home Box Office). Le dernier reseau commercial en date, FOX, a ete lance en 1986. PBS est un service televise sans but lucratif, finance par Ie gouvernement federal, qui diffuse essentiellement des programmes educatifs et qui est celebre pour ses emissions pour enfants. II y a aussi des centaines de chaines payantes specialisees sur Ie cable, telles que HBO. Trooping the Colour Unlike most countries, Britain has no official national day. However, every year, the monarch's birthday is celebrated with a military parade called Trooping the Colour. Since the reign of Edward VII (19011910), it has taken place in June because the king (born in November) wanted to increase the chances of enjoying fair weather for the celebration! Trooping the Colour Contrairement Ii la plupart des pays, la Grande-Bretagne n'a pas de f~te nationale officielle. Cependant, tous les ans, on fete I'anniversaire du souverain par un defile militaire appele « Trooping the Colour ». Depuis Ie regne d'Edouard VII (1901-1910), iI a lieu en juin parce que Ie roi (ne en novembre) voulait augmenter les chances d'avoir beau temps pour la fete I Guy Fawkes Night Why do British people light firecrackers and launch fireworks every November 5th? On November 5th, 1605, a group of Catholic conspirators tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament and kill king James I. The Gunpowder Plot failed and its leader, Guy Fawkes, was arrested and sentenced to death by hanging. Today, effigies of Guy Fawkes, the 'guys', are burnt on bonfires (this is the origin of the word 'guy' to refer to a man). Guy Fawkes Night Pourquoi les Anglais lancent-ils des petards et des feux d'artifice Ie 5 novembre ? Le 5 novembre 1605, un groupe de conspirateurs catholiques essaya de faire sauter Ie Parlement et de tuer Ie roi Jacques ler. La Conspiration des Poudres echoua, et son meneur, Guy Fawkes, fut arrete et condamne Ii mort par pendaison. De nos jours, des effigies de Guy Fawkes, des « guys », sont ainsi brCdees sur des feux de joie (c'est I'origine du mot « guy» pour parler d'un homme). The Fourth ofJuly The United States' national day is officially called Independence-Day. It celebrates the day in 1776 when the Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress, which represented Britain's 13 American colonies. American people have celebrated their national day ever since and enjoy fireworks, family picnics, parades, singing patriotic songs and waving red, white and blue flags. Le4juillet Le nom officiel de la fete nationale americaine est Jour de l'lndependance. A cette occasion, on celebre I'adoption, Ie 4 juillet 1776, de la Declaration d'independance par Ie Congres continental, qui representait les 13 colonies britanniques d:A.merique. Depuis, les Americains fetent ce jour a grand renfort de feux d'artifice, de pique-niques en famille, de defiles, de chants patriotiques et de drapeaux rouge, blanc et bleu. Thanksgiving This national holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November goes back to the early days of the colonization. The Pilgrim Fathers (the first English Protestant emigrants to New England) set foot on American soil in December 1620. They were approached by a Native Indian, Squanto, who taught them how to grow corn and helped the colony survive. After the first harvest, the settlers organized a 'thanksgiving' service to thank God and a meal, to which they invited 90 Indians as a sign of gratitude. On that occasion, turkey was served To this day, it is the main dish of the traditional family meal on Thanksgiving Day. Thanksgiving Ce jour ferie fixe Ie quatrieme jeudi de novembre remonte aux premiers temps de la colonisation. Les Peres Pelerins (Ies premiers emigrants protestants anglais en Nouvelle-Angleterre) poserent Ie pied sur Ie sol americain en decembre 1620. Un Indien, Squanto, les approcha, leur apprit a cultiver Ie mais et permit a la colonie de survivre. Aprils la premiere moisson, les colons organiserent un service d'actions de graces pour remercier Dieu et un repas auquel ils inviterent 90 Indiens en signe de gratitude. On servit de la dinde a cette occasion. De nos jours, la dinde est Ie plat principal du repas de famille traditionnelle jour de Thanksgiving. 151 6 LES INSTITUTIONS POLITIQUES POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS IMlmi. a ruler [u:) a state, a head of state a sovereign [0) sovereignty a monarch [0) monarchy a king, a queen a throne [;lU) a sceptre [e) a reign [el) a kingdom = a realm democracy [0) a republic [1) a statesman [el) a dictatorship = a tyranny a dictator [eI) a despot = a tyrant a coup (d'etat) a conspiracy, a plot anarchy [re) totalitarian [e ;I) to rule to reign [email protected] a political party bipartisanship [a:) an activist [re ) the grassroots = the rank-and-file a platform [re) a speech Ii:) ideology [0) cronyism [;lU) right-wing ~ left-wing liberal [I) radical [re) un dirigeant un Etat, un chef d'Etat un souverain la souverainete un monarque la monarchie un roi, une reine un trone un sceptre un regne un royaume la democratie une republique un homme d'Etat une dictature un dictateur un despote = un tyran un coup d'Etat un com plot I'anarchie totalitaire diriger / gouverner regner La vie poIltique un parti politique Ie bipartisme un militant la base du parti un programme un discours I'ideologie Ie nepotisme, Ie copinage ( de droite ~ de gauche progressiste, de gauche extremiste = radical 'ItDn, the franchise / the right to vote universal suffrage a referendum [e) a candidate [re) a deputy [e) a general election [e) a by-election [e) a round an electoral campaign an opinion poll [I) a constituency [I) a voter [;lU) a stay-away voter the electoral roll = the electoral register a vote [;lU) polling [;lU) a polling station a polling booth a ballot [re) a postal ballot a ballot box a seat Ii:) a stronghold [0) the turnout [3:) a landslide [re ) an elected official an office, a term of office [0) by proxy [0) incumbent [1) to run' for election to campaign [el) to vote = to cast*8 vote to be returned / elected un abstentionniste leslistes electorales un vote, une voix Ie scrutin, Ie vote un bureau de vote un isoloir un bulletin de vote un vote par correspondance une urne un siege un bastion Ie taux de participation un raz-de-maree electoral un elu un mandat par procuration en poste, en exercice se presenter II une election ( faire campagne voter etre elu iMia:1 a parliament [a:) un parlement a parliamentarian [e;l) un parlementaire an agenda [e) un ordre du jour proceedings = debates les debats = les travaux a lobby [0) un groupe de pression a bill un projet de loi an amendment un amendement a law = an act une loi (votee) a vote of no-confidence une motion de censure to sit* = to be sitting sieger = etre en session to pass a law voter une loi to step down = to resign demissionner to disband [re) dissoudre to be accountable (to) etre responsable (devant) 't'4,''t'j·'·g'4' Ie droit de vote Ie suffrage universel un referendum un candidat un suppleant des elections legislatives une election partielle un tour une campagne electorale un sondage d'opinion une circonscription un electeur a government [1) a president [e) a Prime Minister [I) a head of government [1) a minister / a secretary a junior minister a cabinet meeting a (government) department a policy [0) a reshuffle to appoint [:)I) to govern [1) un gouvernement un president un Premier ministre un chef de gouvernement un ministre un secretaire d'Etat un conseil des MinistreS1 un ministere une poIitique (= des mesures) un remaniement nommer gouverner Phrases et expressions usuelles o The powers that be _ After the initial honeymoon (period) the ruling party was voted out of power. To wield power It's a policy of divide-and-rule. To toe the party line He came to power after a military coup. This is an abuse of power. Logrolling is common in politics. Proportional representation is used in some local elections. To hit the campaign trail To secure a majority To rig an election The US administration considers Iran and North Korea as 'rogue states'. My dear constituents.. Les auto rites constituees Apres I'etat de grace initial, Ie parti en place a perdu Ie pouvoir lors des elections. Exercer Ie pouvoir Cette politique, c'est diviser pour mieux regner. Suivre la ligne du parti II est al'live au pouvoir apres un coup d'Etat militaire. e'est un abus de pouvoir. Le renvoi d'ascenseur est courant en politique. La proportionnelle est appliquee dans certaines elections locales. Partir en campagne S'assurer une majorite Truquer une election Le gouvernement americain considere I'lran et la Coree du Nord comme des « Etats voyous ». Mes chers administris.. Proverbes et expressions lmagies A puppet government Office will show the man. Might is right. The power behind the throne A power breakfast Oxford is the royal road to a good job. To set the agenda To have a hidden agenda Scorched earth policy His father read him the riot act. Un gouvernement fantoche C'est au pied du mur qu'on reconnait Ie ma~n. La raison du plus fort est toujours la meilleure. L'eminence grise Un petit dejeuner d'affaires Oxford, c'est la voie royale vers un bon emploi. Avoir I'initiative Avoir un but secret La politique de la terre brulee Son pere lui a passe un savon. ! Pieges el difficul1es ⢠Attention aI' orthographe ! Au suffixe anglais -ism correspond Ie suffixe fran~ais -isme. socialism Ie socialisme, communism Ie communisme, patriotism Ie patriotisme, nationalism Ie nationalisme, liberalism Ie liberalisme, anarchism I'anarchisme, despotism Ie despotisme. ⢠Le terme government a des sens differents en fonction du contexte -Ie gouvernement =I'ensemble des ministres -1'Etat a government worker un fonctionnaire a democratic government un regime democratique - un regime politique Government is a difficult task. Gouverner est une tache difficile. - Ie fait de gouverner Exercices 123 ⢠Classez chaque mot dans I'une des deux categories a. a dictatorship b. a referendum c. a ballot box d. totalitarianism e. despotism f. parliament tyranny - democracy g. a polling booth h. an absolute monarch i. a by-election 124 ⢠Tradu'ez en anglais. a. Quand la democratie parlementaire est-elle apparue en Angleterre ? b. A cette epoque, l'Europe etait encore largement dominee par Ie despotisme. c. II pourrait bien perdre Ie pouvoir lors des prochaines elections. d. Le remaniement ministeriel n'a rien change a la politique du gouvernement. 153 _ 6 LA POLITIQUE AU ROYAUME-UNI ET AUX ETATS-UNIS POLITICS IN THE UK AND IN THE USA Les institutions brltannlqlles the Crown the Queen / King of England the Prince Consort [0) the Prince of Wales the heir to the throne the royal family = the Royals the court [J:) the nobility = the aristocracy the peerage [I;} ) the gentry [e ) a noble =an aristocrat a duke, a duchess an earl =a count, a countess [au) a baron, a baroness [if!) a knight [al) the Order of the Garter (the Houses of) Parliament a member of Parliament =an MP the Hou$e of Commons =the Lower House the House of Lords = the Upper House a lord, a peer the Speaker (of the House) the Cabinet [if!) the Prime Minister / PM a frontbencher- ~ ) a backbencher [e ) an Act dflarllalnent [0:) the Conservative Party a Tory [J:) the Labour Party the Uberal Democrats = the Lib Oems the first-past-the-post voting system a manifesto [e) a county [au) local authorities to knight to ennoble la Couronne la Reine / Ie Roi d:A.ngleterre Ie Prince Consort Ie prince de Galles I'heritier du trone la famille royale lacour la (haute) noblesse la pairie la petite noblesse un noble =un aristocrate un due, une duchesse un comte, une comtesse un baron, une baronne un chevalier l'Ordre de la Jarretiere Ie Parlement un depute la Chambre des Communes =la chambre basse la Chambre des Lords = la chambre haute un lord, un pair Ie president de la chambre Ie gouvernement Ie Premier ministre un des chefs de file d'un parti un depute du rang une loi Ie parti conservateur un conservateur Ie parti travailliste les democrates liberaux Ie scrutin uninominal aun tour une profession de foi un comte les auto rites locales faire chevalier anoblir Les InstItIItlons amerlcalnes the federal government the presidency [e ) the President of the United States the First Lady [e I) (the) Inauguration [el) the White House the Oval Office the Chief of Staff the Vice-President the administration [e I) (the US) Congress [0) the Capitol [if!) a member of Congress = a congressman the House of Representatives t e ) the Speaker [i:) the Majority / Minority leader the Senate [e ) a senator an Act of Congress the Supreme Court a justice [1) the Chief Justice the Democrat!~ Party a Democrat [e) the Republican Party a Republican [1) a caucus [J:) a nominee [i:) primary elections = primaries the midterm elections the electoral college a state governor [1) a state capitol/house Uncle Sam unconstitutional [j u:) democratic [if!) to nominate [0) to be sworn in ~ take' the oath Ie gouvernement federal la presidence Ie president des Etats-Unis la premiere dame I'investiture la Maison-Blanche Ie Bureau ovale Ie secnltaire general de la Maison-Blanche Ie vice-president Ie gouvernement Ie Congres Ie Capitole un parlementai[e la chambre des representants Ie president de la chambre Ie chef de la majorite / de I'opposition Ie Senat un senateur une loi la Cour Supreme un juge de la Cour supreme Ie president de la Cour supreme Ie parti democrate un democrate Ie parti republicain un republicain un congres politique un candidat officiel du parti des (elections) primaires les elections de mi-mandat Ie college des grands electeurs un gouverneur d'Etat un parlement d'Etat I'oncle Sam anticonstitutionnel 1. democratique 2. democrate US donner I'investiture du parti etre investi preter serment Phrases et expressions usuelles The Speech from the Throne GB Question time GB 'The queen reigns but does not rule.' He's royalty. 10 D . Street is the British Prime Minister's cial home. T e Bntis a iame~ Westminster. The Leader of the Opposition heads the Shadow Cabinet. Every year in January, the US Preside~ te of the Union address. --= The 110th Con on Jan. 3rd, 2007. The Vice-President 0 e United States is also President of the Senate. Every four years, US citizens vote for a ticket with two candidates, one runnin for president, the other fOr Vlce-presi ent. The first ten amendments to the US Constitution are called the Bill of Rights. o Le discours du trone Les questions au gouvernement (au Parlement) « La reine regne, mais ne gouveme pas. » II a du sang royal. Le 10 Downing Street est la residence officielle du Premier ministre britannique. Le parlement britannique siege aWestminster. Le chef de l'Opposition est ala tete du cabinet fantome. Tous les ans, en janvier, Ie President americain prononce Ie discours sur I'etat de l'Union. Le 110' Congres s'est reuni Ie 3 janvier 2007. Le vice-president des £tats-Unis est aussi president du senat Tous les quatre ans, les citoyens americains votent pour un « ticket» comportant deux candidats, I'un ala presidence, I'autre ala vice-presidence. Les dix premiers amendements ala constitution des £tats-Unis se nomment la « Declaration des droits It. Pro'.,.'. et.',..', lmapa He was (as) drunk as a lord. Stop lording It over mel ! II etait saoul comme un Polonais. Ne prends pas tes grands airs avec moi I Pieges et difficultes ⢠The United States est toujours suivi d'un verbe au singulier. The United States i! a superpower. Les £tats-Unis sont une superpuissance. ⢠Les noms des ministres et des ministeres sont parfois differents au Royaume-Uni et aux £tats-Unis GB US the Home Secretary the Secretary of the Interior Ie ministre de l'lnterieur the Home Office Ie ministere de l'lnterieur the (Department of the) Interior the Foreign Secretary Ie ministre des Affaires the Secretary of State etrangeres the State Department the Foreign Office Ie ministere des Affaires etrangeres the Secretary of the Treasury the Chancellor of the Exchequer Ie ministre des Finances Her Majesty's Treasury the (Departme'1t of the) Treasury Ie ministere des Finances the Secretary of State for Justice the Attorney General Ie ministre de la Justice Exercices 125 ⢠Associez chaque institution ou chaque symbole au pays auquel il correspond. The United Kingdom - The United States a. Congress - b. the Capitol - c. Westminster - d. the Cabinet - e. the Prince of Wales f. royalty - g. the Chief Justice - h. the Democratic Party - i. the Labour Party - j. the Shadow Cabinet - k. primary elections - I. the Leader of the Opposition - m. Uncle Sam 126 ⢠Ajoutez the devant Ie nom quand cela est nE!cessaire. a. President of United States greeted .. Queen Elizabeth. b. He introduced her to Vice-President c. Foreign Secretary started .. immediate talks with .. American Secretary of State. d.. President Bush wanted to discuss .. situation in .. Middle East. 155 - too~ess[e] Le colonlalisme un explorateur la conquete une annexion un empire la colonisation ' la decolonisation une colonie un colon un colonisateur un comptoir les territoires d'outre-mer la metropole un indigene un peuple indigene un aborigene une reserve I'autodetermination I'autonomie la souverainete I'independance dominant, dominateur souverain conquerir exploiter s' appro prier piller ceder civiliser opprimer f1612Mb .mfd··ttll a slave the slave trade a slave ship the Triangular Trade fetters = shackles awhip lynching [I] forced labour an abolitionist [I] trafficking in human beings to whip = to flog to brand un esclave la traite des esclaves un navire negrier Ie commerce triangulaire des fers = des chaines un fouet Ie Iynchage Ie travail force un abolitionniste Ie trafic d'etres humains an explorer [J:] cOlTquest [0] annexation [eI] an empire [e ] colonization ' decolonization [el] a colony [0] a settler = a colonist a colonizer a trading post overseas dependencies the metropolis [0] a native (person) a native people an aborigine [I] a reservation [eI] self-determination [eI] home rule sovereignty [0 ] independence [e] dominant [0] sovereign [0] to conquer to exploit [)I] to appropriate l ~}U] tofmay [0] to go* under = to yield to civilize [I] fouetter marquer au fer rouge Le diveloppement etIe sous~ the Third World Ie tiers-monde the developing countries les pays en (voie de) developpement the Least Developed les pays les moins avances Countries Development and underdevelopment the Fourth World the Human Poverty Index the Iiter:acYJate [I] subSIStence agriculture sli>le food [eI] a cash crop - -~ self-sufficiency [I] a shantytown [if] under-developed . .' . the emerging countries cooperation dependency [e] an agreement [i:] fair trade solidarity economy the technology gap [0] reciprocal [I] unilateral/bilateral [if] self-sufficient [I] to cooperate [0] to share led] to depend (on) to catch* up (~ Humanitarian aid foreign aid a non-governmental organization (NGO) a charity (organization) a volunteer [IJ] a rescue team a refugee [i:] civilians [I] an epidemic [e] sanitation [eI] starvation [el] an emergency situation emergency relief logistics [I] the right of interference a donation [el] voluntary = volunteer to starve [a:] to intervene [i.] to rescue to relieve [i:] to donate = to give* to volunteer[IJ] Ie quart-monde I'indicateur de pauvrete Ie taux d'alphabetisation I'agriculture vivriere la nourriture de base une culture destinee ala vente I'autosuffisance un bidonville sous-developpe Lecommerce nord-sud les pays emergents la cooperation la dependance un accord Ie commerce equitable I'economie solidaire la fracture technologique reciproque unilateral/bilateral autosuffisant cooperer partager, repartir dependre (de) rattraper Il(!tO,rHidtdmn I'aide aux pays du tiers-monde une organisation non gouvernementale (ONG) une organisation caritative un benevole une equipe de secours un refugie les populations civiles une epidemie I'assainissement, les installations sanitaires la famine une situation d'urgence I'aide d'urgence la logistique Ie droit d'ingerence un don benevole mourir de faim intervenir secourir, sauver soulager faire un don = donner se porter volontaire Phrases et expressions usuelles Bristol was a large English slave harbour. In America, slaves worked on plantations where they picked cotton. Runaway slaves were called 'Maroons'. The British Empire was nicknamed 'the empire upon which the sun never sets.' Dominions were self-governing colonies within the British Empire. The British colonial empire ended in the 196Os. Australian Aborigines were hunted down I?Y the British settlers. Treaties were seldom respected by the white man. Doctors Without Borders undertook their first field mission in 1972. The refugee camp was full of displaced persons. Nationalist activists often call themselves 'freedom fighters'. The Red Cross The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees The World Social Forum, Bristol fut un grand port negrier anglais. En Amerique, les esclaves travaillaient dans des plantations ou ils recoltaient Ie coton. Les esclaves en fuite etaient appeles « marrons ». L'empire britannique fut surnomme « I'empire sUr lequelle solei I ne se couche jamais ». Les dominions etaient des colonies autonomes au sein de l'Empire britannique. L'empire britannique a pris fin dans les annees 1960. Les Aborigenes d:Australie ont ete traques par les colons britanniques. Les traites furent rarement respectes par I'homme blanc. Medecins sans frontieres a entrepris sa premiere mission sur Ie terrain en 1972. Le camp de refugies etait rempli de personnes deplacees. Les militants nationalistes se denomment souvent « combattants de la liberte ». La Croix-Rouge Le Haut Commissariat de I'ONU pour les refugies Le Forum social mondial Proverbes et expressions lmagee. To slave away To work like a slave ! o Trimer Travailler comme un for~t Pieges et difficultes ⢠Attention aux differences dans I' orthographe des mots transparents ! Tous les mots qui se terminent par -isme en fran~ais se terminent par -ism en anglais expansionism I'expansionnisme imperialism I'imperialisme separatism Ie separatisme neo-colonialism Ie neo-colonialisme ⢠Quand un nom, un sigle ou une expression designe un organisme qui comporte plusieurs personnes, il est Ie plus souvent suivi d'un verbe au pluriel et repris par un pronom au pluriel MSF bring medical help and ~ dispatch volunteer doctors to the countries that need them. MSF apporte de I'aide medicale et envoie des medecins benevoles aux pays qui en ont besoin. Exercifts 127 t Cornpletez chaque phrase avec I'un des mots suivants, puis traduisez. agreements - powers - charities - reservations - developing - settlers a. Native Americans were moved to by force. b. People donate to out of generosity. c. Dominions were colonies where white were dominant. d. countries are excessively dependent on foreign aid. e. Bilateral generally reflect the domination of rich countries. f. The main colonial of the 19th century were Britain, France, Germany and Portugal. 128 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Les colons se sont approprie les terres des aborigenes. b. Malheureusement, Ie trafic d'etres humains n'a pas disparu. c. On appelait « marrons » les esclaves qui prenaient la fuite. d. II a travaille toute sa vie dans une plantation de coton. 157 - '·'i'i4· li·hi41 a rank the rank and file a conscript [D) a soldier [;m) a private [al) a non-commissioned officer (NCO) a commissioned officer a sentry [e) a paratrooper [if) an army corps a squadron [D) Les forces armees un grade la troupe un appele un soldat un simple soldat un sous-officier un officier une sentinelle un parachutiste un corps d'armee 1. un escadron 2. une escadrille a battalion [if) un bataillon a platoon [u:) une section, un peloton une garnison a garrison [if) a 5arracks pl. barracks [if) une caserne an outfit = a kit = a gear un equipement =un barda battledress [if) la tenue de combat fatigues [i:) un treillis a helmet [e) un casque Infantry [I) I'infanterie la caval erie cavalry [if) an armoured car [0:) un blinde a personnel carrier un transport de troupes a tank un char a warship [0:) un navire de guerre a battleship [if) un cuirasse a submarine [i:) un sous-marin an aircraft carrier un porte-avions a landing [if) un debarquement an air space un espace aerien airborne forces des troupes aeroportees a fighter [al) un avion de chasse a bomber [D) un bombardier a helicopter = a chopper un helicoptere a court martial [0:) une cour martiale to order = ordonner = to give' an order donner un ordre a gun = a firearm a (service) rifle a machine gun a sub-machine gun ammunition =ammo a shot a bullet [u) explosives [J u) a landmine [if) a minefield [al) a shell une arme II feu un fusil une mitrailleuse une mitraillette des munitions un coup de feu, un tir une balle des explosifs une mine un champ de mines un obus a rocket [D) a rocket launcher a torpedo [i:) a nuclear device a nudear warhead short / medium / long range to load to aim to shoot' to pull the trigger [I) to shell = to bomb to fire at close range PIf'. the enemy [e) the headquarters (HQ) the general staff [e) a leave [i:) casualties [if) a conflict [D) a battle [if ) the front (line) a battlefield a siege [i:) an ambush [if) an onslaught [D) retaliation [e I) a genocide [e) an arms dealer [i:) a suicide bombing terrorism [e) a prisoner [I) a guerrilla [I) guerrilla warfare a sniper [al) a trench the vanguard ~ the rearguard wounded [u:) missing-in-action (MIA) to fight' to struggle [,) to attack [if ) to defend oneself to invade [el) to throw' back to besiege [i:) to plunder =to ransack to surrender [e) to retreat / to flee' [i:) to retaliate [if) to gun down = to shoot' down une roquette un lance-roquette unetorpille un engin nucleaire une ogive nucleaire II courte / moyenne / longue portee charger (une arme) viser tirer presser la detente bombarder tirer II bout portant 'SJk·J,jtt. I'ennemi Ie quartier general (.QG) I' etat-major . une permission des victimes un conflit une bataille Ie front un champ de bataille un siege une embuscade une attaque, une charge des represai lies un genocide un marchand d' armes un attentat suicide Ie terrorisme un prisonnier un guerillero la guerilla un tireur isole une tranchee I' avant-garde ~ I'arriere-garde blesse porte disparu se battre = combattre lutter, combattre attaquer se defendre envahir repousser assieger piller se rendre battre en retraite, fuir exercer des represailles abattre Phrases et expressions usuelles The three Services are the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. Fit for service ;6 Unfit for service Aconscientious objector Attention! ;6 At ease! 4,000 troops were sent in reinforcement. The troops charged and took the city by storm. The United States is At war in Iraq. To wage war 2!l This mercenary saw action in Africa. Ethnic cleansing To be AWOL (absent without official leave) The American Civil War broke out in 1861. Germany declared war 2!l France in 1914. World War I (WWI) lasted four years. Brothers in arms In the Middle Ages, soldiers fought with swords, bows and arrows, axes, spears and shields. Proverbes et expressions lmagies Jack is on the warpath and armed to the teeth. You've got to bite the bullet. It's a double-edged sword. He has more than one string to his bow. Asmoking gun An uphill battle It's a losing battle. To cross swords with sb You always jump the gun. Stick to your guns! Not by a long shot! Q Les trois armes sont .I'armee de terre, la marine et I'armee de I'air. Bon pour Ie service ;6 Reforme Un objecteur de conscience Garde a vous I ;6 Repos I 4 000 soldats ont ete envoyes en renfort. Les troupes ont charge et pris la ville d'assaut. Les Etats-Unis sont en guerre en lrak. Faire la guerre a Ce mercenaire a combattu en Afrique. Le nettoyage ethnique ~tre porte absent, etre deserteur La Guerre de Secession a eclate en 1861. L1IIemagne a declare la guerre a la France en 1914. La Premiere Guerre mondiale a dure quatre ans. Des freres d'armes Au Moyen Age, les soldats se battaient avec des epees, des arcs et des f1eches, des haches, des lances et des boucliers. Jack est sur Ie sentier de la guerre et arme jusqu'aux dents. II faut que tu serres les dents. C'est une arme a double tranchant. II a plus d'une corde a son arc. Une preuve irrefutable Un combat trils difficile C'est un combat perdu d'avance. Croiser Ie fer avec qqn Tu fais toujours tout trop vite. Reste fidele a tes idees I Loin de la I / Bien au contraire ! Exercices 129 t Dans chaque liste, chassez I'intrus. a. a conscript, a soldier, a bomber, a private, an of'fkeF, a sentry b. a submarine, a fighter, a battleship, an aircraft carrier, a warship c. an onslaught, a guerrilla, an ambush, a battle, a conflict 130 t Completez chaque phrase avec un mot de la liste suivante bacteriological- Gulf - holy - independence - Second World - Worlds a. Many countries have obtained their freedom after a war of.. b. The crusades were described as a .. war. c. The War started after Iraq invaded Kuwait. d. H.G. Wells wrote a famous science-fiction novel called War of the.. e. Scientists and war experts think that a war could soon break out. f. During the War, the USA and the Soviet Union were allies. 131 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Quand a eclate la Guerre de Secession? b. Les troupes aeroportees ont traverse I'espace aerien de notre pays. c. Apres cette embuscade, la section avait peur des represailles. d. 115 vont declarer la guerre a leurs voisins. 159 6 LES RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES INTERNA TIONAL RELA TIONS @',6iM 'tttmtl'eUQI a country [/I) a nation [el) a sovereign state sovereignty a flag the national anthem [(f) the fatherland = the motherland = the mother country foreign affairs geopolitics [D) a power [au) a border [J:) a border Incident neutrality [(f) a summit [/I) negotiations = (a round of) talks a roundtable [el) peace Ii:) a peace process [~u) peacekeeping Ii:) a roadmap [~u) a stalemate = a deadlock a showdown [~u) a diplomat [I) the diplomatic corps the diplomatic service diplomatic immunity an ambassador [(f) an embassy [e ) a consulate [D) an envoy [e) an emissary [e) an agreement = a settlement an ally [(f) a treaty Ii:) a pact a ceasefire [i:) a truce [u:) disarmament [0:) the Nobel Peace Prize conciliatory [I) neutral [ju:) non-aligned [al) to negotiate [~ u) to ratify [(f) to secede (from) Ii:) un pays une nation un Etat souverain la souverainete un drapeau I'hymne national la patrie = la mere patrie un allie un traite un pacte un cessez-Ie-feu une treve Ie desarmement Ie prix Nobel de la paix conciliant neutre non-aligne negocier ratifier faire secession (de) spying = espionage counter-espionage I'espionnage Ie contre-espionnage a secret agency a secret agent aspy [al) a mole [au) a defector [e) a bug [/I) phone tapping / phone bugging a cipher [al) un service de renseignement un agent secret un espion une taupe un transfuge un micro cache les ecoutes telephoniques un code secret, un chiffre une couverture a covert operation une operation clandestine classified [(f) (classe) secret to betray one's country trahir son pays to defect [e) passer aI'ennemi to spy (on) espionner a~over [/I) les affaires etrangeres la geopolitique une puissance une frontiere un incident frontalier la neutralite un sommet des negociations, des pourparlers une table ronde la paix un processus de paix Ie maintien de la paix une feuille de route une impasse une epreuve de force un diplomate Ie corps diplomatique Ie service diplomatique I'immunite diplomatique un ambassadeur une ambassade un consulat un envoye un emissaire un accord '!J;g,u§ k1II g't§,il M'I La construction europeenne Ie traite de Rome the Treaty of Rome the Treaty of Maastricht Ie traite de Maastricht the European Economic la Communaute Community (!EC) economique europeenne (CEE) the Single European Ie Marche unique Market europeen the European Union l'Union europeenne (UE) the European Council Ie Conseil europeen the European Parliament Ie Parlement europeen a Euro-MP = an MEP un depute europeen (Member of the European Parliament) the European Commission la Commission europeenne a European commissioner un commissaire europeen a member state [e) un Etat membre an application [el) une candidature entry Into Europe I'entree dans l'Europe accession to Europe I'adhesion al'Europe enlargement [0:) I'elargissement the rotating presidency la presidence tournante the single currency la monnaie unique regulation [e I J la reglementation deregulation la dereglementation the Single European Act I'acte unique europeen the Schengen Agreement la Convention de Schengen the European Court la Cour de justice of Justice des Communautes europeennes harmonisation [el) I'harmonisation the free flow la libre circulation border-free [J:) sans frontieres to apply (for) etre candidat (a) to enter / to join entrer dans / adherer the Union al'Union to enlarge [0:) elargir to Implement [I) mettre en O!uvre Phrases et expressions usuelles o The USA, Russia, China, France and the UK are the permanent members of the UN Security Council. The peace talks took place under the aegis of the EU. In Britain MIS is the counter-intelligence agency and MI6 is the external intelligence agency. Les USA, la Russie, la Chine, la France et Ie Royaume-Uni sont les membres permanents du Conseil de securite de I'ONU. Les pourparlers de paix ont eu lieu sous I'egide de I'UE. En Grande-Bretagne, Ie MIS est Ie service de contre-espionnage et Ie MI6 est Ie service d'espionnage. Top-level talks made it possible to strike Des pourparlers au plus haut niveau ont permis a deal despite differences. de conclure un accord malgre les differends. There was a diplomatic incident and II y a eu un incident diplomatique et on a rappele the ambassador was recalled. I'ambassadeur. The two countries chose to cut off Les deux pays ont decide de rompre their diplomatic relations. leurs relations diplomatiques. During the Cold War, the East and the West Pendant la Guerre froide, l'Est et l'Ouest ont echange des espions. traded spies. A peace offering Une offre de paix To broker peace Negocier la paix To call a truce Conclure / eublir une treve To strike an alliance (with) Conclure une alliance (avec) To draw up (a peace treaty, etc.) £Iaborer / rediger (un traite de paix, etc.) To defuse a crisis Desamorcer une crise The diplomatic bag GB =The diplomatic pouch US La valise diplomatique The founding fathers of the European Parmi les peres fondateurs de la communaute Community include Konrad Adenauer europeenne, il y a Konrad Adenauer and Jean Monnet. et Jean Monna The United Nations (UN) L'Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) The Blue Helmets Les Casques bleus The African Union (AU) L'Union africaine (UA) The World Health Organization (WHO) L'OrgRation mondiale de la sante (OMS) The Council of Europe. Le Conseil de l'Europe The European Court of Human Rights La Cour europeenne des droits de I'homme The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) L'Organisation du traite de l1tlantique Nord (OTAN) The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) La politique agricole commune (PAC) The Economic Monetary Union (EMU) L'union economique et moneuire (UEM) I'roverIIes et.'..'.'.. To sit at the peace table To smoke the peace pipe Hold your peaee! If you want peace prepare for war. An ambassador of goodwill S'asseoir ala table des negociations Fumer Ie calumet de la paix Tais-toi I Si tu veux la paix, prepare la guerre. Un ambassadeur de bonne volonte Exercices 132 t Completez Ie texte a I'aide des mots suivants. belligerents - Blue Helmets - neutra/- process - roundtable - truce After two weeks of border incidents the Prime Minister tried yesterday to broker a He would like to invite them to a and discuss a peace , although between the two his country wants to remain The United Nations are ready to send in the .. 133 t Traduisez en anglais. a. L'espion a obtenu I'immunite. b. La Grande-Bretagne n'a pas signe Ie traite de Rome. c. Le transfuge a trahi son pays. d. Les negociations ont dure des mois. e. Les pays membres de l'Union europeenne mettent en ceuvre des politiques communes. 161 _ Britain's political system has been dominated by two parties since the end of the 17th century. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party alternated in power. They represented roughly the upper class and the middle class, but not the working class, to which the right to vote was gradually extended between 1867 and 1918. So the Labour Party was founded in 1900 to defend the specific interests of the workers, and it gradually replaced the Liberals as Britain's second big party. Since 1945, the left-wing Labour party and the right-wing Conservative party have taken turns in power. Famous Conservative Prime Ministers include Winston Churchill (1940-45, 195155) and Margaret Thatcher (1979-90), while the most famous Labour Prime Minister was Tony Blair (1997-2007). There are many other parties, such as the Liberal Democrats, the Scottish National Party and the Greens, but they only playa marginal role at national level. ⢠La politique britannique est dominee par deux partis depuis la fin du XVII' siecle. Jusqu'au debut du XX' siecle, Ie parti conservateur et Ie parti liberal se relayaient au pouvoir. 115 representaient, en gros, I'aristocratie et la bourgeoisie, mais pas la classe ouvriere, it laquelle on accorda progressivement Ie droit de vote entre 1867 et 1918. C'est ainsi que Ie parti travailliste fut fonde en 1900 pour defendre les interets specifiques des travailleurs et rempla.;:a peu it peu les Liberaux en devenant Ie second parti du pays. Depuis 1945, la gauche travailliste et la droite conservatrice se sont succede au pouvoir. Parmi les Premiers ministres conservateurs celebres, on compte Winston Churchill (1940-45 et 1951-55) et Margaret Thatcher (1979-90), tandis que Ie plus celebre Premier ministre travailliste a ete Tony Blair (1997-2007). II y a beaucoup d'autres partis, comme les Liberaux democrates, Ie Parti national ecossais et les Verts, mais ils n'ont qu'un role marginal au niveau national. Le saviez-vous ? L'histoire du drapeau britannique The British national flag, commonly known as the Union Jack, symbolizes the union of the countries making up the United Kingdom: England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Wales is not represented on the flag because it was considered as part of England. Le drapeau britannique, connu sous Ie nom d'Union Jack, symbolise I'union des nations qui forment Ie Royaume-Uni l'Angieterre, l'Ecosse et l'lrlande du Nord. Le pays de Galles n'est pas represente sur Ie drapeau parce qu'iI etait considere comme faisant partie de I~ngleterre. England is represented by the cross of Saint George: L~ngleterre est symbolisee par la croix de saint Georges. Scotland is represented by the cross of Saint Andrew: L'Ecosse est symbolisee par la croix de saint Andre. Ireland is represented by the cross of Saint Patrick: L'lrlande est symbolisee par la croix de saint Patrick. E The three crosses were conjoined to make up the British flag in 1801 when Ireland joined England and Scotland who had been forming Britain since 1707: Les trois croix ont ete fusionnees en 1801 pour former Ie drapeau britannique au moment ou l'lrlande a rejoint I~ngleterre et l'Ecosse, qui formaient la Grande-Bretagne depuis 1707. The US political system relies on bipartisanship, as only two parties compete for power; the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. Le systeme politique americain est fonde sur Ie bipartisme, deux partis etant seuls en concurrence, Ie Parti republicain et Ie Parti democrate. The Democrats are the oldest US party (founded in 1792). They defend a roughly left-of-centre ideology, which includes some form of social protection for all. This was exemplified in the 1930s by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal. In recent years, they have been standing for ethnic and religious minorities, as well as for the defence of civil liberties and social freedoms. Famous Democratic presidents include John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1961-63), and Bill Clinton (1993-2001). Les Democrates constituent Ie parti americain Ie plus ancien (fonde en 1792). lis defendent une ideologie qui se situe approximativement au centre gauche et comprend une forme de protection sociale pour tous. Ceci fut iIIustre dans les annees 1930 par la politique du New Deal Nouvelle Donne») du president Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Plus recemment, ils ont defendu les minorites ethniques et religieuses, ainsi que les libertes civiques et sociales. Les presidents democrates les plus celebres ont ete John F. Kennedy (1961-63) et Bill Clinton (1993-2001). By contrast, the Republican Party advocates right-wing policies based on economic freedom, limited taxation and restricted public social protection. Recent Republican presidents include Richard Nixon (1969-74), Ronald Reagan (1981-89), George Bush Sr (1989-93) and George W. Bush (2001-09). A I'inverse, Ie Parti republicain defend une «( politique de droite fondee sur Ie liberalisme economique, la reducs,;.on des impots et une protection social!ilimitee. Parmi les presidents republicains recents, on compte Richard Nixon {1969-74), Ronald Reagan (1981-89), George Bush pere (1989~93) et George W. Bush (2001-09). Le saviez-vous ? L'histoire du drapeau des ltats-Unis The first American flag was hoisted above George Washington's base on January 1st, 1776. It had 13 alternate red and white stripes (symbolizing Britain's 13 American colonies) and the British Union Jack in the upper left corner. Hisse pour la premiere fois Ie 1er janvier 1776 sur Ie camp de George Washington, Ie premier drapeau americain comportait 13 rayures rouges et blanches alternees (une pour chacune des 13 colonies britanniques d'Amerique) et l'Union Jack en haut a gauche. En 1777, Congress passed the first Flag Act, which established the official flag of the new nation. Until 1960, the flag was changed 26 times to allow for additional stars as new states were admitted into the Union. En 1777, Ie Congres vota la premiere loi sur Ie Drapeau, qui definissait Ie drapeau officiel de la nouvelle nation. Jusqu'en 1960, Ie drapeau a ete modifie a 26 reprises par I'ajout de nouvelles etoiles a mesure que de nouveaux Etats entraient dans l'Union. Today the flag consists of ~ the original 13 horizontal stripes and 50 stars representing the states of the Union and it is nicknamed the StarSpangled Banner. Aujourd'hui, Ie drapeau comprend les treize rayures horizontales d'origine et 50 etoiles qui representent les Etats composant l'Union et on Ie surnomme la Banniere etoilee. 163 6 L'IMMIGRATION ET L'INTEGRATION IMMIGRA TION AND INTEGRA TION .tJu§tUt,'t. 1iI!3LlM;t'lli a home country = a homeland a host country [II] a foreigner [D] an alien [el] a migrant [all an emigrant [e] an Immigrant [I] emigration [el] immigration exile, an exile [e] an exodus [e] a migratory flow [al] a wave of immigration the brain drain quotas [;10] a stowaway [au] alien smuggling a smuggler [II] abroad / overseas to migrate to emigrate to immigrate to go' into exile to flee' to sm~g'gle in(to) [II] un pays d'origine Administrative status nationality [II!] a passport [0:] a work permit [3:] a residence permit a guest worker = a migrant worker GB a seasonal worker GB = a migrant worker US a refugee [i:] (political) asylum the right of asylum [al] an asylum seeker a regular Immigrant = a legal immigrant an undocumented alien an expatriate [II!] deportation [el] a stateless person to apply for a visa to regularize [e] to deport [,):] un pays d'accueil un etranger un mnger Our.) un migrant un emigre unimmigre I'emigration I'immigration I'exil, un exile un exode un flux migratoire une vague d'immigration la fuite des cerveaux des quotas un passager clandestin Ie trafic d'immigrants un passeur aI'etranger / de I'etranger migrer emigrer immigrer s'exiler fuir (faire) entrer clandestinement Iii. la national ire un passe port un permis de travail un permis de sejour un travailleur immigre un (travailleur) saisonnier un refugie I'asile politique Ie droit d'asile un demandeur d'asile un immigre en situation rt!guliere un sans-papiers un expatrie I'expulsion un apatride demander un visa regulariser expulser a fixed abode [au] a refuge, a shelter [e] naturalization [el] integration / assimilation [el] family reunification a minority culture a majority culture multiculturalism [II] cultural/ethnic diversity un domicile fixe Our.) un refuge la naturalisation I'integration / I'assimilation Ie regroupement familial une culture minoritaire une culture majoritaire Ie multiculturalisme la diversire culturelle / ethnique a melting-pot / a crucible un melting-pot, un creuset the ethnic mix [e] la mixite ethnique un mariage mixte a mixed marriage un mariage blanc a paper marriage a mother tongue [II] une langue matemelle roots [u:] des racines a ghetto [e] un ghetto first-generation de la premiere generation de la deuxieme generation second-generatiOfi marginalized [0:] marginalise bilingual [I] bilingue uprooted [u:] deracine sejourner to stay s'integrer (dans) to Integrate (into) = to blend in to settle in [e] s'integrer, s'installer Tolerance and intolerance human rights Ii u:] a prejudice = a bias racism [el] racial hatred [el] xenophobia [au] communitarianism [e a] segregation ~ desegregation [e I] discrimination [el] job discrimination La tolerance et I'intolerance les droits de I'homme un prejuge Ie racisme la haine raciale la xenophobie Ie communautarisme la segregation ~ la desegregation la discrimination la discrimination aI'embauche affirmative action la discrimination positive a violation = an abwe une atteinte, un abus racial abwe = racial slurs des insultes racistes persecution Ii u:] la persecution ethnic fighting les conflits ethniques discriminatory [I] discriminatoire xenophobic [au] xenophobe racial [el] racial racist raciste etre victime de to be discriminated discrimination against to be prejudiced [e] avoir des prejuges Phrases et expressions usuelles o The government has repatriated illegal immigrants / aliens. This Indian family has chosen to repatriate. The diaspora Jews have often suffered from antisemitism. Les ressortissants fran~is n'ont pas besoin de visa pour entrer au Royaume-Uni. Quand on franchit une frontiere, il faut avoir ses papiers d'identite. Quand on entre aux Etats-Unis, il faut passer la douane et I'immigration. Pour travailler aux Etats-Unis, il faut une carte verte. II y a moins d'immigres qui demandent la nationalite americaine parce que les conditions ont ete durcies. Quand res regles auront ete assouplies, plus de gens demanderont aetre naturalises. Les nouveaux arrivants ne sont pas toujours les bienvenus. II a emigre du Pakistan en Angleterre. Les immigres en possession de faux papiers sont envoyes dans des centres de retention. Les travailleurs immigres sont des travailleurs bon marche. La nourriture exotique est un des heritages de I'immigration. Le gouvemement a renvoye chez eux des imn'ligres clandestins. -: _ Cette famille indienne a choisi de rentrer au pays. Les Juifs de la diaspora ont souvent souffert de I'antisemitisme. Proverbes et expreaIons lmagles It takes all sorts to make a world. Good fences make good neighbours. 'The early North American Indians made a great mistake by not having an immigration bureau.' ⢠II faut de tout pour faire un monde. Chacun chez soi et res vaches seront bien gardees. « Les premiers Indiens d1>.merique ont fait une grosse erreur en n'ayant pas de service de I'immigration. » French nationals don't need a visa to enter the United Kingdom. When crossing a border, you must carry your 10 / documents / identification / papers. When entering the US, you have to go through customs and immigration. To work in the US you must have a Green Card. Fewer immigrants apply for US citizenship because the rules have been tightened. When the rules are slackened more people will ask to be naturalized. Newcomers / New arrivals are not always welcome. He migrated from Pakistan mEngland. Immigrants found carrying forged documents are sent to holding centres. Immigrant labour means cheap labour. Ethnic food is a heritage of immigration. ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Le mot people a deux sens - il peut signifier « peuple », auquel cas il peut porter la marque du pluriel the native people~ of America res peuples indigenes d1>.merique - ou bien « les gens », auquel cas iI est invariable et com man de un verbe au pluriel People are supposed to be tolerant in America. En Amerique, les gens sont censes etre tolerants. Exercices 134 t Traduisez en fran~ais. a. The migrant worker had to apply for a new residence permit. b. In the 19605, during the civil rights struggle, many people fought to end segregation. c. The United States has always been described as a melting pot. d. Most asylum seekers have been forced to flee their country. 135 t Chassez I'intrus dans chacune des lignes suivantes. a. racist - intolerant - xenophobic - welcome - abuse b. stay - deport - settle in - blend in - integration c. nationalism - ethnic mix - melting pot - multiculturalism - diversity d. immigrant - foreigner - alien - expatriate - national 165 - 6 LA FRACTURE SOCIALE THE WEAL TH GAP the rich affluence [if) abundance [1) prosperity [e) riches [I) generosity (0) a millionaire [e;l ) a billionaire an upstart [1) greed [i:) stinginess [I) a miser [aI) rich = wealthy [e) well-off = well-to-do = affluent generous [e) prosperous (0) spendthrift '. thrifty stingy = miserly greedy [i:) to be able to afford sth to earn money to spend· to save [eI) the poor ⢠destitution = deprivation ~he needy [i:) a~auper = a poor person '!.beggar[e) a working poor an outcast [au) the underclass [1) the inner cities [I) a slum [1) squalor (0) an eviction [I) a homeless person the homeless [;lU) a shelter / a hostel a tramp = a bum US a vagrant [eI) vagrancy begging [e) a begging bowl a soup kitchen = a bread line a food bank the poverty line inequalities (0) les riches I'opulence I'abondance la prosperite des richesses la generosite un millionnaire un milliardaire un parvenu, un arriviste I' avidite, la cupidite I'avarice un avare riche aise, opulent genereux prospere depensier '. econome avare = pingre cupide pouvoir s'offrir qqch gagner de I'argent depenser economiser les pauvres la misere / Ie denuement les necessiteux un pauvre un mendiant un travailleur pauvre un marginal les exclus les quartiers defavorises des centre-vi lies un taudis la decrepitude une expulsion un SDF = un sans-abri les mal-loges, les sans-abris un abri / un foyer un clochard un vagabond Ie vagabondage la mendicite une sebile une soupe populaire une banque alimentaire Ie seuil de pauvrete les inegalites mutual support poor poverty-stricken penniless [e) underprivileged [I) in need destitute = deprived dilapidated = derelict squalid (0) to impoverish (0) to beg to starve to marginalise [0:) to evict [I) to sleep· rough I'entraide pauvre touche par la pauvrete sans Ie sou defavorise, desherite dans Ie besoin miserable delabre sordide, malpropre (lieu) appauvrir mendier avoir faim, mourir de faim marginaliser expulser dormir dehors ImmDI IIt;WQII =L·lt_ .. the Welfare State [e) l'Etat-providence, la solidarite nationale (social) welfare = I'aide / la protection sOcialsecurity'GB sociale assistance [I) I'aide publique poor relief [i:) I'aide aux plus demunis national insurance Ie systeme national d'assurance sociale un travailleur social, a social worker une assistante sociale a contribution Ii u:) une cotisation parental leave un conge parental personal social services les services d'aide ala personne a claimant [eI) un allocataire a mutual insurance une mutuelle an upper earnings limit un plafond de ressources the health authorities (0) les autorites sanitaires the prescription charge [I) Ie ticket moderateur sick pay des indemnites maladie day care I'hospitalisation de jour home care = home help I'aide et les soins adomicile disability = handicap Ie handicap a disabled person une personne handicapee incapacity benefit une pension d'invalidite a pensioner [e) un retraite a pension une (pension de) retraite a pension scheme un regime de retraite dependency [e) la dependance, I'assistanat overspending [e) des depenses excessives means-tested [e) sous condition de ressources to cater for sb [eI) pourvoir aux besoins de / s'occuper de qqn to contribute [I) cotiser to claim benefits faire une demande d'allocation to be entitled to sth avoir droit aqqch The retirement age To be on a low income To be short of money To be mdebt To slip into poverty To be dirt poor l' to be filthy rich With no fixed abode To scavenge garbage cans To ease / to relieve poverty To rely on state help To be eligible . ineligible for state help Many people live on welfare. Scroungers live off welfare. Benefit fraud A welfare-to-work scheme The affluent society To roll in money L' age de la retraite Avoir des revenus modestes Manquer d'argent Avoir des dettes Tomber dans la pauvrete £tre dans la deche l' etre plein aux as Sans domicile fixe Faire les poubelles Soulager la pauvrete Oependre de I'aide publique Remplir . ne pas remplir les conditions d'attribution d'aide sociale Beaucoup de gens vivent grace aux allocations. Les profiteurs vivent sur Ie dos des allocations. La fraude aI'assurance sociale Un programme de retour aI'emploi La societe d'abondance Nager dans I'opulence Proverbes et expressions Images To make ends meet To be (as) poor as a church mouse There is no reasoning with a starving man. To go from rags to riches He struck it rich last year. Only the rich get richer. To be tight-fisted A land of plenty A two-tier society Joindre les deux bouts £tre pauvre comme Job Ventre affame n'a pas d'oreilles. Passer de la misere ala richesse II a fait fortune I'an dernier. On ne prete qu'aux riches. Avoir des oursins dans les poches Un pays de cocagne Une societe adeux vitesses ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Le mot « allocation» a pour equivalents anglais benefit ou allowance: unemployment benefit allocation chomage bereavement benefit allocation deces family allowances allocations familiales one-parent benefit allocation parent isole housing benefit allocation logement job seeker's allowance allocation de recherche d'emploi ⢠Homelessness renvoie ala condition des gens n'ayant pas de toit du tout, mais aussi acelie des gens dont Ie logement est insalubre. ⢠Social security signifie la « protection sociale » et n'inclut pas I'assurance maladie. La « securite sociale » au sens fran~ais du terme se dit the public health care system. Exercices 136 t Classez chaque mot dans I'une des deux categories suivantes: wealth - poverty a. the needy b. rags c. greed d. begging e. well-off f. affluence g. dilapidated h. a tramp 137 t Traduisez en fran~ais. a. Many people fail to claim benefits they are entitled to. b. This beggar found a homeless shelter and he won't sleep rough tonight c. The billionaire was moved by destitution in his city and decided to finance a soup kitchen. 167 -- l!i'£iiflM sex sexual Intercourse birth control [a u) contraception [e) a condom [0) the pill family planning [re) abortion =pregnancy termination anonymous birth the age of consent [e) homosexuality [re) a gay man a lesbian [e) homosexual =gay pro-life fo pro-choice to have sex to make' love to have an abortion [J:) Ie sexe, la sexualite un rapport sexuel Ie controle des naissances la contraception un preservatif la pilule Ie planning familial l'avortement,I'interruption volontaire de grossesse I'accouchement sous X la majorite sexuelle I'homosexualite un homosexuel une lesbienne homosexuel pro-vie fo pro-choix avoir des relations sexuelles faire I'amour (se faire) avorter Les depenciances tobacco [re) a cigarette, a cigar a pack of cigarettes [e) a puff [A) a lighter [aI) a match [re) a matchbox smoke [au) a smoker fo a non-smoker passive smoking / 0- second-hand smoke ' narcotics [0) hard drugs fo soft drugs o ~oint(JI) clnnabis = marijuana grass =pot a syringe [I) drug addiction = drugabwe drug tolerance [0) a drug dealer a drug wer / addict decriminalization [eI) trafficking [re) a trafficker [re) alcohol [re) liquor [I) hard liquor a drunk = a drunkard [A) alcoholism [re) Ie tabac une cigarette, un cigare un paquet de cigarettes une bouffee un briquet une allumette une boite d'allumettes lafumee un fumeur fo un non-fumeur Ie tabagisme passif les stupefiants les drogues dures fo douces un joint Ie cannabis, la marijuana de I'herbe une seringue la toxicomanie I'accoutumance un dealer un toxicomane la depenalisation Ie trafic un trafiquant I'alcool les boissons alcoolisees les alcools forts un ivrogne I'alcoolisme an alcoholic [0) a support group / a self-help group a health warning [J:) drunk fo sober [au) addicted [I) addictive to smoke to light' a cigarette = to light' up to take' / do' drugs to be on drugs to shoot' up =to fix to be high to get' drunk to relapse [re) un alcoolique un groupe de soutien / d'entraide une mise en garde sanitaire ivre ' sobre dependant, accro qui entraine la dependance fumer allumer une cigarette se droguer etre drogue se shooter planer se soeder rechuter '!h'Unm,Ba abwe [ju:) a trauma [J:) domestic violence child abwe [j u:) ⢠a battered wife a wife beater Ii:) Incest [I) p(a)edophllia [I) a p(a)edophile / a child molester gay bashing [re) harassment [re) homophobic [au) to ill-treat to bully [u) to victimize [I) to batter [re) to molest [e) une agression, la violence un traumatisme les violences conjugales la maltraitance sur mineur une femme battue un mari violent I'inceste la pedophilie un pedophile les violences contre les homosexuels Ie harcelement homophobe maltraiter brutaliser persecuter battre sauvagement agresser sexuellement 'f'[,], the death penalty [e) la peine de mort an execution [j u:) une execution an executioner un bourreau the electric chair [e) la chaise electrique a lethal injection une injection mortelle hanging [re) la pendaison abolitionism [I) I'abolitionnisme suicide [u:) Ie suicide a suicide attempt une tentative de suicide euthanasia = mercy killing I'euthanasie suicidal [aI) suicidaire to put' to death = executer to execute [e) to commit suicide = se suicider to kill oneself to euthanize [j u:) euthanasier She's on the pill. The morning-after pill England is notorious for its high level of teenage mothers. Anorexia and bulimia are eating disorders. Pete is a heavy drinker and smoker. He needs to sober up first. He has a drinking problem. Alcoholics Anonymous = AA She is a teetotal(l)er. He can't hold his liquor. He is tipsy after one glass. No smoking A smoking ban has been imposed in public places. Nicotine patches are used to quit smoking. Rehabilitation programs help you deal with symptoms of withdrawal. To be on rehab / on drug therapy He is off drugs. He took his own life because he couldn't kick the habit. To be on death row A controversial issue A public-awareness campaign Prove'' et expressions lmagee. The fair sex To drink like a fish To be as sober as a judge Once a drunkard, always a drunkard. It would be suicidal to give up now. ! Elle prend la pilule. La pilule du lendemain L1>.ngleterre est tristement celebre pour son taux eleve de meres adolescentes. L'anorexie et la boulimie sont des troubles du comportement alimentaire. Pete est un gros buveur et un gros fumeur. II faut d'abord qu'il dessoule. II boit. / II est aleoolique. Les Aleooliques Anonymes Elle ne boit pas du tout d'aleool. II ne tient pas bien la boisson. II est emeche apres un verre. Interdit de fumer Une interdiction de fumer a ete imposee dans les lieux publics. On utilise des patches ala nicotine pour arreter defumer. Les cures de desintoxication aident agerer les symptome de manque. £tre en cure de desi ntoxication II est desintoxique. / II ne prend plus de drogue. II s'est suicide parce qu'il n'arrivait pas adecrocher. £tre dans Ie couloir de la mort Un sujet polemique Une campagne de sensibilisation Le beau sexe (= les femmes) Boire comme un trou £tre sobre comme un chameau Qui a bu boira. Ce serait suicidaire d'abandonner maintenant. Pieges et difficultes ⢠Le mot drug a Ie sens de « drogue» mais aussi celui de « medicament». C'est pourquoi, aux Etats-Unis : a druggist un pharmacien a drug company un laboratoire pharmaceutique a drugstore une pharmacie a prescription drug un medicament sur ordonnance a miracle drug un remMe miracle an over-the-counter drug un medicament en vente libre Exercices 138. Chassez I'intrus dans chaque ligne. a. tobacco - puff - lighter - lightning - second-hand smoke - matchbox - cigar b. a condom - an executioner - family planning - birth control - the pill c. to quit - to ill-treat - to bully - to batter - abuse - a trauma - domestic violence 139 ⢠Traduisez en anglais. a. C'est Ie coin reserve aux fumeurs. b. Elle est alcoolique. c. II ne tient pas la boisson. d. C'est un drogue qui n'a pas reussi a dlkrocher. 169 Breaking the law a crime [aI] a criminal [I] an offence [e) an offender a lawbreaker a Ouvenile) delinquent an accomplice petty crime [e] a wrong a felony US[eJ to commit a aime to repeat (a crime) un criminel, un malfaiteur un delit un contrevenant un delinquant un delinquant Ouvenile) un complice la petite delinquance un tort un crime grave commettre un crime recidiver _all.rlll I!),.,. a theft, a thief pl. thieves petty theft [e] a burglary [3:] a burglar a hold-up = a stick-up a robbery, a robber [0] to steal· to rob to burgle GB = to burglarize US [3:] to break· Into a place un vol, un voleur un larcin un cambriolage un cambrioleur un hold-up un vol, un voleur voler, derober voler, devaliser cambrioler s'introduire par effraetion III IH~lli!1 an assault, an assailant assault and battery oiIJblow[au] a thug = a hooligan [u:] a wrecker [e] a (serial) killer a homicide [0] an assassination = first degree murder a murder = second degree murder manslaughter [ee] a murderer [3:] a murderess arson [a:] an arsonist self-defence [e] murderous [3:] cold-blooded [A] to assault = to attack to hit· to punch [A] to kick to knockout to Injure / to wound to aim a gun at sb to murder / to assassinate to stab to str_ngle [ee] to polson [:)1] to ransack [ee ] to set· fire (to) Enfreindre la 101 1. un delit penal 2. un crime blesser braquer une arme sur qqn assassiner poignarder etrangler empoisonner saccager mettre Ie feu (a) IWlmWI fraud acrook[u] a scam embezzlement [e] money laundering forgery, a forger [J:] a counterfeiter [au] a bribe [aI] bribery blackmail [ee] a blackmailer counterfeit [au] to launder money to blackmail [eel 'ii'i';', prostitution a prostitute soliciting [I] pimping a pimp indecent assault indecent exposure a sex offender [e] rape, a rape [eI] a gang rape une agression, un agresseur coups et blessures un coup (de poing) unvoyou un ca5seur, un vandale un tueur en serie un homicide un assassinat = un meurtre avec premeditation un meurtre a rapist [eI] to rape un homicide involontaire un meurtrier une meurtriere I'incendie criminel un pyromane la legitime defense, I'autodefense meurtrier de / au sang-froid agresser frapper donner un coup de poing donner un coup de pied assommer I'escroquerie un escroc une escroquerie Ie detournement de fonds Ie blanchiment d'argent un faux, un faussaire un faux-monnayeur un pot-de-vin la corruption Ie chantage un maitre chanteur faux, de contrefa~on blanchir de I'argent faire chanter les crimes sexuels la prostitution une prostituee Ie racolage Ie proxenetisme un proxenete une agression sexuelle un attentat ala pudeur un delinquant sexuel Ie viol, un viol un viol colleetif, une tournante un violeur violer Organized crime the mob =the mafia [ee] the underworld [A] a godfather [0] a hltman [i] a gang a gangster / a mobster hostage taking a hostage taker a ransom [eel a set-up = a frame-up a racketeer [I a] to extort [J:] 170 lamafia Ie milieu un parrain un tueur agages un gang un gangster la prise d'otage un preneur d' otage une ran~on un coup monte un racketteur extorquer, racketter Phrases et expressions usuelles o An armed robbery He was robbed of his precious coin collection. The thief stole them from him. He was an accomplice in the robbery. He informed 2!l his accomplice. He dealt him two blows. They set him up / framed him by planting drug in his flat There are thousands of missing persons every year. The crime rate keeps rising. To be held at gunpoint Hit and run A receiver of stolen goods Un vol it. main armee On lui a vole sa precieuse collection de pieces. Le voleur les lui a derobees. II a ete complice du vol. II a denonce son complice. IIl'a frappe deux fois. 115 I'ont piege en cachant de la drogue dans son appartement Des milliers de personnes disparaissent chaque annee. Le taux de criminalite ne cesse d'augmenter. £tre sous la menace d'une arme it. feu Un delit de fuite (au volant) Un receleur Proverbes et Crime does not pay. Robbing Peter to pay Paul Once a thief always a thief. Opportunity makes the thief. They are as thick as thieves. Le crime ne paie pas. Deshabiller Pierre pour habiller Paul Qui vole un CEuf vole un bceuf. L'occasion fait Ie larron. 115 sont comme larrons en foire. expressIon.,.- ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠A partir de certains verbes d'action, on peut former Ie nom de la personne qui commet I'acte en ajoutant Ie suffixe -er et I'acte lui-meme par I'ajout du suffixe -ing to kill tuer a killer un tueur a mugger un agresseur to mug agresser to shoplift voler it. I' etalage a shoplifter un voleur it. I' etalage to loot piller a looter un pillard to smuggle faire de la contrebande a smuggler un contrebandier to hijack detourner un avion a hijacker un pirate de I'air to kidnap kidnapper a kidnapper un kidnappeur a killing une tuerie a mugging une agression shoplifting Ie vol it. I'etalage looting Ie pillage smuggling la contrebande a hijacking un detoumement d'avion a kidnapping un kidnapping Exercices 140 ⢠Choisissez la traduction qui convient. a. He was sentenced for indecent exposure. 1. II a re~u une sentence pour ses expositions de tableaux indecents. 2. II a ete condamne pour attentat a la pudeur. b. It was a case of assault and battery. 1. C'etait une affaire de coups et blessures. 2. C'etait une caisse bourree d'armes d'assaut. c. The criminal was framed by the police. 1. Le malfaiteur a ete piege par la police. 2. La police avait un portrait du criminel. d. A man blackmailed her. 1. Un homme lui a envoye des lettres anonymes. 2. Un hom me I'a fait chanter. 141 ⢠Traduisez en fran~ais. a. The burglar stole the jewels and the cash before setting the house on fire. b. People are very sensitive to petty theft and juvenile delinquency. c. The man was murdered by a thug. d. The thief aimed a gun at the shop assistant and then took off with the money. 171 _ 7 L'ORDRE PUBLIC PUBLIC ORDER The police forces a questioning = an interrogation a lie detector [e) a clue [u:) evidence [e) a piece of evidence a lead Ii:) a crime scene investigator [e) forensic medicine [e) a medical examiner an autopsy = a post-mortem fingerprints [I) a DNA test / analysis ballistics [I) profiling [au) a facial composite = an Identikit a suspect [A) a fugitive Ii u:) a complaint [eI) a (search) warrant [D) Les forces de I'ordre law enforcement [J:) I'application de la loi the police = the force la police a motorcycle cop un motard de la police an inspector = un inspecteur a detective [e) a superintendent GB = un commissaire principal a lieutenant US [e) a chief constable GB = un commissaire a captain US divisionnaire a squad [D) une brigade a police station = un commissariat a precinct US the police headquarters ,. la prefecture de police a patrol [au) une patrouille back-up (forces) des renforts a traffic warden GB un agent de la circulation a parking enforcement un(e) contractuel(le) officer un radar a radar gun / a speed camera a roadblock [au) un barrage a (police) raid une descente (de police) community policing la police de proximite a community police un notier officer a bounty hunter US / un chasseur de primes a bail agent US a bodyguard [D) un garde du corps a security guard un vigile a bulletproof vest un gilet pare-balles a badge = a shield un insigne a baton = a truncheon une matraque handcuffs [if) des menottes teargas [i a) des gaz lacrymogenes a breathalyzer [e) un aleootest a police car une voiture de police a police light = un gyrophare a rotating light uniformed -- in plain clothes en uniforme -- en civil to be on the beat = etre en patrouille, to patrol patrouiller to be on a mission [I) etre en mission to restrain [eI) neutraliser, maitriser to handcuff passer les menottes to beat· up passer atabac to book = to fine donner une contravention to enforce the law faire appliquer la loi The investigation a case leI) an inquiry [aI) an identity check [e) the crime scene un interrogatoire un detecteur de mensonge un indice des preuves une preuve une piste un membre de la police scientifique la medecine legale un medecin legiste une autopsie des empreintes digitales un testADN la balistique Ie profilage un portrait-robot un suspect un fugitif une plainte un mandat (de perquisition) an arrest warrant un mandat d'arret search and seizure Ii:) une perquisition an undercover operation une operation d'infiltration an arrest [e) une arrestation a body search une fouille (au corps) a testimony [e) un temoignage a statement = a deposition une deposition a confession [e) des aveux a reward =a bounty une recompense = une prime in custody [A) en garde avue dead or alive mort ou vif to investigate / enqueter sur une affaire to work a case to canvass Iif ) faire une enquete de voisinage to tail = to shadow sb filerqqn to chase = poursuivre, traquer, to hunt down = pourchasser to track down to suspect [e) soup~onner to interrogate = interroger to Interview to incriminate [I) mettre en cause to crack / solve a case resoudre une affaire to confess (to sth) avouer (qqch) to recant Iif ) se retracter to search 13:) fouiller, perquisitionner to seize Ii:) saisir to file a complaint = porter plainte to press charges li4,1.ji(-£1 une affaire une enquete un controle d'identite Ie lieu du crime 112 Phrases et expressions usuelles The cops waved down the van. He has a clean record ;I: a long record. Call 9991 GB / Call 9111 US Excuse me, officer.. You're under arrest. Read him his rights, Phil. He is wanted by the police. What are the charges? He died in the line of duty. The drugs squad The fraud squad The crime squad The vice squad The riot squad New Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service. The Criminal Investigation Department =CID GB The New York Police Department (NYPD) The Mounted Police = The Mounties o Les flics ant fait signe ala camionnette de s'meter. Son easier judidaire est vierge . charge. Appelle les secours I Excusez-moi, monsieur I'agent. Vous etes en etat d'arrestation. Us-lui ses droits, Phil. II est recherche par la police. Quels sont les chefs d'accusation ? II est mort dans I'exercice de ses fonctions. La brigade des stups Le service de repression des fraudes La brigade criminelle La brigade des mCl!urs La brigade anti-emeutes New Scotland Yard est Ie siege de la police de Londres. La police judidaire =la PJ La police de New York La police mantee canadienne Pro'.,.'. et.'..'.',.. I don't have a clue. It's a fair copl He got copped stealing the money. He'd said he'd do it but he copped out When he heard the news, he went ballistics. ! Je n'en ai pas la moindre idee. Bien joue IJe me rends. II s'est fait pincer en train de voler I'argent II a dit qu'ille ferait mais il s'est degonfle. En apprenant la nouvelle, il a pete les plombs. Pieges et difficultes ⢠Le mot police est suivi d'un pluriellorsqu'iI designe I'ensemble des policiers, mais d'un singulier lorsqu'il designe I'institution. The police are investigating the case. La police enquete sur cette affaire. The police is investigating, not the FBI. C'est la police qui enquete, pas Ie FBI . ⢠Le vocabulaire de la police comporte beaucoup de termes familiers passes dans Ie langage courant tant en fran~is qu'en anglais. Terme correct Terme familier a police officer =a policeman un pol icier a cop =a copper GB un flic a constable GB un agent de police a bobby GB un poulet a private investigator un detective prive a private eye un prive a police van un fourgon de police a Black Maria GB un panier asalade an informer un indicateur a stool pigeon, a snitch un cousin, un indic to arrest arreter, apprehender to nab, to collar pincer, serrer a criminal record un casier judiciaire a rap sheet un casier Exercices 142. Completez les phrases avec I'un des mots suivants. handcuffed - roadblock - fugitive - warrant - autopsy a. The police stopped all cars at the .. b. The suspect was arrested and immediately c. Unfortunately, the did not reveal the cause of death. d. The judge issued a ' which authorized a search of the house. e. After chasing him for six months, the police finally caught the .. 173 - .MC:. '!1:rmtl a law criminal law / civil law case law / common law justice' injustice [II) guilt' Innocence [I) liability / responsibility [I) legal [i:) illegal fair' unfair =unjust guilty' Innocent [I) liable [al) uneloi Ie droit penal/civil la jurisprudence la justice' I'injustice la culpabilite ' I'innocence la responsabilite Ouridique) 1. legal 2. juridique illegal juste' injuste coupable ' innocent responsable to try [al) to testify to drop charges [a:) to plead guilty ' not guilty to take' an oath Les trlbunaux et les juristes a jurisdiction [I) a criminal court a courthouse [J:) a courtroom a court order ajudge [II) a prosecutor [D) a lawyer [a:) a barrister GB / an attorney (at law) US a clerk [a:) a plaintiff [eI] a defender = a defendant the defence [e) the parties [a:) an indictment [al) a hearing [Ia) a witness [I) an eyewitness [al) a jury, a juror [ua ) a witness summons GB = a subpoena the witness box GB = the witness stand a cross-examination [el) an exhibit [I) contempt (of court) a speech for the defence a settlement [e) the culprit [II) a bail [el) in absentia [e) to accuse [u:) to sue [w) to prosecute [D) to indict [al) une juridiction une cour d'assises un palais de justice une salle d'audience une decision du tribunal unjuge un procureur 1. un juriste 2. un avocat un avocat un greffier un plaignant un accuse, un prevenu la defense les parties juger temoigner abandonner les charges plaider coupable ' non coupable preter serment, jurer li.ti'i'·ffjI '!j?ql.tt;. a judg(e)ment = a decision =a ruling a sentence [e) a punishment [II) an acquittal [I) a dismissal [I) a fine [ar) damages [(f) clemency [e) a miscarriage of justice an appeal Ii:) harsh' mild = lenient Ii:) to punish [II) to judge to convict [I) to condemn =to sentence to appeal Ii:) to quash a decision [I) to exonerate =to clear to acquit [I] to pardon [a:) un arret une condamnation une punition un acquittement un non-lieu une amende des dommages et interets la clemence une erreur judiciaire un appel, un pourvoi severe ' clement punir juger, rendre un jugement declarer coupable condamner faire appel casser une decision disculper, blanchir acquitter gracier leiW,1.! a prison = a jail a cell hard labour [el) a penitentiary US = a pen a prisoner = a convict a warden [J:) amnesty [(f) detention [e) a reprieve Ii:) on remand [a:) on parole [au) on probation [el) on bail at large = on the run to go' to prison to detain [el) to be jailed = imprisoned = locked up to serve a sentence to release = to set' free to escape [el) to redeem oneself une mise en examen une audience untemoin un temoin oculaire un jury, un jure une assignation acomparaitre la barre un contre-interrogatoire une piece aconviction outrage amagistrat une plaidoirie une transaction Ouridique) Ie coupable une caution par contumace accuser, mettre en examen intenter un proces poursuivre inculper, mettre en examen 174 purger une peine relacher, liberer s'evader se racheter Phrases et expressions usuelles a He's a law-abiding citizen. The presumption of innocence A prosecution witness *' a defence witness The jury returned a verdict of not guilty. He was sentenced to five years in prison. Community service The alleged killer was found gUilty. The criminal got a life sentence. A suspended sentence 'Objection overruled *' sustained!' To win *' To lose a case The judge dismissed the case. The presidential pardon You have the right to remain silent. To be under oath To be behind bars What did the lawyer plead? Mitigating circumstances Aiding and abetting With malice aforethought Obstruction of justice Your Honour.. Silence or I'll clear the court! He was to see the probation / parole officer but he jumped bail. C'est un citoyen respectueux de la loi. La prl!somption d'innocence Un remoin a charge *' un remoin a decharge Le jury a rendu un verdict de non-culpabilire. II a ere condamne a cinq ans d'emprisonnement Des travaux d'inreret general Le meurtrier presume a ete declare coupable. Le criminel a ete condamne a perpetuite. Une peine avec sursis « Objection rejetee *' accepree ! » Gagner *' Perdre un proces Le juge a prononce un non-lieu. La grace presidentielle Vous avez Ie droit de garder Ie silence. £tre sous serment £tre derriere les barreaux Quel systeme de defense I'avocat a-t-il adopre ? Des circonstances attenuantes Complicite Avec premeditation Entrave a la justice M./Mme Ie juge.. Silence ou je fais evacuer la salle I II devait voir Ie controleur judiciaire mais il s'est soustrait au controle. Proverbes et expresslons Image. Never judge from appearances. To take the law into one's own hands Necessity knows no law. He's a law unto himself. Don't make a federal case of itr US His huge house bears witness to his success. II ne faut pas juger selon les apparences. Se faire justice soi-meme Necessire fait loi. II n'en fait qu'a sa tete. N'en fais pas tout un fromage I Sa gigantesque maison temoigne de sa reussite. ! Pieges et diffiwltes ⢠En Angleterre, a magistrate est un juge benevole, issu de la societe civile, qui officie dans les tribunaux d'instance (Magistrates' Courts). On I'appelle egalement Justice of the peace Uuge de paix). ⢠Un solicitor est un juriste britannique dont les fonctions comprennent celles du notaire frans;ais. On Ie traduit parfois par « avocat-conseil ». Exercices 143 t Completez les phrases avec I'un des mots suivants. bail- eyewitness - sentenced - oath a. Your Honour, I realize that I am under b. He was to ten years in prison. c. While he was out of jail on .., he was an accomplice in a burglary. d. The suspect said he had not been on the premises, but he has been seen by an 144 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Le voleur a ete condamne a deux ans de prison, dont un avec sursis. b. « Repondez a la question! Je vous rappelle que vous etes sous serment. » c. L'accuse a plaide coupable. d. Le jury I'a condamne a la prison avie pour meurtre. e. Pendant I'audience, Ie juge a demande a I'accuse de se lever. f. Elle a fait appel, mais elle a perdu son proces. 175 - ·.-:'I'_~''' The basis of democracy is 'one person, one vote' But it has not always been so in Britain and America where, for a long time, only rich white men were allowed to slip a ballot in the ballot-box. Many people were denied this right, either because of their low income (the poor), sex (women) or skin colour (American blacks). La base de la democratie, c'est « une personne = une voix ». Mais il n'en a pas toujours ete ainsi au Royaume-Uni et aux USA, ou pendant longtemps seuls les hommes blancs riches eurent Ie droit de glisser un bulletin dans une urne. Beaucoup de gens ont ete longtemps prives de ce droit, en raison de leurs revenus trop modestes (Ies pauvres), de leur sexe (Ies femmes) ou de la couleur de leur peau (Ies noirs americains). In Britain Until 1832, only rich landowners could vote. In 1832, the Reform Act extended the right to vote to the middle class (but it was still based on wealth only 5% of the adult population could vote). The upper working class was granted it in 1867. In 1872 voting by secret ballot was introduced. En Grande-Bretagne Avant 1832, seuls les riches proprietaires terriens pouvaient voter. En 1832, Ie Reform Act etendit Ie droit de vote a la bourgeoisie (mais il etait toujours determine par la richesse : seuls 5 % de la population adulte votaient). En 1867, la classe ouvriere aisee fut autorisee a voter. En 1872, on introduisit Ie vote a bulletin secret. It was not until 1918 that all males aged 21 and over were given the right to vote. Thanks to the suffragette movement, women were also granted the right to vote, but they had to be married and at least 30 years old! In 1928 voting rights were at long last granted unconditionally to all women aged at least 21. The age limit for all was lowered to 18 in 1969. Ce n'est qu'elT 1918 que tous les hommes ages de 21 ans au moins obtinrent Ie droit de vote. Grice au mouvement des suffragettes, on accorda aussi aux femmes Ie droit de vote, mais elles devaient etre mariees et avoir au moins 30 ans I En 1928, on accorda enfin Ie droit de vote sans condition atoutes les femmes de 21 ans ou plus. La limite d'age fut abaissee a 18 ans pour tous en 1969. In the United States In theory, the 15th Amendment (1870) granted the right to vote to all male citizens regardless of colour or previous condition of servitude. But some Southern states threw up barriers to black voting (such as intimidation, literacy tests, taxes, etc.) that persisted until the Voting Rights Act (1965), which granted the unconditional right to vote to black men and women. Aux £tats-Unis En theorie, Ie 15 e amendement (1870) donnait Ie droit de vote a tous les citoyens males, sans distinction de couleur ou de statut d'esclave dans Ie passe. Mais, pour empikher Ie vote des noirs, certains £tats du Sud erigerent des barrieres (intimidation, tests d'alphabetisme, impots, etc.) qui subsisterent jusqu'au Voting Rights Act de 1965, qui accorda Ie droit de vote sans condition a tous les hommes et femmes noirs. American women were not allowed to vote until the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920. A final extension of suffrage took place in 1971 when the 26th Amendment lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. Les femmes amencames ne furent pas autorisees a voter avant la ratification du 1ge amendement en 1920. Ce droit fut etendu une derniere fois en 1971 quand Ie 26e amendement abaissa la majorite de 21 a 18 ans. = ....''' In Britain William the Conqueror (10281087) banned the death penalty, except in times of war. But in the reign of Henry VIII in the 16th century, as many as 72,000 people are estimated to have been executed. People could be executed for marrying a Jew, stealing, cutting down a tree, and robbing a rabbit warren. En Grande-Bretagne Guillaume Ie Conquerant (1028-1087) interdit la peine de mort sauf en temps de guerre. Mais on estime qu'il y eut jusqu'a 72 000 personnes executees sous Ie regne d'Henri VIII au XVl e siecle. On pouvait executer quelqu'un parce qu'il ou elle avait epouse un juif, commis un vol, abattu un arbre ou vole un lapin dans un clapier. In the 18th century the list of crimes punishable by execution was substantially reduced and there was a strong movement against capital punishment. The writings of Montesquieu, Voltaire and Bentham were instrumental in bringing about reform. Au XVIII· siecle, la liste des crimes passibles de la peine de mort fut limitee substantiellement, tandis que se developpait un fort mouvement oppose a la peine capitale. les ecrits de Montesquieu, Voltaire et Bentham contribuerent afaire passer des reformes. In the course of the 19th century, the number of capital crimes was further reduced by two-thirds but it was not until 1965 that a moratorium was put on hanging for five years. Eventually, in 1969, MPs voted by a large majority for the permanent abolition of the death penalty for murder. Au cours du XIX· siecle, Ie nombre de crimes passibles de la peine de mort fut encore reduit de deux tiers, mais il fallut attendre 1965 pour qu'un moratoire de cinq ans sur la pendaison fut ado pte. Finalement, c'est en 1969 que les deputes voterent, a une large majorite, I'abolition definitive de la peine de mort pour assassin at. In the United States European settlers brought the practice of capital punishment to the New World but laws regarding the death penalty varied from colony to colony. Aux Etats-Unis Les colons europeens apporterent la peine capitale dans Ie Nouveau Monde, mais les lois concernant la peine de mort differaient d'une colonie a I'autre. Thomas Jefferson was the first to attempt to reform the death penalty when he introduced a bill proposing that capital punishment be used only for the crimes of murder and treason in Virginia, but it was defeated by one vote. Thomas Jefferson fut Ie premier a essayer de reformer la peine de mort lorsqu'il introduisit un projet de loi proposant que la peine capitale ne soit appliquee que pour assassinat et trahison en Virginie, mais ce projet fut rejete a une voix pres. In the early 19th century, the abolitionist movement gained momentum in the northeast and many states reduced the number of capital crimes. Au debut du XIX· siecle, Ie mouvement abolitionniste gagna du terrain dans Ie nord-est et de nombreux Etats reduisirent Ie nombre de crimes passibles de la peine de mort. The first half of the 20th century marked the beginning of a period of reform, but, in the wake of the Russian Revolution, there was growing fear of treason and several abolitionist states reinstated the death penalty. La premiere moitie du XX' siecle marqua Ie debut d'une periode de reformes mais, a la suite de la revolution russe, on vit grandir la peur de la trahison et certains Etats abolitionnistes r6tablirent la peine de mort. After the Supreme Court found it unconstitutional, capital punishment was suspended between 1972 and 1976. Since then, more than 1,000 people have been executed and more than 3,300 are on death row awaiting their execution. The death penalty is not legal in 12 states and 4 more states have not carried out any recent executions. 60% of Americans still support the death penalty. La Cour supreme I'ayant declaree anticonstitutionnelle, la peine capitale fut suspendue de 1972 a 1976. Oepuis, plus de 1 000 personnes ont ete executees et plus de 3 300 sont dans Ie couloir de la mort dans I'attente de leur execution. La peine de mort est iIIegale dans 12 Etats et, dans 4 autres, personne n'a ete execute recemment. 60 % des Americains sont encore favorables a la peine de mort. L....:'---.. 177 Throughout U.S. history, hopeful immigrants have come to start new lives. Whether fleeing oppression, seeking a better life or pursuing dreams, each arrival contributed to the American mosaic. Tout au long de I'histoire des ttats-Unis, des immigrants pleins d'espoir sont venus pour commencer une nouvelle vie. Fuyant I'oppression, cherchant une vie meilleure, ou bien poursuivant un reve, chaque nouvel arrivant a contribue a la constitution de la mosa'ique americaine. Today, minorities continue to grow and the United States population is becoming increasingly diverse. The Census Bureau reports that 34% of the population claims 'minority' racial or ethnic heritage. Aujourd'hui, les minorites continuent de se developper et la population des ttatsUnis devient de plus en plus diverse. Selon Ie Bureau du Recensement, 34 % de la population revendiquent un heritage racial ou ethnique. Les Hispaniques et les Asiatiques sont les minorites qui augmentent Ie plus vite. II y a 45,S millions d'Hispaniques, qui representent 15 % de la population americaine (304 millions). Les Noirs sont Ie second groupe minoritaire, avec 40,7 millions d'individus (13,5 %), suivis par les Asiatiques, avec 15,2 millions (5 %). Les Blana ne representent plus que les deux tiers de la population. Hispanics and Asians are the fastestgrowing minorities. There are 45.5 million Hispanics, accounting for 15% of the U.S. population (304 million people). Blacks are the second-largest minority group, with 40.7 million (13.5%), followed by Asians, with 15.2 million (5%). Whites now represent only two-thirds of the population. The largest numbers of immigrants continue to flock to six states: California, New York, Texas, Florida, New Jersey, and Illinois. In 2006, foreign-born residents accounted for 12.5% of the population, one half coming from Latin America, and more than one fourth from Asia. Inside the famous Statue of Liberty in New York -and not outside as an urban legend would have it- a famous poem was engraved in 1903. 'The New Colossus', written by Emma Lazarus in 1883, is a tribute to the millions of emigrants who entered the United States. Many of them arrived in New York through Ellis Island and in the distance saw the Statue ('a mighty woman with a torch') seemingly welcome them. Here are the final lines of the poem 'Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, tome, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!' 118 La majorite 'des immigrants continue d'affluer vers six ttats la Californie, I'ttat de New York, Ie Texas, la Floride, Ie New Jersey et I'lilinois. En 2006, les residents nes a I'etranger representaient 12,5% de la population, la moitie d'entre eux venant d~merique latine et plus du quart d~sie. A I'interieur - et non a I'exterieur comme une legende urbaine voudrait Ie faire croire de la celebre Statue de la Liberte a New York, fut apposee en 1903 une plaque portant un poe me. « Le Nouveau Colosse », ecrit en 1883 par Emma Lazarus, rend hommage aux millions d'emigrants qui sont venus aux ttatsUnis. Nombre d'entre eux, arrivant a New York par Ellis Island, voyaient au loin la Statue une femme puissante brandissant une torche ») qui semblait les accueillir. Voici les derniers vers de ce poeme «( « Donne moi tes masses indigentes, fatiguees, Et innombrables, qui n'aspirent qU'a respirer en liberte, Miserable rebut de tes rivages grouillants. Envoie-Ies moi, les sans-toit, ballottes par la tern pete, Je leve rna lampe pour eclairer la porte d'or ! » Crime statistics published every year by the FBI bring to light the high level of gun violence and homicide in the United States compared to other developed countries. Many people believe this is due to the fact that it is very easy to procure firearms and advocate tighter control of the sales of firearms. But the powerful NRA (National Rifle Association) claims that lawabiding citizens must be able to bear arms to protect themselves in conformity with the Second Amendment to the Constitution. Les statistiques sur la criminalite publiees tous les ans par Ie FBI revelent Ie fort taux de violence et de meurtres par armes a feu aux ~tats-Unis par rapport aux autres pays developpes. Nombreux sont ceux qui attribuent cela au fait qu'il est tres facile de s'y procurer des armes a feu, et recommandent un controle plus strict des ventes d'armes. Mais la puissante NRA soutient que les citoyens respectueux de la loi doivent pouvoir posseder des armes pour se proteger; comme I'indique Ie Deuxieme Amendement a la Constitution. Overall, minorities, the young, and poorer people are more likely to be victimized by, as well as to commit, crimes. Crime is also concentrated in the economically disadvantaged areas of American cities. Dans I'ensemble, les minorites, les jeunes et les pauvres sont plus susceptibles d'etre victimes ou auteurs de del its. La criminalite est aussi concentree dans les zones economiquement defavorisees des villes americaines. While the crime rate rose sharply in the late 1960s and early 1970s, reaching a peak in the 1980s, it has declined dramatically since 1991 nationwide. Law enforcement agencies have thus reported a decrease in the number of violent crimes and property crimes, brought to their attention in the first half of 2007 when compared with figures reported for the same time period of 2006. Le taux de criminalite, qui etait monte en fleche aux alentours de 1970 et avait atteint un sommet dans les annees 1980, a diminue de fa~on spectaculaire depuis 1991 dans tout Ie pays. Ainsi, les forces de I'ordre ont signale une diminution des violences a la personne et des atteintes a la propriete, qui leur ont ete signalees au cours des six premiers mois de 2007 par rapport ala meme periode en 2006. Le saviez-vous ? The Miranda Warning As is often seen in American films and cop shows, when someone is arrested, he or she must be 'read his or her rights' This is the Miranda Warning, which comes from a 1966 Supreme Court decision (Miranda v. Arizona), in which Chief Justice Warren stated: Comme on Ie voit souvent dans les films et les series policieres americains, lorsqu'une personne est arretee, on doit lui « lire ses droits ». C'est ce qu'on appelle Ie « Miranda Warning », qui provient d'une decision de la Cour supreme de 1966 (proces Miranda contre I~rizona) dans laquelle Ie president de la Cour supreme Warren declarait 'The person in custody must, prior to interrogation, be clearly informed that he has the right to remain silent, and that anything he says will be used against him in court; he must be clearly informed that he has the right to consult with a lawyer and to have the lawyer with him during interrogation, and that, if he is indigent, a lawyer will be appointed to represent him.' « Quiconque se trouve en !!tat d'arrestation doit, avant d'etre interroge, etre clairement informe de ce qu'iI a Ie droit de I garder Ie silence et que tout ce qu'il dira ' pourra etre retenu contre lui dans un tribunal ; on doit lui dire clairement qu'il a Ie droit de consulter un avocat et d'etre assiste par cet avocat pendant son interrogatoire, et que, s'iI n'a pas les moyens d'engager un avocat, on en designera un pour Ie representer. » 179 7 LA SCIENCE ECONOMIQUE ECONOMICS Macroeconomics macroeconomle l'l!conomie (d'un pays) the economy [01 une politique economique an economic policy [01 la planification planning [if!I I'economie planifiee planned economy (free) market economy I'economie de marche la libre entreprise free enterprise [e I economic self-sufficiency I'autarcie = autarky I'offre et la demande supply and demand la mondialisation globalization [ell la nationalisation t: nationalization t: la privatisation privatization la dereglementation deregulation la societe de consommation the consumer society Ie marche the market [0:1 un budget a budget [AI une subvention a subsidy [AI government spending = les depenses publiques public spending capitaliste capitalist, capitalistic a cut(back) = a reduction une reduction to boost = to stimulate = doper, relancer to reflate to subsidize subventionner to nationalize t: to privatize nationaliser t: privatiser to curb = to stem = juguler, freiner, enrayer to check reduire to cut' back / down = to reduce [j u:1 reviser ala baisse to scale back / down to lower t: to raise sth baisser t: augmenter qqch raw materials [I;} I heavy t: light Industry the Iron and steel Industry shipbuilding [II manufacturing [if! I consumer goods a processing Industry a high-tech Industry a merchant [3:1 an industrialist [A I a manufacturer [if!I (the) public service the civil service a public worker a civil servant primary, secondary, tertiary public t: private Les Incllcateurs La les matieres premieres I'industrie lourde t: legere la siderurgie la construction navale la fabrication les biens de consommation une industrie de transformation une industrie de pointe un marchand, un negociant un industriel un fabricant la fonction publique la haute fonction publique un fonctionnaire un haut fonctionnaire primaire, secondaire, tertiaire public t: prive economlques an Index [II buying power = purchasing power the standard of living the cost of living the per capita income consumer spending growth [;}ul the industrial output productivity [II the balance of trade = the trade balance [if! I a deficit t: a surplus inflation t: deflation [ell inflationary runaway = rampant creeping [i:1 productive [A I un indice, un indicateur Ie pouvoir d'achat Ie niveau de vie Ie cout de la vie Ie revenu par habitant les depenses des menages / de consommation la croissance la production industrielle la productivire la balance commerciale un deficit t: un excedent inflation t: deflation inflationniste galopant rampant productif an outlook = prospects des perspectives a rise = an Increase [II une hausse a decrease = a fall = a drop une baisse, une chute a slowdown [;} uI un ralentissement a boom un « boum » economique a crisis pl. crises [all une crise a slump = a recession un marasme, une recession a plunge = a collapse [if! I une chute brutale a recovery [A I une reprise short-term t: long-term acourt t: long terme lasting = sustainable durable to fluctuate = to seesaw fluctuer, osciller to go' up = to rise' = augmenter, s'accroitre to increase to soar = to surge monter en f1eche, exploser to skyrocket t: to nosedive s'envoler t: plonger to peak [i:1 cui miner to top depasser to slow down = to slacken ralentir to level off [e I se stabiliser to go' down = to drop = baisser to decrease = to fall' to sag = to wane f1echir to weaken = to falter faiblir to lose' ground perdre du terrain to plunge = to plummet plonger to collapse = to tumble s'effondrer to pick up = to rally se redresser, reprendre Phrases et expressions usuelles The underground economy Down-market . Up-market Market research A 5 per cent tax increase / An increase of 5 per cent in taxes Production has increased .bx 0.5%. The consumer price index held steady for several years and then rose sharply. Prices have been rising steadily. The forecasts are bleak = gloomy . rosy. The country is running a trade surplus . a trade gap. The balance of payments shows a 500 million euro deficit. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The Gross National Product (GNP) State-owned companies account for 20% of the country's riches. The G8 (Group of Eight) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Q L'economie souterraine Bas de gamme . Haut de gamme Une etude / Des etudes de marche Une hausse de 5 % des impots La production a augmente de 0,5 %. L'indice des prix ala consommation est reste stable pendant plusieurs annees puis il a augmente brutalement. Les prix n'ont cesse de monter. Les previsions sont pessimistes . optimistes. Le pays enregistre un excEident . un deficit commercial / du commerce exterieur. La balance des paiements enregistre un deficit de 500 millions d'euros. Le produit interieur brut (PIB) Le produit national brut (PNB) Les entreprises publiques representent 20 % de la richesse du pays. Le G8 (Groupe des Huit) Le Fonds monetaire international (FMI) L'Organisation de cooperation et de developpement economiques (OCDE) Proverbeset.,..,.'... The black economy The black market Both sides of industry L'economie parallele Le marche noir Les partenaires sociaux / Patronat et syndicats , Pieges et difficultes ⢠Attention a ne pas confondre les deux equivalents anglais de I'adjectif « economique» economic (= lie aI'economie) et economical (= bon marche, qui permet de faire des economies). an economic CriSIS une crise economique an economical car une voiture economique ⢠Attention ane pas confondre to raise, verbe transitif, et to rise, verbe intransitif. The government raised taxes last year. Le gouvernement a augmente les impots I'an dernier. Growth has risen in the past two years. La croissance a augmente ces deux dernieres annees. ⢠Les mots se terminant par -ism en anglais se terminent par -isme en frans;ais capitalism Ie capitalisme collectivism Ie collectivisme liberalism Ie liberalisme protectionism Ie protectionnisme Exercices 145 ⢠Classez les verbes suivants en deux listes selon qu'ils designent une variation a la hausse ou a la baisse. to collapse - to decrease - to drop - to fall - to falter - to increase - to go up to nosedive - to plunge - to rise - to sink - to skyrocket - to slacken - to soar 146 ⢠Traduisez en anglais. a. Le pouvoir d'achat a augmente regulierement. b. L'inflation s'est stabilisee. c. En raison de la mondialisation, certains secteurs economiques sont en crise. d. Apres une hausse de 2%, Ie PIB est retombe. e. Le Fonds monetaire international s'occupe du developpement economique. 181 - '!I'4i' tj a farmhouse [0:) the outbuildings [au) a stable [eI) a stall [J:) the farmyard the barnyard [a:) a chicken run a hen house = a hen-roost a pigsty GB =a pigpen US a cowshed [au) a pigeon-house [I) a rabbit hutch a sheepfold [i:) a barn [0:) a manger [eI) a trough (0) a watering trough a shed a dairy [e ~ ) a hive [aI) an orchard [J:) a scarecrow [e ~ ) un corps de ferme les dependances une ecurie un box la cour de ferme la basse-cour un poulailler (enclos) un poulailler (!>atiment) une porcherie une etable un pigeonnier un clapier une bergerie une grange une mangeoire une auge un abreuvoir un hangar une laiterie une ruche un verger un epouvantail m~:[email protected]? Et~[~ a farmer [0:) a landowner [re) a tenant farmer a farmhand = a farm worker a day labourer [eI) a ploughman GB = a plowman US a cowhand = a cowherd, a cowboy [au) a shepherd [e) a shepherdess a cattle breeder GB = a cattle rancher US a cereal grower a market gardener [0:) a nurseryman [3:) a wine-grower [~u) a grape picker a woodcutter = a logger = a lumberjack US a bee-keeper [i:) Tilling the land farmland fallow land [re) wasteland [eI) the ground un fermier, un agriculteur un proprietaire terrien un metayer un ouvrier agricole un journalier un laboureur un vacher, un cow-boy un berger une bergere un eleveur de betail un cerealier un maraicher un pepinieriste un viticulteur un vendangeur un bucheron un apiculteur Le travail de la terre les terres cultivees lajachere la terre en friche Ie sol the soil afield [i:) a meadow a plot of land the pasture [0:) a furrow [A) dung / manure [ju~) a fertilizer [3:) compost (0) a seed a plough GB / a plow US a scythe [aI) a sickle [I) a pitchfork [I) a wheelbarrow [i:) a cultivator [A) a tractor [re) a harvester [0:) a combine (harvester) barren to fertile to lie· fallow [re) to drain (land) to manure [ju~) tosow[~u) to plough to Irrigate [I) to fertilize la terre (cultivable) un champ un pre, une prairie une parcelle Ie paturage un sillon Ie fumier / I'engrais naturel un engrais Ie terreau une graine une charrue unefaux unefaucille unefourche une brouette un motoculteur un tracteur une moissonneuse une moissonneuse-batteuse sterile to fertile rester en jachere assecher = drainer (Ie sol) fumer = repandre de I'engrais semer labourer irriguer fertiliser E'·nlM 1!~I~'1.!''ll food crops fodder (0) a harvest [0:) a crop corn wheat [i:) maize GB oats barley [0:) rye [aI) hop rape (seed) soya GB= sOY(bean) US a sunflower [A) sugar beet [u) flax hay straw [J:) stubble [A) mildew [I) organic [re ) to mow to reap = to harvest to gather in (the harvest) les cultures vivrieres lefourrage une moisson 1. une culture 2. une recolte Ie ble G8/ Ie maTs US Ie ble, Ie froment Ie maTs I'avoine I'orge Ie seigle Ie houblon Ie colza Ie soja un tournesol la betterave asucre Ie lin lefoin la paille Ie chaume lemildiou biologique faucher moissonner rentrer (Ia moisson) He works on a farm. To farm land To sow a field with clover Breeding animals is a hard job. You have to milk the cows, to brand and shear the sheep. We had a bumper crop last year. Battery farming and factory farming are cruel to poultry. Winegrowers employ seasonal workers to harvest the grapes. Beer is brewed from hops. The drift away from the land French explorers called the vast expanses of grassland and meadows in North America the Prairie. By letting the land lie fallow you avoid soil erosion. II travaille dans une ferme. Exploiter la terre Semer du trefle dans un champ L'elevage est un travail difficile. II faut traire les vaches, marquer les moutons au fer rouge et les tondre. L'an dernier, nous avons eu une recolte exceptionnelle. L'elevage en batterie et I'elevage intensif sont cruels pour la volaille. Les vignerons emploient des saisonniers pour les vendanges. On fait la biere avec du houblon. L'exode rural Des explorateurs frans;ais ont appele Prairie les vastes etendues herbeuses de l:A.merique du Nord. En laissant la terre en jachere on evite I' erosion dusol. Proverbes et expressions Images This house is a beehive of activity. To separate the wheat from the chaff To make hay while the sun shines To be off one's oats GB To plough GB / plow US a lonely furrow A man of straw GB = A straw man US It's the last straw! It's as big as a bam door! The cream of the crop Cannon fodder To reap the harvest of sth As you sow so shall you reap. He sowed doubt in my mind. Cette maison est une vraie ruche. Separer Ie bon grain de I'ivraie Battre Ie fer tant qu'il est chaud Ne pas se sentir dans son assiette Tracer son chemin tout seul Un homme de paille ('est la goutte d'eau qui fait deborder Ie vase! ('est gros comme une maison I Le dessus du panier De la chair acanon Recolter les fruits de qqch On recolte ce que I'on a seme. II a seme Ie doute dans mon esprit Exercices 147 t Choisissez la traduction qui convient. a. He works as a nurseryman. 1. II travaille comme pepinieriste. 2. II travaille dans un jardin d'enfants. b. He manured the field. 1. II a fume Ie champ. 2. II a travaille Ie champ manuellement. c. The cattle eat out of the manger. 1. Le betail mange de I'avoine. 2. Le betail mange dans la mangeoire. d. She wouldn't have a cowhand as a husband. 1. Elle n'a pas voulu d'un vacher pour mario 2. Elle ne voulait pas que son mari donne un coup de main au vacher. 148 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Un journalier travaille dans une ferme quand il faut faire la recolte. b. II mit du fourrage dans la mangeoire et sortit de I'ecurie. c. Une terre sterile doit rester en jachere. d. Un apiculteur eleve des abeilles dans des ruches. e. Le ble, Ie maTs et Ie soja sont des cultures vivrieres. f. Elle est dans I'etable, en train de traire les vaches. 183 INII a metalworker [e] an Ironworks [al] a steelworks [i:] sheet metal aluminium GB, aluminum US chromium [;lU] copper [D] gold Iron [al] cast Iron corrugated Iron wrought Iron lead[e] platinum [re] sliver [I] tin =pewter [j u:] an alloy [re] brass bronze (stainless) steel an ore [J:] a nugget [1] the melting point [e] a blast furnace [3:] arollingmill[~u] molten [~u] to melt, to smelt to cast' to weld 1111111110 1. un metallurgiste 2. un ferronnier une usine siderurgique une acierie la tole I'aluminium Ie chrome Ie cuivre (rouge) I'or Ie fer la fonte la tole ondulee Ie fer forge leplomb Ie platine I'argent I'etain un alliage Ie cuivre Uaune), Ie laiton Ie bronze I'acier (inoxydable) un minerai une pepite Ie point de fusion un haut fourneau un laminoir 1. en fusion 2. fondu fondre fondre, couler souder II:ii11 a (fossil) fuel oil =petroleum [~u] crude oil offshore drilling an oil rig an oil well an oilfield [JI] an oil layer [el] an oil tanker [re] a tanker lorry GB = a tank truck US a pipeline [al] a barrel [re] a refinery [al] coal [~u] a coalfield acoalmine a coalminer =a collier un combustible (fossile) Ie petrole Ie petrole brut Ie forage en mer une plate-forme petroliere un puits de petrole un gisement de petrole une nappe de petrole un petrolier un camion-citerne un oleoduc, un gazoduc un baril une raffinerie Ie charbon un bassin houiller une mine de charbon un mineur a vein a pit [I] the plthead a shaft a slag heap gas[re] a gasworks coke [~u] peat [i:] tar [0:] a power plant [au] a nuclear power plant a thermal power plant wind power [au] a windmill [I] a wind turbine [3:] waterpower adam to drill to strike' oil to refine [al] The manufacturing industry un filon, une veine une mine, un puits Ie carreau de la mine un puits un terril, un crassier legaz une usine agaz Ie coke la tourbe Ie goudron une centrale (electrique) une centrale nucleaire une centrale thermique I'energie eolienne 1. un moulin avent 2. une eolienne une eolienne I'energie hydraulique un barrage forer trouver du petrole raffiner L'industrie manufacturiere a factory = a plant une usine a mill une usine, une fabrique a foundry [au] unefonderie a shipyard [I] un chantier naval a workshop [3:] un atelier equipment [I] I'outillage, Ie materiel a machine [i:] une machine a machine-tool une machine-outil a part = a component [~ u] une piece an assembly line une chaine de montage a hoist [JI] un palan a lever [i:] un levier a crane une grue une presse a press amo(u)ld[~u] un moule un marteau-pilon a steam hammer [re] a gauge [el] une jauge a cogwheel [D] un rouage a ball bearing [e ~ ] un roulement abilles a foreman [J:] un contremaitre a factory hand / worker un ouvrier d'usine a mechanic [re] un mecanicien a fitter [I] un monteur a gang une equipe automated [J:] robotise to machine usiner to assemble [e] assembler faire fonctionner to work = to operate une machine a machine Phrases et expressions usuelles o There is a shortage of oil. Natural resources are running out. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) sets itself production quotas. Oil consuming countries must face a sharp rise in crude prices. Taylorism aimed at improving labour productivity in factories. Machines can be in working order or out of order. What miners are most afraid of is a firedamp explosion. Le petrole connait une penurie. Les ressources naturelles s'epuisent. L'Organisation des pays exportateurs de petrole (OPEP) se fixe des quotas de production. Les pays consommateurs de petrole doivent faire face aune hausse brutale des cours du brut. Le taylorisme visait aaugmenter la productivite ouvriere dans les usines. Les machines peuvent etre en eat de marche ou en panne. Ce que les mineurs craignent Ie plus, c'est Ie coup de grisou. ProverlJes et expressions lmapes To be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth On a silver platter To bum the midnight oil Step on the gasl It was a real gasl To be as good as gold That was worth its weight in gold. She has a heart of gold. Jobs are like gold dust around here. To tread on hot coals An iron fist / An iron hand in a velvet glove To have many irons in the fire Let's get down to brass tacks. It's not worth a brass farthing. The top brass He has nerves of steel. Naitre avec une cuillere d'argent dans la bouche Sur un plateau Travailler tres tard Appuie sur Ie champignon I C'eait super I £tre sage comme une image ~ valait son pesant d'or. Elle a un C(Eur d'or. Les emplois ne courent pas les rues par ici. £tre sur des charbons ardents Une main de fer dans un gant de velours Avoir plusieurs fers au feu Venons-en aux choses serieuses. ~ ne vaut pas un clou. Les huiles, les grands pontes II a des nerfs d'acier. ! Pieges et difficultes ⢠Ne pas confondre oil Ie petro Ie petrol GBl'essence gas(oline) US I'essence gas Ie gaz Exercices 149 ⢠Trouvez les mots dont les lettres sont donnees dans Ie desordre. a. Forks, spoons and knives may be made of eilrsv or aeilnssst eltse. b. The roofs of the poorest people's houses are made of aeoucdgrtr iron. c. Oil is brought to the refinery in a eieipnlp. d. He is a aeicmhcn and works in a factory. e. Their aim is to improve ioiucydprtvt. f. Factory hands work on an esylasbm line. 150. Traduisez en anglais. a. Le fer peut etre fondu dans un haut-fourneau. b. Quand une machine-outil est en panne dans une usine, Ie contremaitre fait appel a un mecanicien. c. Sur une chaine de montage, on assemble les differentes pieces grace it des outils robotises. d. En raison de la penurie de petrole, Ie prix de I'essence augmente rapidement. e. Sans quotas de production, les ressources de petrole s'epuiseraient tres vite. f. Le chercheur d'or a trouve un filon. 76 LE MONDE DE L'ENTREPRISE THE CORPORA TE WORLD l:tmhi4N '!+tHE'!;l. a businessman, a businesswoman [IJ a business contact the business circles a firm = a company a private limited company (PLC) = a limited liability company a public company a parent company a subsidiary / an affiliate a subcontractor [if J a small business small and medium-sized companies the head office a registered office a trade name a department [a:J a partner [a:J a partnership a contract [D J a breach of contract a (business) deal a make / a brand a registered trademark a merger [3:J a takeover [eI J a takeover bid un hom me d'affaires, une femme d'affaires une relation d'affaires les milieux d'affaires une entreprise, une societe une societe it responsabilite limitee (SARL) relocation [elJ competition [I J competitiveness [e J a competitor competitive to strike' a deal to subcontract = to outsource to streamline [i:J to merge the management [if J the employers [JI J an employer, a boss the Board of Directors the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) a manager the chairman [e J J the managing director une societe anonyme (SA) une maison mere une filiale un sous-traitant une petite entreprise les PME Ie siege un siege social une raison sociale un service un associe / un partenaire un partenariat un contrat une rupture de contrat un accord, une transaction une marque une marque deposee une fusion un rachat d'entreprise une offre publique d'achat (OPA) la delocalisation la concurrence la competitivite un concurrent competitif condure un accord sous-traiter moderniser, rationaliser fusionner la direction Ie patron at un employeur, un patron Ie (onseil d'administration Ie president-directeur general (PDG) un directeur Ie president Ie directeur general the sales manager the chief financial officer the staff a senior / top executive a junior executive a secretary [eJ an executive secretary a personal assistant (PA) a clerk [o:J teamwork [i:J Marketing and advertising Ie directeur commercial Ie directeur financier Ie personnel un cadre superieur un cadre moyen un(e) secretaire un( e) secretaire de direction un( e) assistant( e) un employe de bureau Ie travail d' equipe La commercIaIisati etlapubllclte a public relations officer un charge des relations publiques an outlet [auJ 1. un debouche 2. un poi nt de vente a sales drive une campagne de vente sponsoring Ie sponsoring a sponsor un sponsor a sign(board) [al J une enseigne a leaflet = a brochure un prospectus a poster [JuJ une affiche a hoarding GB = un panneau publicitaire a billboard US un argumentaire a blurb [3:J un echantillon a sample [a:J a catalog( ue) [if J un catalogue a mailshot[ elJ un mailing product awareness la notoriete du produit to market [a:J commercialiser ,!i accounting = bookkeeping an accountant = a bookkeeper the balance sheet assets ~ liabilities takings ~ outgoings overheads = overhead expenses the turnover [3:J the net income [IJ the operating income a profit ~ a loss a profit margin a financial year a fiscal year [I J pre-tax profit [D J bankruptcy [if J gross ~ net profitable [D J I~!;;'~i:! la comptabilite un comptable Ie bilan (comptable) I'actif ~ Ie passif les rentrees ~ les sorties les frais generaux Ie chiffre d'affaires Ie resultat net Ie resultat d' exploitation un benefice ~ une perte une marge beneficiaire un exercice annuel un exercice fiscal Ie benefice avant impots la faillite brut ~ net rentable, lucratif Phrases et expressions usuelles To be 2D. the staff =To be on the payroll MTC is a Paris-based company. Once a year, the chief accounting officer draws up a forecast budget. A chartered accountant GB = A certified public accountant US France's leading multinational released its first quarter results yesterday. The overall debts of the company are put at roughly 2 million euros. The weak after tax profits could lead to a hostile takeover bid from a rival company. o Faire partie du personnel MTC est une societe qui a son siege aParis. Une fois par an, Ie chef comptable etablit un budget previsionnel. Un expert-comptable An entrepreneur is someone who sets up business deals with a view to making a profit. Corporate sponsorship Entrepreneurial spirit To set up one's business She went into business four years ago. Now she is the head of a large company. This ad is aimed at the teenage market. To incur / To sustain a loss To show / To post a deficit To make / To turn out a profit To go bankrupt To refloat a company La plus grosse multinationale fran~ise a rendu publics ses resultats du premier trimestre hier. La dette globale de la societe est evaluee aenviron 2 millions d'euros. La faiblesse des benefices apres impots pourrait entrainer une OPA hostile de la part d'une entreprise concurrente. Un entrepreneur est une personne qui monte des transactions afin de faire des benefices. Le mecenat d'entreprise L'esprit d'entreprise Creer son entreprise Elle s'est lancee dans les affaires il y a quatre ans. Elle est maintenant ala tete d'une grosse societe. Cette publicite s'adresse aux adolescents. Subir une perte Enregistrer un deficit Faire un benefice Faire faillite Renflouer une entreprise Proverbes et expressions Imagies Business is business. Mind your own business! Let's get down to business! He means business. He's so bossy! Stop bossing me around! She's the boss. OK, I'll make a deal with you. No deal! You've got yourself a deal! Big deal! That's not such a big deal. Les affaires sont les affaires. Occupe-toi de tes oignons ! Auboulot I II ne rigole pas. Qu'est-ce qu'il est autoritaire I Arrete de me mener ala baguette I C'est elle qui porte la culotte. Bon, je te propose un marche. Pas question I / Je ne marche pas ! Marche conclu ! La belle affaire I Pas la peine d'en faire tout un plat. Exercices 151. Associez chaque mot de ia colonne de gauche a sa traduction dans la colonne de droite. a. Accounts staff b. Clerical staff c. In-house staff d. Managerial staff e. Salaried staff 1. Le personnel administratif 2. 3. 4. 5. Le Le Le Le personnel de direction personnel de la comptabilite personnel maison personnel salarie 152 ⢠Traduisez en anglais. a. Le chef comptable a presente son budget previsionnel au conseil d'administration. b. La recente fusion n'a pas emptkhe cette SARL de faire faillite. c. Apres avoir cree son entreprise, John a pris un associe et nomme un directeur general. d. II faut promouvoir Ie travail d'equipe ! e. Le nouveau directeur est tres autoritaire. f. La marge beneficiaire est trop faible pour faire augmenter Ie chiffre d'affaires. g. lis reduisent les frais generaux pour augmenter leurs benefices. 7 LE COMMERCE TRADE Wholesale trade = Wholesaling Mlil a wholesaler [;lU) goods = commodities products [0 ) produce staple goods [el) un grossiste des marchandises, des biens des produits (industriels) des produits (agricoles) des produits de premiere necessite supplying j supplies [al) I'approvisionnement a supplier un fournisseur dumping [II) la vente aperte, Ie dumping packaging =conditioning Ie conditionnement a cardboard box un carton a crate [el) un cageot, une caisse handling [If) la manutention a warehouse [e ;I ) un entrepot a goods depot [e) un depot de marchandises delivery [I) la livraison freight Ie fret haulage [J:) Ie transport routier a haulage company GB = une entreprise a trucking firm US de transport routier a freight train un train de marchandises shipping [I) Ie transport the merchant navy la marine marchande a cargo [a:) une cargaison in bulk en vrac out-of-stock en rupture de stock to deliver [I) livrer to supply approvisionner, fournir to package [If) em bailer, conditionner to charter [a:) affreter to dispatch =to ship expedier liI:H a retailer [el) a cwtomer [II) a (shop) window [I) a shopping bag a shopping list a salesmanj-woman a salesperson [eI) an Invoice [I) a receipt Ii:) the price a barcode a label [el) a designer label a price tag the till = the cash register [e) a cashier [1;1) the cashdesk [If) un detaillant un client unevitrine un sac aprovisions une liste de commissions un vendeur, une vendeuse une facture un re~u Ie prix un code-barres une etiquette une griffe une etiquette (de prix) la caisse enregistreuse un caissier, une caissiere la caisse (magasin) the checkout [e) a discount = a reduction a rebate [i:) the sales [el) an Item = an article the after sales service marked down new ~ second-hand to retail to buy· = to purchase [3:) to sell· to pay to exchange [el) to bargain =to haggle to wrap to giftwrap [I) to slash prices la caisse (supermarche) une remise un rabais les soldes un article Ie service apres-vente degriffe neuf ~ d'occasion vendre au detail acheter vendre payer echanger marchander emballer faire un paquet cadeau casser les prix 1',',hli .maMllllllti a shop = a store a corner shop a department store a shopping centre GB = a mall US a shopping arcade a factory outlet a general store a market [a:) a covered market a flea market a supermarket [u:) a hypermarket [al) a stationery store [el) a delicatessen = a deli [e ) a shoe repair shop a flower shop [au) a pet shop GB j store US un magasin = une boutique un commerce de proximite un grand magasin un centre commercial . .' . domestic trade ~ foreign trade free trade Imports exports a tariff [If ) a cwtoms duty a free port a free zone trade talks = a trade round duty-free Ii u:) duty-paid to Import ~ to export une gal erie marchande un magasin d'usine un bazar un marche un marche couvert un marche aux puces un supermarche un hypermarche une papeterie un traiteur une cordonnerie un fleuriste une animalerie la~'~II~ijll Ie commerce interieur ~ Ie commerce exterieur Ie libre echange les importations les exportations un tarif douanier un droit de douane un port franc une zone franche des negociations commerciales en franchise dedouane importer II exporter Phrases et expressions usuelles How much is this? = What's the price? = What does it cost? The salesman gave me a 10 euro discount = knocked 10 euros off the price. I got a good bargain. I bought it sm credit. Rock-bottom prices The sell-by date There are luxury goods (= luxuries) on sale here. I shop =I do my shopping At Harrods. To clear goods through customs The newest form of mail order selling is e-commerce. I love to go window-shopping. To shop around To impose' To lift a trade embargo The World Trade Organization (WTO) The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Pro.,.,.'. et expressions lmageu To buy something for a song OK, I'll buy that. To buy time His book sold like hot cakes. At any price =At all costs She's an awkward customer. I hate talking shop at home. ! () C'est combien ? Combien ~ coUte ? le vendeur m'a fait un rabais de 10 euros. J'ai fait une bonne affaire. Je I'ai achete acredit. Des prix defiant toute concurrence La date limite de vente II y a des produits de luxe en vente ici. Je fais mes courses chez Harrods. Dedouaner des produits La forme la plus modeme de vente par correspondance est Ie commerce electronique. J'adore faire du leche-vitrines. Comparer les prix Mettre en place' lever un embargo commercial L'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) L1ssociation europeenne de libre-echange (AELE) L~sociation des nations de I~ie du Sud-Est (ANASE) L~rd de libre echange nord-americain (ALENA) L~cord general sur les tarifs douaniers et Ie commerce (GATT) Acheter quelque chose pour une bouchee de pain D'accord, je marche. Gagner du temps Son livre s'est vendu comme des petits pains. Atout prix Elle n'est pas commode. J'ai horreur de parler boutique ala maison. Picges et difficultes ⢠les noms de certains petits commerces se forment en ajoutant 's au nom du commen;ant (c'est en fait un genitif elliptique, ou Ie mot shop est sous-entendu). the baker Ie boulanger the baker's shop, the baker's la boulangerie ⢠Certains verbes peuvent etre employes a la voix active mais avec un sens passif (Ie sujet « subit » I'action). 115 se traduisent en fran~ais par une forme pronominale. This product sells well. Ce produit se vend bien. This book reads easily. Ce livre se lit facilement. Exercices 153 t Formez Ie nom de la boutique a partir du nom de metier, puis traduisez. a. butcher (boucher) b. chemist (pharmacien) c. fishmonger (poissonnier) d. greengrocer (marchand de fruits et legumes) e. grocer (epicier) 154 t Traduisez en anglais. a. J'ai achete une robe degriffee et un manteau d'occasion sur un marche. b. Je ne fais mes courses dans les grands magasins que pendant les soldes. c. les marchandises sont stockees dans un entrepot avant d'etre emballees. d. Ce produit s'est tellement bien vendu qu'il est en rupture de stock chez Ie fournisseur. 189 - iiJULli a currency [A] cash acoin [:)1] a banknote [If] (small) change a credit card [e] a cheque GB =a check US an exchange rate [e I] devaluation [el] the gold standard [If] the money supply to devalue t. to revalue 1:$1. a bank a commercial bank = a merchant bank a savings bank [el] a banker [If] a bank clerk a teller [e] an ATM =a cash point = a cash dispenser a safe [el] a safety deposit box a strongroom [0] savings an investor [e) an investment the yield a (bank) rate the going rate an Interest rate a branch an account [au) a current account GB = a checking account US a savings account assets [If) a deposit t. a withdrawal credit [e] a debtor t. a creditor a down payment [el] a monthly instal(l)ment a loan [;m) repayment [el) an overdraft [;luI bank charges [a:] a bank statement [el] solvent t. insolvent [0] to fund [A) to borrow [0] to loan =to lend· une monnaie, une devise duliquide une piece de monnaie un billet de banque la (petite) monnaie une carte de credit un cheque un taux de change la devaluation I'etalon or la masse monmire devaluer t. reevaluer Le secteur bancaire une banque une banque d'affaires une caisse d'epargne un banquier un employe de banque un guichetier un distributeur automatique de billets un coffre-fort un coffre ala banque une chambre forte I'epargne, des economies un investisseur un investissement Ie rendement un taux (d' escompte) Ie taux en vigueur un taux d'interet une succursale, une agence un compte un compte courant, un compte cheques un compte d'epargne des avoirs un versement t. un retrait Ie credit un debiteur t. un creancier une avance, un acompte une mensualite un emprunt, un pret Ie remboursement un decouvert des agios un releve bancaire solvable t. insolvable financer emprunter prfuer to pay back to be in the red = rembourser etre adecouvert to be overdrawn to be in the black to cash a cheque avoir un solde crediteur encaisser un cheque .i.Qi'i'. an insurance policy a policy premium a policy holder a car insurance a comprehensive insurance a life insurance an insurance broker to take· out a policy [0] to cancel a policy to insure [U;)] une police d'assurance une prime d'assurance un assure une assurance automobile une assurance tous risques une assurance vie un courtier en assurances souscrire une assurance resilier une police assurer lJt§tjim I!Umltt) taxes [If) a taxpayer the Income tax the inheritance tax the Value Added Tax (VAT) the capital gains tax corporate tax the wealth tax a property tax inclwive of tax t. exclwive of tax les impots un contribuable I'impot sur Ie revenu les droits de succession la taxe sur la valeur ajouree (TVA) I'impat sur les plus-values I'impat sur les societes I'impot sur la fortune un impat foncier toutes taxes comprises t. hors taxes The stock market dealings [i:] a quotation [el] securities [jU;)] ashare [e;)] a shareholder GB = a stockholder US a bond = a debenture [e] a broker [;)u) a portfolio [au] returns [3:] the opening t. the closing price a bull t. a bear market [a:) a crash insider trading to speculate [e] to appreciate t. to depreciate [i:] to Issue shares [I] ·n· I.'ltl) des transactions une cotation des titres une action un actionnaire une obligation un courtier un portefeuille (d'actions) Ie rendement Ie cours aI'ouverture t. ala cloture un marche haussier t. baissier un krach boursier Ie delit d'initie speculer prendre t. perdre de la valeur emettre des actions o Phrases et expressions usuelles The penny is to the pound what the cent Le penny est ala livre ce que Ie cent est au dollar. is to the dollar. The dollar has fallen (by) 10% against the euro. Le dollar a baisse de 10 % par rapport aI'euro. Britain's central bank is the Royal Bank La banque centrale britannique est la Banque of England. d~ngleterre. The US central bank is called the Federal Reserve. La banque centrale americaine s'appelle la Reserve federale. I bank with Barclays. Je suis ala Barclays. Make out a cheque for â¬10012 Mrs Diaz. Libellez un cheque de 100 ⬠aI'ordre de Mme Diaz. He paid my cheque into his account. II a depose mon cheque sur son compte. A blank cheque Un cheque en blanc A bad cheque =A bounced cheque Un cheque sans provision The Inland Revenue GB = Lefisc The Internal Revenue Service US To be quoted =listed on the Stock Exchange £tre cote en bourse My brother dabbles in stocks. Mon frere boursicote. Proverbes et expressions lmapa Pocket money A money box GB =A piggy bank TIme is money. Money does not buy happiness. To get one's money's worth I'll give him a run for his money. The other side of the coin Acash cow A penny saved is a penny earned. It cost me a pretty penny. It was worth every penny. In for a penny in for a pound. Every penny counts. They haven't got a penny to their name. She feels like a million dollars. ! De I'argent de poche Une tirelire Le temps, c'est de I'argent L'argent ne fait pas Ie bonheur. En avoir pour son argent Je vais lui en donner pour son argent Le revers de la medaille Une vache alait II n'y a pas de petites economies. Je me suis ruine. J'en ai eu pour mon argent Quand Ie vin est tire, il faut Ie boire. Un sou est un sou. lis n'ont pas un sou vaillant Elle se sent des ailes. Pieges et difficultes ⢠Attention ala traduction du mot tax dans les expressions composees. the tax base I'assiette fiscale a taxman un inspecteur des impets a tax collector un percepteur a tax bracket une tranche d'imposition a tax threshold un seuil d'imposition a tax haven un paradis fiscal tax evasion la fraude fiscale a tax return une declaration d'impet Exercices 155. Cornph!tez les phrases avec des mots pris dans la liste suivante. broker - currency - dispenser - standard - overdraft a. The euro is the European b. The value of money is based upon the gold c. When you need cash, you may get some from a cash d. When you have spent more money than you had in your bank account, you have an e. A is a person who works on the Stock Exchange. 156 ⢠Traduisez en anglais. a. L'entreprise a emis des actions. b. J'ai souscrit une assurance-vie. c. Nous avons un coffre a la banque dans lequel nous conservons des devises etrangeres. d. II a boursicote et a perdu beaucoup d'argent. 7 LE MARCHE DU TRAVAIL THE LABOUR MARKET 'MUi,t9,·' full employment [:n) work [3:) the working population the labour force = the workforce = manpower casual labour a labo(u)rer [eI) a semi-skilled worker a skilled worker tan unskilled worker an employee [:n) a wage-earner [3:) wages [eI) fees [i:) the pay [eI) a payslip payday a raise abonus[~u) seniority pay [D) a luncheon voucher GB a leave [i:) an expense account a temp(orary worker) a work contract [D) a term contract a permanent contract ajob job security [ju~) a vacancy = a vacant position a headhunter [e) an application [eI) work experience [I ~ ) a trainee =an apprentice apprenticeship [e) training [eI) a probationary period = a trial period overtime [~u) shift work working time [3:) full-time / part-time / half-time to work to hire sb = to take* sb on to apply for a job to appoint sb to a post to be on trial/probation to promote [~u) to demote = to downgrade Unemployment Ie plein emploi Ie travail la population active la main d'(I!uvre la main-d'(I!uvre intermittente un man(l!uvre un ouvrier specialise un ouvrier qualifie tnon qualifie un employe un salarie les salaires des honoraires la paie un bulletin de paie Ie jour de paie une augmentation uneprime une prime d'anciennete un ticket restaurant un conge une note de frais un interimaire un contrat de travail unCDD unCDI unemploi la securite de I'emploi un poste a pourvoir un chasseur de tetes une candidature I' experience professionnelle un apprenti I'apprentissage la formation professionnelle une periode d'essai les heures supplementaires les trois-huit Ie temps de travail a temps plein / a temps partiel / ami-temps travailler engager qqn postuler a un emploi nommer qqn a un poste etre a I'essai accorder une promotion retrograder the unemployed = the jobless ajob seeker [i:) downsizing [au) a lay-off = a redundancy a redundancy payment jobless = unemployed = out of work to downsize = to shed' jobs to lay' off = to make' redundant = to dismiss to resign [aI) to retrain leI) les chomeurs un demandeur d'emploi des reductions d'effectifs un licenciement une prime de licenciement sans emploi, au chomage supprimer des emplois, degraisser licencier donner sa demission se recycler Itnaj'i.II.),. organized labour = the union movement a trade-unionist ~j u:) a union member a union official a union representative a union leader the shopfloor [D) a shop steward [ju) union fees / dues collective bargaining a collective agreement the works council unionised [j u:) Ie syndicalisme, Ie mouvement syndical un syndicaliste un travailleur syndique un responsable syndical un representant syndical un dirigeant syndical la base (du syndicat) un delegue syndical une cotisation syndicale les negociations collectives une convention collective Ie comite d'entreprise syndique labour disputes Les confllts socIaux I'agitation sociale industrial unrest = labour unrest a wage dispute [j u:) a wage claim / demand a claim a strike = industrial action an all-out strike a strike notice [~u) a strike call a striker [aI) a non-striker a scab a picket (line) [I) a deadlock [e) arbitration [eI) to call (for) a strike to goO on strike to cross the picket line to resume work un conflit salarial une revendication salariale une revendication une greve une greve generale un preavis de greve un appel a la greve un greviste un non-greviste un briseur de greve un piquet de greve une impasse un arbitrage appeler a la greve se mettre en greve forcer un piquet de greve reprendre Ie travail Phrases et expressions usuelles a What do you do for a living? I'm a freelance worker = a self-employed person. How much do you earn / do you make? I work for a pittance. I'm on leave. I took a day off. I got the sack. / I got fired. Mary is job-hunting. The long-term unemployed A shiftworker can be on day shift or on night shift. This job comes with perks: a company car and company accomodation. Que faites-vous dans la vie? Je suis travailleur independant Combien gagnez-vous ? Je travaille pour un salaire de misere. Je suis en conge. J'ai pris ma journee. Je me suis fait virer. Mary est a la recherche d'un emploi. Les chomeurs de longue duree Un ouvrier qui fait les trois-huit peut faire partie de !'equipe de jour ou de !'equipe de nuit Ce travail offre des avantages en nature : une voiture de fonction et un !ogement de function. The company is overstaffed. Cette societe a du personnel en surnombre. The Trades Union Congress GB La confederation intersyndicale britannique The CBI (Confederation of British Industries) GB ' Le MEOEF =Ie patronat Proverbes et expresslonslmagies All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Good work! / Good job! She's a workaholic. She works like a Trojan / a dog / a horse. To earn chickenfeed Every man to his trade. The tricks of the trade A Jack of all trades is a master of none. It'll do the job. It's your job to look after him. ! II n'y a pas que Ie travail dans la vie. Bienjoue I C'est un bourreau de travail. Elle travaille comme une brute. Gagner des c10pinettes Achacun son metier. Les ficelles du metier Touche-a-tout, bon a rien. ~ fera ('affaire. C'est ta responsabilite de t'occuper de lui. Pieges et difficultes ⢠Le mot trade peut avoir Ie sens de « commerce» mais aussi celui de « metier ». Comparez She is in the wine trade. Elle travai'e dans Ie commerce du vin. She is so good at her trade. Elle a vraiment beaucoup de metier. As we say in the trade. Comme on dit dans Ie jargon du metier. ⢠Le mot job signifie « emploi» et n'a pas de connotation familiere comme en fran~ais dans I'expression « un job d'ete ». the job market Ie marche de I' emploi Exercices 157 t Trouvez la bonne traduction. a. He is a labourer. 1. C'est un laboureur. 2. C'est un manceuvre. c. He has been appointed to a new post. 1. On I'a nom me a un nouveau poste. 2. II est appointe par Ie nouveau bureau de poste. b. She works overtime. d. As a union leader he relies on the shopfloor. 1. Elle fait des heures supplementaires. 1. Ce syndicat d'union compte sur les employes des 2. Elle travaille tout Ie temps. boutiques. 2. En tant que dirigeant syndical, il compte sur la base. 158 t Traduisez en anglais. a. Les grevistes ont decide de reprendre Ie travail. b. Sur son bulletin de salaire figuraient sa paie et une prime d'anciennete. c. Les travailleurs independants prennent rarement un jour de conge. d. Suite a la reduction d'effectifs, cent dix employes se sont retrouves au chomage. e. Un COl est toujours accompagne d'une peri ode d'essai. f. II fait beaucoup d'heures supplementaires. 193 In all languages, trademarks are sometimes used to describe every day objects because they are easier to use than the technical word for them. For example, a hoover® is the colloquial name for a vacuum cleaner, and a kleenex® is a paper tissue. Some are even used as verbs Didyou hoover the room? Other examples include Sellotape® (for adhesive tape), a Band-Aid® (an adhesive bandage), a Q-Tip® (a cotton swab), etc. Dans to utes les langues, des marques commerciales sont parfois employees pour designer des objets de la vie courante parce que plus faciles a dire que Ie terme technique qui les designe. Ainsi, « hoover® » est Ie mot familier pour parler d'un aspirateur, et un kleenex® est un mouchoir en papier. Certains mots sont meme utilises comme verbes Did you hoover the room? (As-tu passe I'aspirateur dans la piece ?) D'autres exemples Sellotape® (scotch®), Band-Aid® (pansement adhesif), Q-Tip® (coton-tige), etc. There is nothing in money's nature to produce happiness. The more a man has, the more he wants. Instead of its filling a vacuum, it makes one. (Benjamin Franklin) Rien dans I'argent n'est de nature a donner du bonheur. Plus un homme en a, plus il en veut. Au lieu de com bier un vide, I'argent en cree un. If you want to know what a man is really like, take notice of how he acts when he loses money. (Simone Weil) Si on veut connaitre la vraie nature d'un homme, iI faut observer ses reactions quand il perd de I'argent. In God we trust, all others must pay cash. (American saying) Nous avons confiance en Dieu autres doivent payer comptant. tous les Le saviez-vous ? L'origine des mots pound, ster/inget dollar ⢠The word pound comes from the Latin phrase libra pondo meaning 'a pound by weight' Originally, a pound (money) was a pound (weight) of silver. The sign £ refers to the Latin word libra. ⢠Le mot « pound» vient de I'expression latine « libra pondo », qui signifie « une livre par Ie poids ». A I'origine, une livre (monnaie) correspondait a une livre (poids) d'argent. Le symbole £ renvoie au mot latin « libra ». ⢠The word sterling comes from the Old French esterlin, a word which probably described the small star minted on early Norman pennies in the 11th century. ⢠Le mot « sterling » vient du vieux franc;:ais esterlin » designant probablement la petite etoile frappee sur les premieres pieces des Normands au Xl e siecle. ⢠The word dollar was adapted from the German Thaler, a shortened form of Joachimsthaler, a coin made from silver found in Joachimsthal, in Bohemia. ⢠Le mot « dollar » a ete adapte du mot allemand « Thaler », forme abregee de « Joachimsthaler », piece d'argent dont Ie metal venait de Joachimsthal, en Boheme. As the 17th century was drawing to a close, Dutch settlers living in New Amsterdam (now New York) had built a wall to protect themselves from Indian attacks and other dangers. The path running along the wall was named Wall Street. It became a bustling commercial thoroughfare and early merchants built their warehouses and shops on this path, along with a city hall and a church. Vers la fin du XVII' siecle, les colons hollandais qui habitaient New Amsterdam (New York aujourd'hui) avaient construit un mur pour se proteger des attaques des Indiens et d'autres dangers. Le chemin qui longeait ce mur fut baptise Wall Street (<< la rue du mur »). II devint une voie commerciale animee et les premiers negociants y construisirent leurs entrepots et leurs boutiques, ainsi qu'un hotel de ville et une eglise. The first US stock exchange was founded in Philadelphia in 1790. Since it was thriving, the New York Stock and Exchange Board (nowadays the New York Stock Exchange, NYSE) was created in 1817 and rented a room at 40 Wall Street. La premiere Bourse americaine fut fondee a Philadelphie en 1790. Comme elle etait florissante, on crea Ie New York Stock and Exchange Board (aujourd'hui New York Stock Exchange) en 1817, qui loua une piece situee au 40, Wall Street. In the early 1900s vast fortunes were made on Wall Street, but, in 1907, a wave of panic hit the NYSE as 800 million dollars in securities were unloaded within a few months. Stock prices plummeted and financier J.P. Morgan pressured the leading New York bankers to forestall a total financial collapse of the country. Au debut du xx' siecle, on vit d'immenses fortunes se faire a Wall Street, mais, en 1907, la Bourse fut frappee par une vague de panique 800 millions de dollars en titres furent revendus en quelques mois. Le prix des actions s'ecroula et Ie financier J.P. Morgan fit pression sur les principaux banquiers new-yorkais pour prevenir un effondrement financier complet du pays. The largest Wall Street panic occurred in 1929. Millions of Americans had believed in their country's sound economy and rich and poor people alike had put their money into stocks and bonds. The Wall Street myth spread stories of people of small means making fortunes in the stock market overnight. As a result, a wave of speculation had risen whereby stock prices were pushed up beyond any relationship with the actual worth of the companies. On October 24th, 1929 (,Black Thursday'), the entire market fell apart. The fallout from the crash devastated the country causing a worldwide economic depression that was to continue until the start of World War II. La plus grande panique boursiere eut lieu en 1929. Des millions d'Americains avaient eu confiance en la sante de leur economie et tous, riches et pauvres, avaient investi dans des actions et des obligations. Le mythe de Wall Street avait propage des recits dans lesquels des gens modestes faisaient fortune a la Bourse du jour au lendemain. Cela avait entraTne une vague de speculation qui fit augmenter Ie prix des actions sans rapport avec la valeur reelle des societes. Le 24 octobre 1929 (<< Ie jeudi noir »), c'est tout Ie marche boursier qui s'effondra. Les retombees du krach ravagerent Ie pays et entralnerent une crise economique internationale qui devait continuer jusqu'au debut de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Money a de nombreux synonymes qu'en franc;:ais cash, dough, sugar, bread, gelt, loot, the ready, moolah, lolly (GB), green (US), bucks (US), etc. dans la langue familiere, aussi bien en anglais Le fric, la galette, Ie peze, Ie ble, I'oseille, les sous, Ie pognon, I'artiche, Ie flouze, les ronds, les radis, Ie grisbi, les pepetes, la thune, etc. Meeting people Good morning! / Good afternoon! / Good eveningl Hello, Annel / Hi! Welcomel How do you do? It's a pleasure. / Delighted. Nice / Pleased to meet you! So am I. / Same here. / Me too. Good to see you! Fancy meeting you here! How are you? / How are you doing? How have you been? Very well, thank you! I'm fine, thanks! Couldn't be better. How about you? / What's up? Introductions I'm Alice. My name is Alice Brice. I'm from Leicester. What's your name? Do you know } Henry Cross? Haveyoumet This is my colleague Jane Pierce. I'd like you to meet Ollie. Meet my nephew, Tommy. May I i~troduce you } to Mrs Clinton. Let me Introduce you Sorry, I didn't catch your name. Saying goodbye I must take my leave. I have to go. / I'm off. I'll see you out Have a nice day! Goodbye! / Bye! / So long! US Drive safely! See you! / See you soon! / See you later! Talk to you later. It was nice talking to you. It was nice meeting you. It was a pleasure seeing you. I'll see you tonight / tomorrow. Take care (of yourself). Let's keep / stay in touch. Do call me. Give my regards to your wife. Give my love to Holly. Have a nice eveningl Goodnight! Making an appointment Can we meet outside your place at 10 a.m.? I'm afraid today is impossible. Bonjour! / Bonsoir ! Bonjour, Anne ! / Salut ! Bienvenue! Enchant~. Enchante! Ravi de vous rencontrer ! Moi aussi. c;a fait plaisir de te voir C;:a alors ! Qu'est-ce que tu fais iei ? Comment ~ va ? Comment vas-tu depuis tout ce temps ? Tres bien, merei ! Je vais bien, merei ! On ne peut mieux. Et toi ? / Quoi de neuf ? Les presentations Je m'appelle Alice. Je m'appelle Alice Brice. Je viens de Leicester. Comment I{()US appelez-I{()us ? Vous connaissez Henry Cross ? Je te prllsente ma collegue, Jane Pierce. II faut que je te presente Ollie. Voiei mon neveu, Tommy. Je vous presente Madame Clinton. Pardon, je n'ai pas compris votre nom. Dire au revoir Je dois prendre conge. II faut que j'y aille. Je vous raccompagne ala porte. Bonne journee ! Au revoir !Salut ! Rentrez bien. Aplus ! / Abientot ! / Aplus tard ! On s' appelle. J'ai ere ravi de discuter avec vous. J'ai ete ravi de vous rencontrer. J'ai ere content de vous voir. Ace soir. / Ademain. Prends soin de toi. On reste en contact. N'hesite(z) pas am'appeler. Mes amities avotre femme. Embrasse Holly pour mol. Passe une bonne soiree ! 1. Bonsoir I/ Bonne soiree ! 2. Bonne nuit ! Prendre rendez-vous Est-ce qu'on peut se retrouver devant chez vous a10 h ? Je suis deso!e, mais c'est impossible aujourd'hui. What day would suit you / be convenient? Would Tuesday at 4 p.m. suit you? What about next Monday? Would it be OK with you? I'd like to make an appointment with Mr Lithe. What is it about? Please confirm 48 hours ahead. Iwon't be able to keep the appointment. Quel jour vous conviendrait ? Est-ce que mardi a 16 h vous conviendrait ? Que diriez-vous de lundi proehain ? ~ vous irait ? Je voudrais prendre rendez-vous avec M. Lithe. C'est a quel sujet ? Merci de confirmer 48 heures avant Je ne vais pas pouvoir venir au rendez-vous. IMI.,. .mug. Why don't you come round tonight? } Why not come round tonight? What do you say to a drink? We'd be delighted if you called on us / if you came to dinner on Saturday. Let's get together tomorrow. I'll take a rain check on that dinner. Will you come over and stay with us for the weekend? Vous ne voulez pas venir ce soir ? Que diriez-vous d'un petit verre ? Nous serions ravis que vous veniez nous voir / que vous veniez diner samedi. Si on se voyait demain ? C'est partie remise pour ce diner. Voulez-vous venir chez nous ce week-end ? At the restaurant We've booked a table for four. Can Itake your order? / Are you ready to order? The lunch is on me. / My treat. You're my guest. Don't forget to tip the waiter. Nous avons reserve une table pour quatre. Puis-ie prendre votre commande ? C'est moi qui vous invite. / C'est pour moi. Vous etes mon invite. N'oublie pas Ie pourboire pour Ie serveur. Asking and thanking Please! Could you pass me the pepper? Thank you! / Thanks! Thank you very much! / Thanks a loti Thank you (ever) so muchl That's very kind of you. You're (most/very) welcomel / My pleasure I With pleasurel Don't mention itl / It's nothing. No trouble I/ Sure thingl US Thank you for your kind invitation. I'm sorry, I have another engagement. Demander et remercier S'il te plait ! / S'il vous plait ! Peux-tu me passer Ie poivre ? Merci ! Merci beaucoup ! Merci infiniment ! C'est tres aimable a vOUS. Je vous en prie ! / De rien ! Tout Ie plaisir est pour moi ! II n'y a pas de quoi. Pas de souci ! Je vous remercie de votre aimable invitation. Desole, je suis deja pris. ~ (I'm) sorry. 'I'm so sorry / awfully sorry.' 'Don't worry.· / 'It's all right.' I'm sorry Isaid that. =Ishouldn't have said that. Ididn't mean to hurt you. It's not what I meant. I do apologize. I apologize for arriving so late. Forgive me. If you will excuse me, I have to go now. Excuse me, is this seat free? Excuse me, but Ithink this is a non-smoking area. Presenter des excuses (Je suis) desole. / Pardon. « Je suis vraiment desole. - Ne vous en faites pas. / Ce n'est pas grave. » Je regrette d'avoir dit ~. Je ne voulais pas vous blesser. Ce n'est pas ce que ie voulais dire. Toutes mes excuses. Pardonnez-moi d'etre arrive aussi en retard. Pardonnez-moi. Si vous vouIez bien m'excuser, il faut que ie parte maintenant Excusez-moi, est-ce que cette place est libre ? Excusez-moi, mais ie crois que c'est une zone non-fumeurs. Wishing and congratulating Congratulations 2n this success / your weddingl Best wishes to both of you. Good luck! (Keep your) fingers crossed! Get well soon! Happy birthday! / Many happy returns! Happy anniversary! Adresser des souhaits et des felicitations Felicitations pour cette reussite / votre mariage ! Tous mes VQ!UX de bonheur a tous !es deux. Bonne chance ! Croisons ies doigts I Bon retablissement ! Joyeux anniversaire ! Joyeux anniversaire de mariage ! 197 ~1 LES CONVERSATIONS TELEPHONIQUES ET LA CORRESPONDANCE PHONING AND WRITING Speaking on the phone Hello? Who's speaking? Hello! Is this Mrs Burt? Speaking. Hello, Mrs Burt. It's me, Lisa. May Ispeak to Joan, please? She is not at home, I'm afraid. She is out. Hold on a moment! I'll call her. Joan, you're wanted on the phone! Hello! Lisa Birkin speaking. Hello, this is Lisa Birkin from Fun Inc. Could I speak to ..? Can I help you? Is Ruby available? Who's calling, please? It's a personal call. I'm returning his call. Hold the line, please. I'll put him / her on. I'll put you through (to him / her). Put him through. Sorry, wrong number. If you want.., press button 1. We're trying to connect you. Could you please put me through to extension 213? One moment, please. The line is busy / engaged. Would you like to hold? I'll put you on hold. She's on the phone and can't speak to you right now. May Itake / leave a message? Could you please tell her that..? I'll call back later. I have an incoming call. I'll get back to you. We were cut off. Please leave your message after the tone. Please dial 0800 321 456 [0 eight hundred three two one four five six]. What's the dialling code GB / area code US for Cambridge? Personal letters Dear Rachel, Dear Mr Galsway, My dearest Julia, Darling Elsa, Many thanks for your letter. It was lovely to hear from you. I'm delighted to hear that.. I'm so sorry to hear that . It was such a shock to hear that.. This is just a quick note to .. m f-j '-.il' tti tnl!Zll!l AIID ? Qui est a I'appareil ? Bonjour. Mme Burt ? Elle·meme. Bonjour, madame. C'est moi, Lisa. Puis·je parler aJoan, s'il vous platt ? Desolee, elle n'est pas a la maison. Elle est sortie. Ne quittez pas ! Je I'appelle. Joan, on te demande au telephone I AIID ! Lisa Birkin a I'appareil. AIID ! Lisa Birkin de la societe Fun Incorporated Pourrais·je parler a.. ? Vous desirez ? Ruby est·elle la ? Qui est aI'appareil ? C' est personnel. II m'a demande de Ie rappeler. Ne quittez pas, s'il vous platt. Je vous Ie / la passe. Je vous Ie / la passe. Passez·le moi. Desole, c' est un faux numero. Si vous voulez.., appuyez sur la touche 1. Nous recherchons votre correspondant. Pourriez·vous me passer Ie poste 213 ? Un instant, s'il vous platt. La ligne est occupee. Est·ce que je vous mets en attente ? Veuillez patienter. / Ne quittez pas. Elle est en ligne et ne peut pas vous parler maintenant. Puis·je prendre / laisser un message ? Pourriez·vous lui dire que.. ? Je rappellerai plus tard. J'ai un autre appel. Je vous rappelle. Nous avons ete coupes. Merci de laisser un message apres Ie signal sonore. Composez Ie 0800 321 456. Quel est I'indicatif de Cambridge? I! C{.,. ;-Ljf:': II' !~ ~!t{j ,:;;::1 Chere Rachel, Cher Monsieur, Ma chere Julia, Ma chere petite Elsa, / Elsa cherie, Merci beaucoup de ta / votre lettre. Quel plaisir d'avoir de tes / vos nouvelles! Je suis ravi d'apprendre que .. Je suis desole d'apprendre que .. Cela a ete un tel choc d'apprendre que .. Juste un petit mot pour.. Iam delighted to announce that.. Iam sorry to inform you that. . Thank you for your kind letter of sympathy. Your support means a lot to me at this difficult time. I look forward to reading you. Fondly, / Lots of love, / All my love, / Love, All the best, / Best wishes, With all good wishes from .. / Kindest regards, Best regards, / Sincerely, Jenny sends her love. Lots of love. / Hugs and kisses. Preparing your holidays Iwish to book a twin room with bath from .. to.. (ten nights) We'd like a room with a view. Please let me know the price. Do you require a deposit? I'm afraid I must cancel my booking for .. Iwould be very grateful if you could return my £100 deposit at your early convenience. Yours sincerely, / Yours faithfully, Je suis heureux de vous annoncer que .. Je suis desole / au regret de devoir vous dire que.. Merci de votre lettre si gentille (en ces penibles circonstances). Ton amitie compte beaucoup pour moi en ces moments difficiles. J'attends avec impatience de te lire. (Tres) affectueusement. Amities. / Bien amicalement. Avec mes meilleurs sentiments / mon bon souvenir / mon meilleur souvenir. Cordialement Jenny t'embrasse. Bises. / Grosses bises. La preparation des vacances Je souhaite reserver une chambre it deux lits avec salle de bains du. . au.. (dix nuits) Nous souhaiterions une chambre avec vue. Merci de me faire savoir Ie prix. Demandez-vous des arrhes ? Je suis au regret de devoir annuler ma reservation de.. Je vous serais tres reconnaissant de me rembourser Ie plus tot possible I'acompte de 100 livres que je vous ai verse. Veuillez agreer I'expression de mes sentiments distingues. La correspondance commerclale Messieurs, Madame, Monsieur, Madame, Pourriez-vous nous envoyer votre catalogue / un prospectus / vos tarifs / des echantillons / un devis ? Merci de nous faire savoir si I'emballage, I'assurance et Ie transport sont compris dans Ie prix. Accordez-vous des reductions sur les commandes importantes ? Thanking you in advance, Je vous remercie d'avance et vous prie de croire Yours faithfully, en nos sentiments distingues. Thank you for your letter of + date Nous vous remercions de votre lettre du.. Further to our telephone conversation,.. Suite it notre entretien telephonique, .. As stated in your letter of + date Ainsi que vous Ie precisez dans votre lettre du.. Please find enclosed an estimate for .. Nous vous prions de trouver ci-joint un devis pour.. Our usual discount is 10010 for orders amounting to Nous accordons une reduction de 10 % sur les commandes £1,000 upwards. it partir de 1000 livres. Should you require further information, Si vous souhaitez de plus amples informations, please do not hesitate to contact us. n'hesitez pas it nous contacter. Looking forward to your reply, Dans I'attente de votre reponse, nous vous adressons Yours faithfully, nos sinceres salutations. We acknowledge receipt of our order nO.. Nous accusons reception de notre commande n° But various items are either missing or damaged: Mais un certain nombre d'articles manquent ou sont endommages. We enclose a list of the missing items. Ci-joint une liste des articles manquants. We hope you will give this matter your Nous esperons que vous traiterez cette affaire rapidement urgent attention. et avec toute I'attention qu'elle merite. We would be grateful if you would look into Nous vous serions reconnaissants de traiter cette affaire this matter as soon as possible. Ie plus rapidement possible. We are most sorry that there was an error in the items Nous sommes absolument desoles qu'il y ait eu une erreur delivered to you. dans notre livraison. We apologize for the inconvenience this Nous vous prions de nous excuser pour les desagrements has caused to you. que cela vous a occasionnes. Business correspondence Dear Sirs, Dear Sir or Madam, Dear Ms Dickens, Could you send us your catalogue / a brochure / your price list / some samples / an estimate? Please let us know if packaging, insurance, and shipping are included in your prices. Do you offer discounts on large orders? ~, P.' 4 ClIII'1A! 2008 flWAbWb~d:~r. lA.. 'Ili.eInb ;,. ~ API!, ~. ~ ~ a Ae11a. da ~ ~ ! b.f1IaAb 'IQIDi.e 'r' lA.. 'Oi.fnvneb ~ ~ '!Mi. 1M) f. ~-'III.Oi. bu:wn. at cW. Q, ~ Lww. DJIWa& to-n. te J.'J.'. ;,. Pa. ~ iWlk .Jt:.A. flWAb~~date 'IlOiII. 2. R6ponsel une demande de tarlfs Traduction Hotel de la Plage Hotel de la Plage 5, rue de la Grande Maree 14524 Bossevill.,.ur-mer Tel 03 04 05 06 07, Fax 03 04 05 08 09 5, rue de la Grande Maree 14524 Bossevill.,.ur-mer Tel 0304050607, Fax, 03 04 050809 23 May 2008 Bosseville, Ie 23 mai 2008 Dear Mr Soames, Monsieur, Thank you for your letter of May 6th. Our rates are as follows: - Double room with bath...... ⬠68 - Twin room with bath ........ ⬠70 Nous vous remercions de votre lettre du 6 maio Voici nos tarifs - Chambre double avec bain ...... ⬠68 - Chambre a deux lits avec bain ... ⬠70 We offer a 5% discount on rooms rented by the week, but this doesn't apply to July and August. Nous proposons une reduction de 5% pour les chambres louees a la semaine, mais ceci n'est pas valable pour les mois de juillet et d'aout. We look forward to hearing from you, Dans l'attente de votre reponse, nous vous prions de croire, Monsieur, a I'assurance de notre consideration distinguee. Yours sincerely, Aliah Dupont Aliah Dupont 3. Demande de catalogue et da tarlfs TradunJon AUPE Be GLORET AUPE Be GLORET 32421 GANNOIS 32421 GANNOIS 16 January 2009 Gannois, Ie 16 janvier 2009 Dear Sirs, Messieurs, With reference to your advertisement in HOUSE magazine, we would be gl.a.d if you could send us your catalogue and current price list and inform us on the average time of delivery for fair1y large quantities of goods. Thanking you in advance, Yours sincere1y, En reponse a. votre annonce parue dans HOUSE, pourriez-vous nous envoyer votre catalogue et vos tarifs actuels et nous faire connaitre Ie delai moyen de livraison pour d'assez grosses quantites de marchandises ? Nous vous remercions d'avance pour votre reponse et vous prlons d'a.greer, Messieurs, l'assurance de notre consideration distinguee. Rene Grassiet 4. R6ponsa auna annonce dalocatlon Rene Grassiet Traduction 215+ Runwa'y Drive 215+ Runwa'y Drive Weepwillow Weepwillow OX52TA OX52TA weepwillow, Ie II fevrier 2008, Februar'y llnd, 2008 Dear Mr and Mrs Dunois, Madame, Monsieur, I'm writing in repl'y to 'your ad in THE LADY. I am interested in renting 'your Suite cottage in Normand'y for two weeks between August 2nd and August 16th. votre maison en Normandie pour deux semaines du 2 au 16 aoOt. I hOp'e 'your cottage is still available. If it were not, could 'you please let me know when 'you could let it to us? J'espere que votre maison est toujours libre. Si die ne I'etait pas, pourriezvous me dire 9uand vous pourriez nous la louer? I look forward to hearing from 'you, Dans I'attente de votre reponse, je vous prie de croire, Madame, Monsieur, a I'assurance de rna consideration distinguee. Yours faithfull'y, Bemard Jameson a votre annonce parue dans THE LADY, j'envisage de louer Bemard Jameson The CV GB = The resume US to send out a CV a prospecting letter an applicant / a candidate [lI!] a recruiter [u:] a headhunter [e] a job opening [;m] personal details name [el] address [e] date of birth / age nationality [lI!] marital status single . married educational qualifications / background previous work experience other skills / competences Interests / hobbies referees [i:] The cover(ing) letter To whom it may concern I should like to apply for the job of.. I'm interested in the managing position you advertised in The Guardian of May 7. I am now seeking an opportunity to.. This position matches my qualifications. I'd be interested in doing an internship with your company. In my capacity as an IT support technician, I was able to.. I believe I can offer your company a combination of interest in and technical understanding of.. I should be pleased to attend an interview whenever convenient to you. I would be able to start on +date I'll be available from + date Please find endosed my CV and several testimonials / reference letters. I've been referred to you by Pro Jay. I am a student and seeking summer employment as an au pair girl/boy. I have some experience of this type of work. I have experience in handling customer problems. Please let me know if I need a work permit Could you support my application? Thank you for considering this application. I appreciate your taking the time to consider my credentials and experience. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours truly, / Yours faithfully, am envoyer un CV une candidature spontanee un candidat un recruteur un chasseur de tete une possibilite d'emploi, un poste informations personnelles nom adresse date de naissance / age nationalite situation de famille celibataire . marie(e) diplomes / formation experience professionnelle autres compmnces centres d'interet / loisirs (personne susceptibles de fournir une) recommandation La Iettre de motivation Aqui de droit Je souhaite poser ma candidature pour Ie poste de.. Je suis interesse par I'annonce concernant Ie poste de cadre parue dans Ie Guardian du 7 mai dernier. Je suis a la recherche d'une possibilite de.. Ce poste correspond a mes qualifications. Je souhaiterais effectuer un stage dans votre entre prise. En tant que technicien informatique, j'ai pu. . Je crois que mon interet pour et mes connaissances techniques en ce domaine pourront etre utiles a votre soeiete. Je suis a votre disposition pour un entretien a tout moment qui vous conviendra. Je peux commencer Ie.. Je suis disponible a partir du .. Ci·joint mon OJ, ainsi que des lettres de recommandation. C'est Ie professeur Jay qui m'a conseille de m'adresser a vous. Je suis etudiant(e) et recherche un travail pour I'ete comme jeune fille / jeune homme au pair. J'ai deja de I'experience dans ce type de travail. J'ai de I'experience dans Ie domaine des relations clients. Je vous remereie de me faire savoir si j'ai besoin d'un perm is de travail. Vous serait-il possible d'appuyer ma demande ? Je vous remereie a I'avance de I'interet que vous voudrez bien porter a ma candidature. Merci par avance de I'attention que vous aurez bien voulu porter a ma candidature. Dans I'attente de votre reponse, Je vous prie d'agreer I'expression de mes sentiments respectueux. Traductlon 1.CV Alicia Montagnet 31 3, rue du Chien-qui-danse 75022 PARIS [email protected] 0102345678 Fran~ai5e French Divorced, 1 child 1'fationafite Universite de Paris X Nanterre licence d'anglais, 2006 licence de psycho logie, 2005 'DiyComts universitaires ⢠Currently working as - part-time tutor of English - and sports and games supervisor at Ecole elementaire, 13, rue du Mail, 75048 Paris ⢠2006: three months at Barclays Bank, London, as client manager ⢠Summer 2005: officer at Millin holiday camp !ExJiri'nce yrtifessionl1lCCe SillUltion tit famitTt Divorc~e. 1 enfant ⢠Actuellement - professeur d'anglais :. temps parti - et monitrice de sport ill I'tcole .. a ⢠2006 : trois mois Barclays Bank, Londres, comme responsable relations clients 2005 : responsable du camp de vacances de Millin ⢠tte ⢠Fluent English, French and Italian ⢠Good command of Word, Excel & Explorer ⢠French driving license 9lutres comyitences ⢠anglais, francais et ita lien CDurants ⢠Music, literature, museums & exhibitions ⢠Outdoor and indoor games ⢠Travelling 9lutres centres 'interet ⢠Bonne connaissance de Word, Excel et Explorer ⢠Permis de conduire francais ⢠Musique, litterature, musees et expositions ⢠Sports, jeux de societe ⢠Voyages Traductlon 2.CV Jules PEIGNOT 25 153, rue des Gal10uilles 17000 LA ROCHELLE !£7114if [email protected] .r,kylione 0543690402 Fran~aise 'lfaiiona{jl) French 'Marltaf status Married tNationallti !£4ucationaf 1>iyfomts universitaires ~ua(ifications ⢠2004-2007 : Ecole de commerce et de gestlon de Poitiers .2006: Ucence d'anglals ⢠Currently working as Assistant Marketing Director, TSB Gestlon, La Rochelle ⢠2007-2008 : Assistant Publicity Manager, Banque du Sud-Ouest, Poltiers ⢠2006 : two months as trainee with Banque du Sud-Ouest, Poltiers ⢠2005 : Assistant Secretary Solell et Vacances, La Rochelle ⢠Fluent English, French and Spanish ⢠⢠⢠⢠Data computing Music Tennis Travelling SillUltion tit famitTt Marie !Exyirience yrcfessionl1lCCe ⢠Actuellement : Directeur adjoint du Marketing, TSB Gestion, La Rochelle ⢠2007·2008 Directeur adjoint de la Publicit~. Banque du Sud-Ouest, Poitiers ⢠2006 deux mois comme stagiaire ~ la Banque du Sud-Ouest, Poitiers ⢠2005: secretaire adjOint, Soleil et Vacances, La Rochelle 9lutres cDmpitmces ⢠Bonne connaissance de l'anglaiS, du franc;ais et de I'espagnol 9lutres centres i'i ⢠⢠⢠⢠Informatique Musique Tennis Voyages 3. Lettre de motivation (assistant de direction) Traduction Rachid Benzema 3, rue de Saint-Maixent 79018 NIORT 0598765432 [email protected] Niort, Ie 5 juin 2008 June 5th, 2008 Madame, Dear Ms Glint, I should like to apply for the pOSItIOn of Assistant Manager as described in your ad in BUSINESS FOR ALL of 5 June. Suite 11 votre offre d'emploi parue dans BUSINESS FOR ALL du 5 juin, je suis candidat pour Ie poste d'assistant de direction. My MA in Management from Brandford University and my good command of Russian, German and English perfectly suit the requirements of your job description, especially since you're targeting the Eastern European market. I believe my extended work experience with MS Word and Excel as well as my 3-year span as team manager at T.T. International qualify me for this job, which would enable me to fulfill my career aspirations with a major insurance company. Mon master de gestion (Universite de Brandford) et rna bonne connaissance du russe, de l' allemand et de l' anglais correspondent aux exigences du poste, d'autant plus que vous visez Ie marche d'Europe de I'Est. Je pense que mon experience sur MS Word et Excel, ainsi que mes trois annres comme chef d'equipe chez T.T. International me qualifient pour ce poste, qui correspond 11 mes ambitions de carriere dans une importante compagnie d'assurance. I would be delighted to discuss this further with you at a future interview and look forward to hearing from you. Yours respectfully, Je reste 11 votre entiere disposition pour un entretien. Dans l' attente de votre reponse, je vous prie d'agreer, Madame, I'assurance de rna consideration distinguee. Rachid Benzema Rachid Benzema 4. Lettre de motivation (serveuse) Traduction Vanessa DURAND 6, chemin des Ailettes 54000 NANCY [email protected] 9 April 2008 Nancy, Ie 9 avril 2008 Dear Mr Finch, Monsieur, I should like to apply for a waitressing job in one of your restaurants for a period of at least six months. Je souhaite poser rna candidature pour un emploi de serveuse dans l' un de vos restaurants pour une duree d'au moins six mois. I'm currently a student at the Gerardmer Catering School, studying for a BTS and can boast a good command of French, English and German as well as a smattering of Chinese. As you will see from my resume, I have worked as a trainee at various restaurants every summer since I was 16. I now wish to improve my fluency in English and increase my work experience in the catering trade. Je suis actuellement eleve au Iycee hotelier de Gerardmer, en casse de BTS, etj'ai une bonne maitrise du fran.;ais, de l' anglais et de l' allemand, ainsi que quelques notions de chinois. Comme vous Ie verrez sur mon CV, j' ai travaille com me stagiaire dans plusieurs restaurants tous les etes depuis l' age de 16 ans. Je souhaite 11 present ameliorer rna pratique de I' anglais et accroitre mon experience dans la restauration. I look forward to hearing from you and am Dans l' attente de votre reponse, je vous prie d'agreer, Monsieur, I'assurance de rna consideration distinguee. Yours respectfully, Vanessa Durand Vanessa Durand IlmB.t... '[email protected]'iI As an introduction I'd say that.. To start with I To begin with .. First of all .. I For a start.. I In the first place.. First and foremost. . From the beginning I the outset (of the text) .. The main theme I topic is.. To introduce this topic.. En guise d'introduction, je dirais que.. Pour commencer.. Tout d'abord.. I En premier lieu. . En tout premier lieu. . Des Ie debut du texte.. Le theme principal est. Pour presenter ce theme.. Describing the issues the heart I the crux of the matter first(ly) .. second(ly).. third(ly) .. throughout the passage from start to finish I from beginning to end above all to evoke I to conjure up to bring sth to mind It should be noted that . What strikes me most here.. The author's argument is that. She expresses her opinion convincingly. Decrire les themes Ie ccpur du sujet premierement, deuxiemement, troisiemement dans tout Ie passage du debut a la fin par-dessus tout evoquer rappeler qch II convient de noter que .. Ce qui me frappe Ie plus ici .. L'argument de I'auteur est que . Elle exprime son opinion de maniere convaincante. Wi!IWiI to state I to affirm I to allege I to claim to weigh up sth to maintain to uphold· I to support I to defend. to put· forward an idea to indicate I to hint at I to allude to to clarify Ito justify to account for sth to take· sth into account to disregard =to ignore to expose =to denounce to distinguish between.. and.. to draw· a parallel between.. and.. This point needs developing. Further examination is needed. One can wonder whether I if.. I'd like to go further into the matter. According to me I him I them .. To me I To my mind I In my eyes In my opinion I As Isee it.. In other words As far as Ican judge I tell It is my firm belief that. Iwould go as far as to say that . Ifeel concerned about this issue because.. cmnr:m To conclude I As a conclusion I By way of conclusion Finally I Eventually I Lastly On the whole I Overall When all is said and done declarer, affirmer peser Ie pour et Ie contre (de qqch), evaluer qqch maintenir soutenir, defendre (une idee) presenter une idee faire allusion a qqch clarifier, justifier expliquer I justifier qqch tenir compte de qqch negliger = ignorer denoncer distinguer entre.. et. etablir un parallele entre.. et. Cet element a besoin d'etre developpe. II faut creuser la question. On peut se demander si .. J'aimerais approfondir cette question. Selon moi I lui I eux.. D'apres moi, a mes yeux Amon avis, d'apres moi En d'autres termes Pour autant que je puisse en juger Je crois fermement que.. J'irais meme jusqu'a dire que.. Je me sens concerne par ce sujet parce que.. 'Gil!i) En conclusion I Pour conclure Finalement I En fin de compte Dans I'ensemble Tout bien considere 8 LE VOCABULAIRE DE L'ANALYSE DE TEXTE THE VOCABULARY OF TEXT ANAL YSIS .,him. a letter [e] the alphabet / the ABC spelling [e] grammar [re] syntax [I] a phrase [el] a portmanteau word [re] a prefix / a suffix an abbreviation [e I] an acronym [re] linguistics [I] 1l!1EI11UJ:tI une lettre I'alphabet I'orthographe la grammaire la syntaxe une expression un mot-valise un prefixe / un suffixe une abreviation un sigle, un acronyme la linguistique The noun group a noun a compound (word) a pronoun [;)u] an article [Q:] a determiner [3:] an adjective [re] a comparative [re] a superlative [3:] a synonym of / for an antonym of a homonym of [0] gender [e] feminine . masculine neuter Ii u:] singular . plural definite . indefinite [e ] proper . common [0] countable . uncountable [au] attributive . predlcative [I] synonymous with . antonymous with homonymous with to qualify [0] synonyme de . antonymede homonymede 1. nuancer 2. qualifier li.ti'Y' '!j':J,O a lexical verb a phrasal verb an auxiliary [I] a modal [;)u] the infinitive [I] the present participle the past participle [Q:] a gerund [e] a tense the present [e] the present continuous the past continuous the future Ii u:] un verbe lexical un verbe aparticule un auxiliaire un modal I'infinitif Ie participe present Ie participe passe un gerondif un temps Ie present Ie present continu Ie passe continu lefutur un nom un mot compose un pronom un article un determinant un adjectif un comparatif un superlatif un synonyme de un antonyme de un homonyme de Ie genre feminin . masculin neutre singulier . pluriel defini . indefini propre . commun denombrable . indenombrable epithete . attribut the past / the preterite the present perfect the pluperfect = the past perfect the mood [u:] the voice an ending [e] regular . irregular [e] active . passive [re] reflexive [e] to conjugate [0] Ie mode la voix une terminaison regulier . irregulier actif . passif reflechi conjuguer 11,[1£9·'9'il i!l!lllEIJ the subject [II] the complement [0] the object [0] a clause a preposition [I] a conjunction [II] a relative pronoun a particle [Q:] an adverb [re] affirmative . negative interrogative [0] main . subordinate direct . indirect Ie sujet grammatical Ie complement Ie complement d'objet une proposition une preposition une conjonction un pronom relatif une particule un adverbe affirmatif . negatif interrogatif principal . subordonne direct . indirect Link(ing) words and if or either .. or neither .. nor in spite of = despite (even) though and even but still / (and) yet / however / nevertheless then next therefore / so / consequently hence so that that's why as a consequence / as a result / it follows that thus [II] albeit =although now [au] for / because / as since Ie passe / Ie preterit Ie present perfect Ie past perfect Les mots de liaison et si ou ou .. ou ni .. ni malgre bien que etmeme mais pourtant, cependant, neanmoins 1. puis 2. alors (consequence) ensuite donc d'ou si bien que, de sorte que c'est pourquoi par consequent, en consequence ainsi quoique or car / parce que puisque with in addition / what's more / moreover / furthermore above all besides / on top of this similarly / in a similar fashion such as .. e.g. = for example / for instance i.e. = that is to say in fact / actually / as a matter of fact indeed unless on (the) one hand.. on the other hand .. avec de plus / en outre par-dessus tout par ailleurs de la meme maniere tel( s) que / parmi lesquels par exemple c'est-a.-dire en fait de fait, effectivement it moins que, sauf si d'une part.. d'autre part.. a punctuation mark un signe de ponctuation a full stop G8 = a period US un point a comma [0] une virgule a colon [Ju] deux points a semi-colon un point-virgule an exclamation mark G8 = un point d'exclamation an exclamation point US a question mark = un point d'interrogation a query US suspension points = des points de suspension dots = dot dot dot a bracket G8 = une parenthese a parenthesis US square brackets [(f] des crochets a brace [eI] une accolade a dash un tiret a slash / a stroke une barre oblique an apostrophe [0] une apostrophe an asterisk [(f] un asterisque a hyphen [aI] un trait d'union a cedilla [I] une cedi lie an ampersand (&) une esperluette (&) a capital . small letter une lettre majuscule . minuscule an initial [I] to punctuate [,] to bracket [(f] to hyphenate [aI] une initiale ponctuer mettre entre parentheses mettre un trait d'union liJ.t,i.i4itgl pronunciation [eI] a vowel [au] a consonant [0] a diphthong [I] a syllable [I] stress intonation [eI] an accent [(f] to pronounce [a u] to stress ltt:lOllliLll!1lliJ Figures of speech a stylistic device a symbol [I] a metaphor [e] a metonymy [0] a comparison / a simile an ellipsis [I] a euphemism [ju:] i!iJJJ.'i i j t 11. tti)l3 a character [(f] a typeface [aI] in bold (print) / boldface [JU] in roman / in italics a paragraph [(f] a line [all a column [0] a margin [0:] a page number [,] a space [eI] a blank single-spaced / double-spaced to paginate [(f] Phrases et expressions usuelles The verb is in the infinitive / in the passive voice. The phrase is between brackets. It is a quotation: it's in quotation marks = in inverted commas = in quotes. Open / Close the inverted commas. Depending on the intonation pattern, the sentence may be affirmative or interrogative. To make / to draw a comparison 'New paragraph.' / 'Paragraph.' la prononciation unevoyelle une consonne une diphtongue une syllabe I'accent tonique I'intonation un accent prononcer accentuer un procede stylistique un symbole une mfuphore une metonymie une comparaison une ellipse un euphemisme La typographle et la mise en page un caractere une police de caracteres en (caracteres) gras en romain / en italique un paragraphe une ligne une colonne une marge un numero de page une espace un blanc it interligne simple / double paginer o Le verbe est aI'infinitif / ala voix passive. L' expression est entre parentheses. C' est une citation : c' est entre guillemets. Ouvrez / Fermez les guillemets. Selon Ie schema intonatif, la phrase peut etre affirmative ou interrogative. Faire une comparaison « Ala ligne. » Identifying the document This text is an excerpt from a novel / a short story. This text is taken from a novel by.. The author / The writer / The novelist is .. This text is a poem taken from the collection of poems entitled.. Describing the document This is the introductory paragraph to.. The text consists of two / three paragraphs. It tells the story of.. It is a description of.. It explores the life of the working-class in Britain in the 19th century.. The text is autobiographical. These are the early memories and later reflections of.. As this is an epistolary novel, we may wonder who the fictitious addressee of this letter is. The letter is a very intimate style of writing. The style is influenced by the Bible. The scene takes place in.. The situation is outlined in the first five lines. The opening words are telltale. There is one central character around whom everything revolves. There are two / three / several characters. a stock character a flat character . a round character The main character is / says / depicts .. The social background is obviously.. The events are recalled in chronological order . in a disorderly manner. The plot seems well-knit . loosely-knit. We may sum it up like this:.. This creates the impression that . This conveys a subtle impression of nostalgia. The passage suggests that life in this social circle is.. It is as if the events had actually taken place. The poem does not rhyme but there are many alliterations and assonances. Identifier Ie document Ce texte est un extrait de roman / de nouvelle. Ce texte est tire d'un roman de.. L'auteur / L'ecrivain / Le romancier est.. Ce texte est un poeme issu du recueil de poemes qui s'intitule.. Decrlre Ie document Ce paragraphe introduit.. Le texte comprend deux / trois paragraphes. I raconte I'histoire de .. C'est une description de .. C' est une etude de la ciasse ouvriere en Grande-Bretagne au XIx' siecie.. Le texte est autobiographique. Ce sont la les souvenirs d'enfance de.. et les reflexions qu'il / elle fait plus.tard dans la vie. Comme il s'agit d'un roman epistolaire, on peut se demander a quel personnage fictif s'adresse cette lettre. La lettre est un style d'ecriture tres intime. Le style est influence par la Bible. La scene a lieu / se deroule dans .. On a une vue d'ensemble de la situation dans les cinq premieres lignes. Les premiers mots sont revelateurs. II y a un personnage central autour duquel tout s' organise. I y a deux / trois / plusieurs personnages. un personnage stereotype un personnage sans profondeur . complexe Le personnage principal est / dit / decrit. De toute evidence, Ie milieu social est. Les evenements sont rapportes dans I'ordre chronologique . dans Ie desordre. L'intrigue semble bien . mal ficelee. On peut la resumer ainsi Cela donne I'impression que.. Cela cree une impression subtile de nostalgie. Le passage suggere que la vie dans ce milieu est.. On a I'impression que les evenements ont reellement eulieu. Le poeme ne rime pas mais il y a de nombreuses alliterations et assonances. Interpreting the document Interpreter Ie document Le passage est une narration it la premiere / it la troisieme personne. Le narrateur est omniscient. Pour cette raison, Ie lecteur peut mettre en doute.. L'attitude de .. conduit Ie lecteur it en deduire que .. Ce que dit.. eclaire.. II est donc amene it supposer / imaginer que.. D'autant plus qu'aucun detail n'est donne concernant., ce qui laisse Ie champ libre it I'imagination. L'atmosphere est celie d'un roman d'espionnage. Le lecteur prend ainsi conscience de .. L'utilisation de metaphores / d'alliterations / d'images attire I'attention du lecteur sur.. La richesse des images et des metaphores, ainsi que sa qualite Iyrique, conrerent au poeme un grand pouvoir de suggestion. L'absence de localisation precise ajoute it I'ambigu'ite du passage. C'est.. qui prouve I'inquietude du personnage. En fin de compte, nous pouvons dire que ce texte est un portrait / une description interessant/e de I'epoque victorienne It is a comment on.. C'est un commentaire sur.. The author dipped his pen in acid. L'auteur a trempe sa plume dans I'acide. The general impression is one of.. L'impression generale est celie d'un / d'une.. The cliffhanger ending of the passage makes La fin pleine de suspense du passage fait que Ie lecteur the reader want to know more. veut en savoir plus. The passage conveys / expresses the buoyant Ce passage transmet / exprime I'atmosphere allegre de atmosphere of the Edwardian era. I' epoque edouardienne. Not only does the writer describe his childhood, L'auteur decrit non seulement son enfance, mais aussi but he also describes British society in the 1960s. la societe britannique des annees 1960. Putting into words the emotion elicited by.. is difficult. II est difficile d'exprimer I'emotion que suscite.. The passage is a first-person narrative / a third-person narrative. The narrator is an omniscient narrator. For this reason the reader may question .. The attitude of .. leads the reader to infer that . What .. says throws light on.. He is therefore led to suppose / imagine that.. The more so as no details are given as to.., which leaves the field open to imagination. The atmosphere is that of a cloak-and-dagger story. The reader is thus made aware of.. The use of metaphors / alliterations / imagery calls the reader's attention to .. The wealth of images and metaphors as well as its lyrical quality confer a high suggestive power to the poem. The lack of specific location adds to the ambiguity of the passage. The character's anxiety is evidenced by.. Eventually, we may say that this text is an interesting portrayal of the Victorian era. Branchin out The themes presented in this text remind me of.. With hindsight, we may say that. Asimilar experience / situation is presented in.. Another novelist has a different approach to a similar situation in her novel entitled.. Robinson Crusoe is a good example of a fictitious diary. It's not only writers who keep journals or diaries. Dtt'!1tmd Les themes abordes dans ce texte me font penser it.. Avec Ie recul, on peut dire que .. Une experience / situation comparable est presentee dans .. Une autre romanciere approche differemment une situation comparable dans son roman intitule.. Robinson Crusoe est un bon exemple de journal fictif. II n'y a pas que les ecrivains qui ecrivent des journaux intimes. Fictitious diaries are made to look like genuine diaries Les journaux fictifs imitent des journaux authentiques and foster an impression of reality. et creent I'impression que tout est reel. To be successful a detective novel must be based Pour etre reussi, un roman pol icier doit etre fonde on suspense. sur Ie suspense. Characterization is also very important. La representation des personnages est egalement tres importante. Since the writer lived for several decades in India, Puisque I'ecrivain a vecu plusieurs decennies en Inde, we may infer that many of the events he reports on peut en deduire que nombre des evenements are drawn from real life. qu'il decrit sont tires de la vie reelle. This novel/short story could easily be made Ce roman / cette nouvelle pourrait facilement donner into a film. lieu it une adaptation cinematographique 16 PRESENTER ET ANALYSER UN ARTICLE DE JOURNAL PRESENTING AND ANAL YSING A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE Identifying the document This text is an excerpt from a newspaper article taken from .. This text is taken from a newspaper / from a weekly / monthly magazine. The headline is supposed to attract the reader's attention. The subject of the article is stated in the first paragraph. The date / place matters because.. The document is a column / a comment / an obituary / an interview / a feature article / a leader =an editorial. There is a photograph that provides more information on the subject. The figures are provided by the chart. The article was published on / ran on + date Summing up the document To summarize the purpose of the text, I'd say that.. The article consists of two / three paragraphs. It deals with / It tackles the issue of.. It is about.. It is a very topical issue. The article is an account of a demonstration. In the first paragraph, the reporter tells a surprising anecdote: .. Then he comments upon what happened. The purpose of the first paragraph is to .. The first lines contain the gist of the information. The rest of the article is devoted to supplementary information. The article quotes the American president extensively. The sources are not credited. It contrasts the two governments' approaches. The article relies on contradictory testimonies. The journalist insists on the chain of events that led to the disaster. He tries to show all sides of the issue. He resorts to generalization. Interpreting the document Ajournalist should be unbiased. His / Her tone is.. The adjectives and adverbs reveal that the politician is biased. Identifier Ie document Ce texte est un extrait d'un article de journal tire de .. Ce texte provient d'un quotidien / d'un hebdomadaire / d'un mensuel. Le titre est cense attirer I'attention du lecteur. Le sujet de I'article est presente dans Ie premier paragraphe. La date / Le lieu est important(e) parce que .. Le document est une rubrique / un commentaire / une chronique necrologique / une interview / un article de fond / un editorial. II y a une photographie qui donne d'autres informations sur Ie sujet. Les donnees chiffrees sont fournies par Ie graphique. L'article est paru Ie .. Resumer Ie document Pour resumer I'objectif du texte, je dirais que .. L'article se compose de deux / trois paragraphes. II traite du / s'attaque au probleme de .. II traite de.. C'est un theme d'actualite. L'article est Ie compte-rendu d'une manifestation. Dans Ie premier paragraphe, Ie journaliste rapporte une anecdote surprenante Puis il commente ce qui s'est passe. L'objectif du premier paragraphe est de .. Les premieres lignes contiennent I'essentiel de I'information. Le reste de I'article est consacre ades informations complementaires. L'article cite abondamment Ie president americain. Les sources ne sont pas citees. II compare les methodes respectives des deux gouvemements. L'article s'appuie sur des remoignages contradictoires. Le journaliste insiste sur I'enchainement d'evenements qui a mene au desastre. II essaie de montrer tous les aspects du sujet II fait des generalisations. Interpreter Ie document Un journaliste devrait etre impartial / objectif. Son ton est.. Les adjectifs et les adverbes revelent que cet homme politique n'est pas objectif. 210 Indeed, he insists upon .. There are overtones of racism / conservatism. Most of the words used are pejorative / derogatory / disparaging. Whereas when he evokes.. he uses flattering / laudatory terms. There are many vague, imprecise statements, such as 'Experts say that.', 'Some people can testify that . ' We may wonder who the experts are, who(m) the phrase 'some people' refers to. When the columnist writes: 'It is believed in some circles' or 'Some people say that' or 'Everybody knows that', he remains too vague to be convincing. The sentences are long . short, complex . simple. The use of few link words conveys the impression that. The very organization of the article lays the emphasis on.. The journalist may have slightly twisted the facts. The cartoon gives a further indication of the journalist's purpose. The caption is funny / humorous. We may ask ourselves whom the journalist is writing for. His aim must be to inform / to persuade / to convince / to criticize =to run down. Is he likely to reach his aim, which is apparently to .. In my opinion, this article is very effective because.. The journalist uses innuendo. He implies that.. His views are highly debatable. He plays upon the reader's unconscious. He only lays emphasis on.. He says nothing of the social/political background. So the information is distorted / truncated. There are clues showing that the journalist is biased. This is a devious way of saying that.. En effet, il insiste sur.. II y a des sous-entendus racistes / conservateurs. La plupart des mots utilises sont pejoratifs / meprisants / devalorisants. Alors que, lorsqu'il evoque.., il utilise des termes flatteurs / elogieux. II y a beaucoup d'affirmations vagues et imprecises telles que « Les experts disent que .. », « Certains peuvent temoigner que.. On peut se demander qui sont les experts, it qui renvoie I'expression « Certains ». Quand Ie chroniqueur ecrit : « On pense que» ou « Certains affirment que» ou« Tout Ie monde sait que », il reste trop vague pour etre convaincant. Les phrases sont longues . courtes, complexes . simples. La faible utilisation des mots de liaison donne I'impression que.. La structure meme de I'article met I'accent sur.. Peut-etre que Ie journaliste a legerement deforme les faits. Le dessin donne une indication supplementaire sur I'objectif du journaliste. La legende est drole / humoristique. Nous pouvons nous demander pour qui ecrit Ie journaliste. Son but doit etre d'informer / de persuader / de convaincre / de critiquer. A-t-il des chances d'atteindre son objectif qui, apparemment, est de.. Amon avis, cet article est tres efficace parce que .. Le journaliste utilise I'insinuation, Ie sous-entendu. II sous-entend que.. Ses opinions sont tres discutables. II joue sur I'inconscient du lecteur. II met uniquement I'accent sur.. II ne dit rien du contexte social / politique. Donc I'information est deformee / tronquee. II y a des indices qui montrent que Ie journaliste n'est pas impartial. C'est un moyen detourne de dire que.. Branchin out Abroader approach to this issue would be to.. We may ask whether this type of behaviour is legitimate . illegitimate. This is an interesting subject because.. Is this behaviour really outdated as is suggested by the journalist or could it be the solution to ..? la Ir Ie sujet Une approche plus large de ce probleme serait de .. On peut se demander si ce type de comportement est legitime . iIIegitime. C'est un sujet interessant parce que.. Est-ce que ce comportement est vraiment depasse, comme Ie suggere Ie journaliste, ou bien est-ce que cela pourrait etre la solution a.. ? Generally speaking, subheadings provide a convenient D'une maniere generale, les sous-titres sont un moyen means to bring something into relief. commode de mettre quelque chose en relief. We may ask ourselves whether it is possible for On peut se demander s'il est possible it un journaliste a journalist to be objective. d'etre objectif. 211 PRESENTER ET ANALYSER UN DOCUMENT VISUEL PRESENTING AND ANAL YSING A VISUAL DOCUMENT Identifying the document This is a an advertisement / a cartoon / a comic strip / a poster / a photograph It is a painting by.. It is a portrait of.. (painted) by.. It is a caricature of a famous politician. It is a still taken from a film by.. It is a montage (photograph). It is a self-portrait of.. The shot was taken in .. Identifier Ie document II s'agit d'une publicite / d'un dessin humoristique / d'une bande dessinee / d'une affiche / d'une photo C'est un tableau de .. C'est un portrait representant. (peint) par.. C'est une caricature d'un politicien celebre. C'est une photo(graphie) de plateau tiree d'un film de.. C'est un montage (photo). C'est un auto portrait de.. Le cliche a ete pris en .. / a. . Describing the document In the top right( -hand) corner In the bottom right(-hand) comer In the top left( -hand) corner In the bottom left(-hand) comer The upper . lower section In the foreground In the background In the middle ground On the right( -hand) side / left( -hand) side The outline is clear-cut . blurred. There is a light and shade effect which painters call chiaroscuro. The central motive naturally leads to the vanishing line. The photographer plays with perspective to confuse the eye. The painting exhibits a striking likeness with.. The observer's eye is drawn to .. To frame To be framed.by .. To be silhouetted against the sky To stand out against a background of greenery Decrlre Ie document Dans Ie coin en haut adroite Dans Ie coin en bas adroite Dans Ie coin en haut agauche Dans Ie coin en bas agauche La partie superieure / inferieure Au premier plan AI'arriere-plan Au second plan Adroite / agauche Le contour est clair . flou. II y a un effet d'ombre et de lumiere que les peintres appellent clair-obscur. Le motif central mene tout naturellement ala ligne defuite. Le photographe joue sur la perspective pour tromper I'ceil. Interpretin the document The scene is located in .. The effect created by.. The juxtaposition of.. The use of colours reveals the painter's intention. With a few strokes, the cartoonist.. The dialogue written in the speech balloons.. Le tableau presente une ressemblance frappante avec.. L'ceil de I'observateur est attire par.. Encadrer £tre encadre / entoure par.. Se decouper sur Ie ciel Se detacher sur un fond de verdure IIlllI!D ':;;mtt: [o:;i! IdJ! ,. La scene se situe dans.. L'effet cree par.. La juxtaposition de.. L'utilisation des couleurs revele I'intention du peintre. En quelques lignes, Ie dessinateur.. Le dialogue ecrit dans les bulles.. 212 The framing has been carefully chosen. The photograph must have been taken from a family album. The central character has a rather forbidding appearance. The deadpan expression on his face reveals his cruelty. We can guess the characters' social status by looking at. . The character's clothes indicate.. We may say he is a stereotype. Since the little girl is lying, it is obvious that.. The small open window symbolizes.. The dove is a symbol of peace. The painter intends to denounce / illustrate.. The photographer is a witness. The photographer / painter has captured the state of feeling of the central character. His / Her purpose must have been to.. To serve his purpose he has used several techniques: .. We can therefore infer that.. There are obvious links between .. and.. This picture must be taken from .. / may illustrate.. Aclue is provided by the caption. The blurb shows that this ad is directed at.. The effect of the picture is somewhat warped by its surprising / unexpected title. The obvious meaning of this picture is.. The arrangement of the lines and colours suggests.. The interest of this document lies in .. The artist probably drew this picture to.. It differs from traditional representations by its.. The clash of characters creates an impression of.. This humorous cartoon is very subversive. The painting uses a circular pattern. It is a satirical/an allegorical comment about the Prime Minister's woes. It is a parody of The Godfather movie. His posture likens this man to an animal. The museum this painting is displayed in is well-known for its modern collections. This document is directly linked to the issue of.. It is a variation on the theme of.. It is a stylized interpretation of a recurrent theme. It presents a modem vision of.. It casts a different light on.. It reminds me of.. It brings a message of.. We may imagine that.. Le cadrage a ere soigneusement choisi. Cette photographie doit provenir d'un album photos familial. Le personnage central a un aspect plutot rebarbatif. L'expression impassible de son visage revele sa cruaure. On peut deviner la position sociale des personnages en regardant. Les vetements du personnage indiquent. On peut dire que c'est un stereotype. Comme la petite fille est allongee, il est evident que.. La petite fenetre ouverte symbolise.. La colombe est un symbole de paix. Le peintre souhaite denoncer / iIIustrer.. Le photographe est un remoin. Le photographe / peintre a bien rendu les sentiments du personnage central. Son objectif devait etre de.. Pour atteindre son objectif, il a utilise plusieurs techniques On peut done en deduire que.. II y a des liens evidents entre.. et. Cette image doit provenir de.. / est peut-etre I'illustration de.. La legende fournit un indice. Le petit texte publicitaire montre que cette pub s'adresse a/ aux.. L'effet produit par I'image est quelque peu deforme par son titre surprenant. De toute evidence, la signification de cette image est. L'agencement des lignes et des couleurs suggere.. L'intem de ce document reside dans .. L'artiste a probablement fait ce dessin pour.. II est different des representations traditionnelles par sa / son.. La juxtaposition des personnages cree une impression de.. Ce dessin humoristique est tres subversif. La toile utilise un motif circulaire. C'est un commentaire satirique / allegorique sur les deboires du Premier ministre. C'est une parodie du film Le Parrain. La posture de cet homme I'assimile aun animal. uml'Jmna Le musee dans lequel est expose ce tableau est repute pour ses collections d'ceuvres modernes. Ce document est en rapport direct avec Ie probleme de .. C' est une variation sur Ie theme de.. C'est une interpretation stylisee d'un theme recurrent. II presente une vision moderne de.. II jette un eclairage different sur.. II me rappelle .. II apporte un message de .. On peut imaginer que.. 213 1⢠a. pregnant b. teenagers c. outlived d.midwife e. prime f. walking stick g. grave 2⢠a. Children grow up so fast! b. Children like old people. c. Her brother is older than her / than she is ~ three years. d. He was born on January 2nd, 200t 3. a. cage b. blades c.jaws d. eyelids e. button f.skull g. freckles h. shoulder 4⢠a. Stop scratching your nosel / Don't scratch your nose! b. He came in / walked in with his hat on his head and his hands in his pockets. c. She washes / shampoos her hair twice ~ week. d. The situation is getting out of hand. 5⢠beautiful . plain, unattractive, ugly, hideous ugly . beautiful, pretty, handsome, good-looking plump . slim, slender, thin, lean, skinny weak . strong tall . small, short slim . plump, fat, stout, big, large 6⢠a. Give me a hug! b. She doesn't look stupid / an idiot. c. He looks old for his age. d. Jane stretched (herself) and then (she) stood up. e. One is skinny, the other is fat: they look like Laurel and Hardy! 7⢠After getting up early and having breakfast, she had a shower. She dried herself with a towel, and then dried her hair with a hairdryer. Then she combed her hair and put on some make-up. 8⢠a. It's better to have / take showers rather than baths. b. I'd like to have / to get my hair cut. c. She's a dark-haired woman. d. He's a blue-eyed, white-haired man. 9⢠a. She caught a chill yesterday and has got a high temperature. She is in bed with a sore throat and a splitting headache. As to her brother, he fell and broke his arm so that he's got it in a sling. b. He is out of sorts today because his girlfriend has left him. But time is a great healer and he should be fit as a fiddle soon. The doctor has presaibed a sedative that should help him to recover. 214 a. I went to the dentist'~ yesterday. b. He filled one of my teeth. / He put a filling in one of my teeth. c. She works in the casualty ward / emergency room. d. He's a doctor. / He's a GP. e. He was operated on yesterday. / He had an operation yesterday. / He underwent surgery yesterday. a. underpants b. skirt c. sleeves d. slipper e.lapel a. Keep it under your hat! b. They've lined their pockets. c. You must change (into other clothes) / You must get changed. d. That suit doesn't fit; it needs altering. a.mind b. refresh c. come d.mind e. hatter f. brains a. I'm under the impression that you are mad about dogs. / I have a feeling that you are mad about dogs. / You seem to be mad about dogs. b. Have you lost your mind? Come to your senses. c. Forget itl He's as mad as a hatter. d. She's a very shrewd wom'lln. a. an assumption =5. a supposition b. to grasp =7. to understand c. to choose =1. to pick out d. to search =6. to look for e. to reveal =4. to disclose f. to oppose = 3. to contrast g. after thinking the matter over =2. on second thoughts a. 'What are you thinking of?' 'Nothing in particular.' b. He'd (= He had) better think fast! c. I'd rather go out / I'd prefer to go out but it's up to you. d. I suppose / I assume (that) some evidence / some proof will eventually be found. e. I do not have any logical explanation for that discovery. 'What makes you so sure the suspect is innocent?' asked the inspector. 'Because none of the witnesses saw him near the crime scene and because the only person that accuses him is his ex-wife and her testimony is dubious.' '50 you think he is telling the truth? You believe what he told us?' '1 certainly do.' 'Don't you think you underestimate his ability to tell lies?' 'No, I don't.' 'Is it your opinion then that we should let him go?' 'It is.' 215 18 t a. '~re you sure?' '~bsolutely! / I'm positivel / Without any doubtl' b. Their parents are unlikely to believe them. / It is unlikely that their parents will believe them. c. There is no doubt that his mother will disapprove of his behaviour. d. His lying to the police will make them sceptical. 19 t a. can dour b.mood c. obstinate d. reckless e. temper f. trust 20 t a. He is a straightforward / frank / candid man and I appreciate his scrupulous personality. b. You're naive / naIve / artless / gUileless / ingenuous and you've trusted him. c. Don't you ever be so / that gullible! d. He tends to be extremely stubborn. 21 t a. miss b. stand c. steady d. attracted e. snivelling f.jealous 22 t a. He was overwhelmed with emotion. b. Don't fall in love with himi you'd be sorry (if you did) / you'd regret it. c. He was looking at her tearfully / with tears in his eyes. d. He is heartlessi I've fallen out of love with him / I no longer love him. 23 t a. to tease somebody = 6. taquiner quelqu'un b. to roar with laughter = 3. rire aux eclats c. to burst out laughing = 1. eclater de rire d. to poke fun at somebody =4. se moquer de quelqu'un e. to crack a joke =2. raconter une blague f. to fail to see the joke = 5. ne pas com prendre la plaisanterie 24 t a.jokes b. entertaining - life c. upset d.a e. enjoy 25 t a. look up b. shame c. annoying d. boring e. looking forward f. reluctant 26 t a. That's so thrilling! / It's so thrillingl / How thrillingl / How exciting! b. We were panic-stricken when they threatened us. c. She was stunned by the news. d. I'm fed up with that awful girl. e. Because / As she was keen to make / go on a little trip, she was very disappointed. 27 t a. to glimpse = S. apercevoir b. to stare at =4. regarder fixement c. to gaze at = 6. contempler d. to blink =1. cligner des yeux e. to peep at =2. regarder a la derobee f. to make out = 3. distinguer 28 t a. I'm hungry, thirsty and sleepy. b. That cake tastes like chocolate, but what is it? c. The heady smell of that perfume is really unpleasant. d. I like spicy food. What about you? 29 t I went to Glasgow on March 29th. That was four months ago. I stayed in Glasgow for two days. I have not returned to Glasgow since then. Je su;s aile a Glasgow Ie 29 mars. C'eta;t iI y a quatre mo;s. Je su;s reste deux jours Glasgow. Je ne su;s pas retourne a Glasgow depu;s. 3D t a. L'homme etait debout, immobile, sur Ie pont. b. L'homme etait encore / toujours debout sur Ie pont. c. II pleuvait ; pourtant, I'homme etait debout sur Ie pont. 31 t a. everywhere b. somewhere / anywhere - anywhere c. Wherever d.anywhere 32 t a. He was sitting to the left of his wife. b. We ran out of the room. c. Oxford is (located) SS miles (away) from London. d. It's nearby. / It's very near =close. 33 t a. yellow. Le rouge, Ie jaune.et Ie bleu sont des couleurs primaires. b. white. Le drapeau americain est rouge, blanc et bleu. c. grey. En melangeant du blanc et du noir, on obtient du gris. d. green. Le vert olive n'est pas une couleur criarde. e. yellow. Elle portait une robe d'un jaune citron eclatant. f. green. II mit vert de jalousie. g. black. II s'etait battu; il etait couvert de bleus. 34 t a. What colour is your new coat? b. He changed colour on seeing us / when he saw us. c. He turned / became (as) red as a beetroot. 35 t a. How many children do they have? b. How much milk do you want? c. They have few friends. d. We have many friends but not enough time to see them. e. Most children are afraid of him. f. The more I know him, the more I like him. g. She is not as tall as I am / as me. h. More than / Over a hundred million children have read Harry Potter. i. Hundreds of people (have) bought the book. 36 t a. crash b. knock c. buzz d. rumble e. blast a 37 ⢠a. A deafening din could be heard. b. She spoke in an inaudible voice. c. The door clinked shut. d. Don't make so much noisel / Don't be so noisy! e. The tyres screeched on the wet road. 38. a. roots b. acorns c. cone d. rose e. waterlilies f.bloom g. moss 39 ⢠a. When (the) flowers open, the garden is a wonder / is splendid. b. The lily of the valley is a flower that has the shape of a bell / is shaped like a bell / is bell-shaped. c. Our street is lined with palm trees. d. She picked / gathered poppies and cornflowers. 40 ⢠a. There are many herbs in my vegetable garden. b. Eat some plums and prunes, but don't swallow the stones! c. When will the cherry season come back? d. Don't eat those pears: they aren't ripe. e. Let's give him / her another bite at the cherry! 41 ⢠a. a cat = 6. to purr b. a donkey = 5. to bray c. a hen = 4. to cackle d. a cow = 2. to moo e. a dog = 1. to bark f. a pig = 3. to grunt 42 ⢠a. the horse - 5. the mare - B. the colt b. the bull - 1. the cow - A. the calf c. the ram - 6. the ewe - E. the lamb d. the drake - 3. the female duck - C. the duckling e. the swine - 2. the sow - F the piglet f. the billy goat - 4. the goat - D. the kid 43 ⢠a. Stop pigging out! / Stop pigging yourselfl b. Did you walk the dog this morning? c. Let's take the bull by the horns! d. You didn't let the cat out of the bag, did you? 44 ⢠a. Mammals =a moose, a mouse, an otter, a beaver b. Amphibians =a toad c. Birds =a magpie d. Insects = a ladybird, a grasshopper 45 ⢠a. an elk = 4. antlers b. a bat = 5. wings c. a peacock =2. feathers,S. wings d. an octopus =6. tentacles e. a snake = 3. venom f. a spider =1. a cobweb 6. a. sweltering ([chaleur] etouffante / oppressante) b. stormy (orageux) c. bright ([temps] radieux) d. dry (sec) 7⢠a. The weather was fine yesterday, but today it looks like rain. b. There will be occasional/scattered showers. c. After the rain, the sky cleared up and now the sun is shining. d. What a glorious day! The weather is bright. e. We can hear thunder rumbling and there are flashes of lightning; we must put the lights out / we must switch off the lights. 8. a. acid rain (cause par I'homme) b. flood (catastrophe naturelle) c. to emit gases (pollution) d. a nuclear meltdown (pollution) 9⢠a. Natural resources are running out. b. The Greens keep saying that we must be ozone-friendly / respect the ozone layer. c. The United States consumes / uses much of the natural resources of the planet. d. Some typhoons may not be natural disasters. e. They might be manmade disasters. O. a. hole b. nebula c. boat 1⢠a. The (space) shuttle left the spaceport yesterday. b. When I see a shooting star; I make a wish. c. 'And do your wishes come true?' 'Once in a blue moon!' d. She was over the moon when she heard the news. e. A total or partial eclipse is always impressive. 2⢠a. South Carolina is a US state. La Caroline du Sud est un Etat americain. b. Europe belongs to the western world. L'Europe fait partie du monde occidental. c. The Korean peninsula is divided into North and South Korea. La peninsule coreenne se divise en Coree du Nord et Coree du Sud. d. During the Cold War; the 'Free world' faced the Eastern Bloc. Pendant la Guerre Froide, Ie « Monde libre » s'opposait au Bloc de l'Est. e. In the American Civil War the 11 southern Confederate states were at war with the 23 northern Union states. Pendant la Guerre de Secession, les 11 Etats confederes sudistes etaient en guerre contre les 23 Etats nordistes de I'Union. 3⢠a. The Appalachians are a mountain range. = 2. Les Appalaches sont une chaine de montagnes. b. That brook has its spring in the Alps. =2. Ce ruisseau prend sa source dans les Alpes. c. That river has nine tributaries. = 1. Ce f1euve a neuf affluents. 4⢠a. Englishman b. Danish c. Polish - Poles d. Spanish 219 55 t a. boomtown b. capital c. overcrowded d. double deckers e. dead end 56 t a. He works as a fireman and his wife works as a garbage collector / a dustwoman. b. We live a few blocks down the street / from here. c. The town hall / city hall is on the marketplace. d. The traffic lights were amber when you crossed the street. e. I hailed a taxi / cab that didn't stop, but fortunately I could catch a bus. 57 t a. tiles - slates b. banister c. shutters d.lock 58 t a. We rent our house from Mr Smith; we are his tenants. b. We rent it !?x the year. c. This house is (up) for sale. d. He is the owner of a cottage / He owns a cottage. 59 t a. adaptor b. stool c. pantry d. box-room e. coat rack 60 t a. There is no smoke without fire. b. After hanging the curtains, she realized that they were too short. c. In their room, there is a wardrobe, a chest of drawers and a dreSSing-table / dresser. d. We don't have enough room for all our books. e. Don't look for your glasses, they are on the mantelpiece. f. We've painted the nursery (in) blue. 61 t a. To lead somebody up the garden path. = 1. Faire marcher quelqu'un. b. You should let the dust settle. = 2. Laisse passer I'orage. c. Don't waste the kitchen paper! = 2. Ne gaspille pas I'essuie-tout! d. Take the file! = 1. Prends la lime! e. He loves to do odd jobs. =2. II adore bricoler. f. I need pincers and a vice. = 2. II me faut des tenailles et un etau. 62 t a. After ironing, you'll tidy up. b. We must drill a hole in this spot / (right) here. c. Don't worry! I'm going to repair / mend / fix your washing-machine. d. He is doing the washing-up while his wife is doing the washing. 63 t a. chocolate b. meat c. corkscrew d. butter / cheese / dairy cream / yog(h)urt e. fruit juice / coffee / tea 64 t a. May I offer you a cup of tea? / Would you care for a cup of tea? b. I need three fishes / types of fish. c. Add a little oil, salt and pepper. d. She was sipping her orange juice. e. He eats no meat (at all) and very little fish. a. to mince = 5. hacher b. to simmer =3. cuire a petit feu c. to crunch =1. croquer d. to stew = 6. faire mijoter e. to pare = 2. eplucher f. to chew =4. macher a. After cooking for all the family / for the whole family, she is no longer hungry. b. Is their crockery (made of) china? c. That dish lacks seasoning. / There is not enough seasoning in that dish. d. The teacups are by the soup tureen. e. Put on your apron before stirring the sauce. As the light was declining, the photographer switched on his flash unit. Then he aimed his camera at his model, and took some time to frame her. Finally, he pressed the release button. a. I switched on my transistor and tuned in to Radio 4. b. I must go to a photo booth to have ID photos taken. c. Turn up the sound level! / Turn up the volume! I love that old record. d. With a digital camera, you no longer need to worry about the exposure. e. With my parabolic antenna and my decoder (box), I pick up all the channels. 1. eject =e. ouverture / ejection 2. stop =g. arret 3. volume control = i. volume 4. power = d. alimentation 5. mute = h. arret du son 6. play = b. lecture 7. fast forward =f. avance rapide 8. rewind =c. rembobinage 9. record =a. enregistremel1t a.key b. mouse c. cartridge d.to e. upgrade a. Downloading music from illegal sites is forbidden. b. Click on the hard drive icon. c. You must always back up your files / make a backup copy (of your files). d. Tim installed a new program / application and his computer crashed. e. To surf the web, a search engine is very useful. f. It is necessary to have broadband. / Broadband is a must( -have). a. bookmark b. bookshop c. bookworm d. needlework e. needle's eye f. pins and needles a. La page de titre n'avait rien avoir avec Ie contenu du livre. b. Un passe-temps / Un hobby est une activite a laquelle on s'adonne en amateur. c. Mon frere depense tout son argent de poche pour s'acheter des livres d'occasion. d. Quand Sheila a Ie nez / est plongee dans un livre, on entendrait voler une mouche. e. J'ai brode des fleurs rouges sur I'ourlet du pantalon de mon oncle. 221 74 t The atmosphere was tense around the poker table. Tom took a new pack of cards. He shuffled, he cut and he dealt two cards to each player. James had a pair of aces, the highest cards in the game. Joseph had a 10 and a jack of spades. With a queen he could win! 75 t a. He is unlucky: he bet on number 12 and lost. b. The child was riding his rocking horse with his teddy bear in his arms. c. I played the lottery / tom bola / raffle and hit the jackpot: a train set! d. He is too old to play dominoes. He prefers video games. 76 t a. Athletics a javelin, the pole vault b. Football : a goal, to pass, a team, to tackle, a mouthguard c. Tennis : a racket, a net d. Rugby : a mouthguard, to pass, a team, to tackle, a line-out 77 t a. At half-time, France was / were leading. b. He scored a goal during injury time. c. To win a medal, you must train hard. d. There is no motor racing in the Olympic Games. e. The match seemed about to be lost when he stole / intercepted the ball. 78 t a. It was a spur-of-the-moment reaction. = 2. C'etait une reaction irreflechie. b. Don't champ at the bit! =1. Ne t'impatiente pas ! c. She is an enthusiastic backpacker. = 2. C'est une randonneuse enthousiaste. 79 t a. I rode side-saddle but my horse reared up. b. Yesterday we went to the funfair. c. You must always put on a crash helmet before riding a bike. d. I'm not very keen on outdoor activities. e. I hate coursing / hunting: all those dogs on the scent of a miserable prey! 80 t i. to get in the car d. to switch on the engine f. to put the car into first gear g. to pull out b. to speed up c. to put the car into fifth gear e. to slow down h. to stop a. to switch off the engine 81 t a. Take a look in your rear-view mirror before making / doing a U-turn. b. You must give way to the left at roundabouts / traffic circles. c. He pulled out without looking and caused a serious accident. d. Hooting / Sounding the horn is forbidden in cities. 82 t a. commuter b. single c. over d. porthole 83 t a. The liner called at Southampton. b. After going through customs, he had to wait before boarding his plane. c. 'How was your trip?' 'Fine. But the landing was a bit rough.' d. We spent the night on the train but we had not been able to book a sleeping-car. 222 t a summer camp un camp de vacances, une colonie de vacances the summer holidays les vacances d'ete a holiday camp un camp de vacances a holiday site un lieu de vacances the holiday industry I'industrie des loisirs the school holidays les vacances scola ires package holidays des vacances organisees a tourist site un site touristique the tourist industry I'industrie du tourisme the tourist office I'office de tourisme t a. Do you have any vacancies? b. Could you put (in) an extra bed? c. Is service included? d. They gave the waiter a big / generous tip. e. We put up / stayed at a three-star hotel. t a. They are on show in an 18th-century display cabinet. 1. Elles sont exposees dans une vitrine du XVIII' siecle. b. This patron of the arts has organized an exhibition. 2. Ce mecene a organise une exposition. c. It's forgery! 1. ('est de la contrefac;:on ! d. What a beautifully adorned pillar! 2. Que ce pilier est joliment decore ! t a. These statuettes are on loan from an Egyptian museum. b. That exhibition is an opportunity to see paintings by Vermeer / Vermeer paintings. c. If I had a lot of money / lots of money = If I were rolling in money, I would buy that masterpiece. d. I would prefer that little Turner on display in a Paris museum. t a. slope b. a rink c. to float d. pebble t a. He put on his swimming trunks, his swim(ming) cap, his goggles and his flippers and dived into the swimming-pool. b. She covered herself with / in suntan lotion / tanning lotion (in order) to avoid sunburn. c. Snow-cannons / Snow-guns are sometimes necessary to enable skiers to enjoy the pistes / slopes / trails. d The climber / alpinist took shelter in a (mountain) hut before continuing his ascent / climbing on. t a. lis corrigent les epreuves de leur livre. b. L'intrigue secondaire est aussi interessante que I'intrigue principale. c. L'auteur cree I'atmosphere en decrivant un cadre mysterieux. d Lorsque Ie lecteur croit que Ie roman est presque fini, un rebondissement fait renaltre son interet. t a. The author took a pseudonym / pen-name to write his latest novel. b.1 find it difficultto follow the unfolding ofthe story because the plot is very complex / intricate. c. That playwright has written / wrote many plays. d. His stage directions are always very detailed. e. For his text to be perfectly clear, this sentence should be reworded / rephrased. 92 t The cinema a. an understudy b. a screenplay c. a character e. a stand-in f. a walk-on actor h. a sequel j. the lead k. a stunt I. dubbing n. a clip o. a screen The theatre: a. an understudy c. a character i. the props j. the lead The circus: d. a tamer g. the tent i. the props k. a stunt m. a juggler 93 t a. She is a very good actress, but she often works as an understudy / a stand-in. b. The magician / conjurer made the juggler disappear. c. Stuntmen, trapeze artists and tamers risk their lives. d. We go to the cinema at least once a week. 94 t a. canvas b. sheet c. turpentine d. clay e. frescoes 95 t a. He is a talentless draughtsman who (has) managed to.sell daubs. b. He uses charcoal to draw those who sit / pose for him. c. With a few brushstrokes he can create a work of art. d. That statue, which was sculpted by a great artist, stands on a marble pedestal. e. That painter only uses acrylic paint. 96 t a. bagpipes b. kettledrums c. accordion d. clarinet e. saxophone f. bassoon 97 t a. A good musician can sight-read scores. b. The choirmaster told us to do singing exercises every day. c. Please, playa tune for us on the piano. d. Try and sing to the same tune! 98 t Philosophy: c. a find e. rhetoric g. a sophism History: a. archives b. fossil c. a find d. a burial mound f. mediaeval h. feudal 99 t a. The fall of the Berlin Wall was a historic event. b. The feudal system died out after the Middle Ages. c. What does the psychologist's work consist in? What is the archivist interested d. Have you (ever) seen Stonehenge? That megalithic monument is one of t impressive prehistoric remains. 100 t a. sums b. minus c. multiplied d. hazardous e. root f.add 101 t a. Two plus three makes / equals five. Twenty minus four makes / equals sixteen. b. I have never been able to memorize chemical formulas. c. The use of some chemicals is forbidden. d. Physics is my favourite subject. e. Scientists write their scientific articles in English. 102 t a. Les chercheurs procedent souvent par tatonnements. b. Dolly la brebis a ete Ie premier mammifere clone a partir d'une cellule animale. c. Les laboratoires pharmaceutiques sont tirailles entre la recherche scientifique et la recherche du profit. d. Le clonage impose de faire des experiences et de prendre des precautions. 103 t a. This is a ground-breaking discovery / find. b. He has been doing research for fifteen years. c. Pharmaceutical companies also develop / produce generic drugs. d. He has been suffering from haemophilia (ever) since he was born. e. It was thanks to artificial insemination that she was able to have a child. 104 t a. wedding - marriage b. twins c. father-in-law d.alimony e. were f. wedding 105 t a. He really takes after his mother. b. They have (got) two daughters; Sue is the elder. c. She remarried two years ago but her children don't get on / along well with their stepfather. d. He was unhappy with his birth family and is very happy with his adoptive family. 106 t a. on b.along / on c. out of d.to e.to f.with g.over h. by 107 t a. We are childhood friends and get on / along well. b. She is a faithful and reliable friend whom I wholly trust. / She is a faithful, reliable and really trustworthy friend. c. Thank you for you kind invitation. d. They are so hearty / cordial/warm that it is a pleasure to drop in on them. e. That wet blanket / killjoy kept to himself all evening. f. I like Linda. I made her acquaintance at a party. ⢠a. phone number b. address book c. dial tone d. junk mail e. phone call ⢠a. What time is the collection? b. When I picked up the phone, there was nobody / no one on the line. c. Last night, I took the phone off the hook (in order) to sleep undisturbed. d. Hang up! I'll send you an SMS later (on). e. She spends her days on the phone / She is always on the phone. f. I sent them an e-mail with attachments. ⢠a. investigative b. Reporters c. Tabloids d. spinning e. story - hoax f. issue g. circulation ⢠a. a quotation = 7. reported words b. a free-lancer =8. a non-permanent reporter c. an interview =3. questions and answers d. a newsroom =6. where reporters get together e. a correspondent =1. a journalist permanently basedjn a country or city f. coverage = 5. the treatment of an event g. censorship = 4. suppressing information h. an obituary =2. an article summing up a dead person's life ⢠a. webcast b. Prime time c. a newsreader d. a host e. off the air ⢠a. Without the autocue, the (news) anchor / news presenter / anchorman / newsreader / newscaster would be unable to give all the news. b. And now, a roundup of news! c. Fortunately there are the commercial breaks so we may talk a littlel / Fortunately, thanks to the commercial breaks we may talk a little! d. Commercials / Ads are more expensive during peak viewing / listening time. e. If he can't send us recent documents, we will use archive footage / file footage / library pictures. f. If he were a well-known reporter; he would get much better paid for his videos. g. Which channel do you watch most? ⢠a.by b. in c. at d.of e. up to ⢠a. Have you done your homework and learnt your lessons? b. He is a hard-working pupil, but he is not good at maths / proficient in maths. c. With so many dunces / pupils below standards, the schoolteacher's work is much harder / much more difficult. d. We are going to encourage streaming / tracking. 116 t a. principal - head teacher b. denominational c. vocational d. scholar 117 t a. What mark / grade did you get? b. Did you hand in your paper? c. She is going to study law / to read law in Paris and (in) London. d. He took an exam and passed it! e. After studying at a technical/vocational school, he attended sandwich classes. ⢠118 t a. fanaticism b. a blessing, blessed c. an offering d. a prophetess e. a believer; believed, believing f. a hermitage g. a pilgrimage h. secularism 119 t a. hereafter b. prophesied c. polytheist d. indoctrinate 120 t a. Pagans / Heathens used to sacrifice animals to their gods. b. I know what I believe in. c. In their country there is a state religion. d. She is very religious and is a regular churchgoer. 121 t a. Judaism =4. circumcision, 8. a synagogue b. Christianity =1. a bishop, 2. the Host,S. the Apostles, 7. the Pope c. Islam = 3. an imam, 4. czircumcision, 9. a prayer mat d. Other beliefs =6. a guru, 10. a lucky charm 122 t a. The faithful were going into the church with their prayer books in their hands. b. That text can be found in the Gospel according to Saint Matthew / Matthew's Gospel. c. 'Do you believe in God?' '(Yes,) I do.' d. Envy, pride and sloth are deadly sins. 123 t Tyranny: a. a dictatorship d. totalitarianism e. despotism h. an absolute monarch Democracy: b. a referendum c. a ballot box f. Parliament g. a polling booth i. a by-election 124 t a. When did parliamentary democracy appear in England? b. At that time, Europe was still largely dominated by despotism. c. He may / might well be voted out of power in the next election / forthcoming election. d. The Cabinet reshuffle did not bring any change in the government's policy. 125 t The United Kingdom: c. Westminster d. the Cabinet e. the Prince of Wales f. royalty i. the Labour Party j. the Shadow Cabinet I. the Leader of the Opposition The United States: a. Congress b. the Capitol g. the Chief Justice h. the Democratic Party k. primary elections m. Uncle Sam 227 126 t a. The President of the United States greeted Queen Elizabeth. b. He introduced her to the Vice-President. c. The Foreign Secretary started immediate talks with the American Secretary of State. d. President Bush wanted to discuss the situation in the Middle East. 127 t a. Native Americans were moved to reservations by force. Les Indiens d'Amerique ont ete deportes de force dans des reserves. b. People donate to charities out of generosity. Les gens font des dons awe organisations / assocations caritatives par generosite. c. Dominions were colonies where white settlers were dominant. Les dominions etaient des colonies dominees par les colons blancs . d. Developing countries are excessively dependent on foreign aid. Les pays en voie de developpement dependent trop lourdement de I'aide etrangere. e. Bilateral agreements generally reflect the domination of rich countries. Les accords bilaterawe reffetent sou vent la domination des pays riches. f. The main colonial powers of the 19th century were Britain, France, Germany and Portugal. Les principales puissances coloniales du XIx' siec/e etaient la Grande-Bretagne, la France, l'Allemagne et Ie Portugal. 128 t a. The settlers appropriated the land of the aborigines. b. Unfortunately, trafficking in human beings has not disappeared. c. Runaway slaves / The slaves who had run away were called 'Maroons' d. He (has) worked on a cotton plantation all his life. 129 t a. a bomber (pas une personne) b. a fighter (pas dans la Marine) c. a guerrilla (Ie seul mot qui designe une personne) 130 t a. independence b. holy c.Gulf d. Worlds e. bacteriological f. Second World 131 t a. When did the (American) Civil War break out? b. The airborne forces flew over our air space. c. After that ambush, the platoon was / were afraid of retaliation. d. They are going to declare war on their neighbours. 132 t After two weeks of border incidents the Prime Minister tried yesterday to broker a truce between the two belligerents. He would like to invite them to a roundtable and discuss a peace process, although his country wants to remain neutral. The United Nations are ready to send in the Blue Helmets. 133 t a. The spy obtained / was granted / was given immunity. b. Britain didn't sign the Treaty of Rome. c. The defector betrayed his country. d. The negotiations lasted for months. e. The member nations of the European Union implement common policies. 134 t a. Le travailleur immigre a dCt demander un nouveau permis de sejour. b. Dans les annees 1960, pendant la lutte pour les droits civiques, de nombreuses personnes ont lutte pour mettre fin a la segregation. c. Les ftats-Unis ont toujours He presentes comme un creuset / melting-pot. d. La plupart des demandeurs d'asile ont ete contraints de fuir leur pays. 135 ⢠a. welcome b. deport c. nationalism d. national 136. Wealth c. greed e. well-off f. affluence Poverty: a. the needy b. rags d. begging g. dilapidated h. a tramp 137 ⢠a. Beaucoup de gens ne font pas valoir leurs droits aux prestations auxquelles ils ont droit. b. Ce mendiant a trouve un foyer d'urgence et il ne dormira pas dehors ce soir. c. Ce milliardaire a ete emu par la misere regnant dans sa ville et a decide de financer une soupe populaire. 138. a.lightning (sans rapport avec Ie tabac) b. an executioner (sans rapport avec la contraception) c. to quit (sans rapport avec la violence) 139 ⢠a. This is the smoking area. b. She has a drinking problem. / She is a heavy drinker. / She is an alcoholic. c. He can't hold his liquor. / He gets easily tipsy. d. He is a drug-addict who couldn't kick the habit. 140 ⢠a. He was sentenced for indecent exposure. 2. II a ete condamne pour attentat a la pudeur. b. It was a case of assault and battery. 1. C'etait une affaire de coups et blessures. c. The criminal was framed by the police. 1. Le malfaiteur a ete piege par la police. d. A man blackmailed her. 2. Un homme I'a fait chanter. 141 ⢠a. Le cambrioleur a vole les bijoux et I'argent liquide avant de mettre Ie feu a la maison. b. Les gens sont tres sensibles aux larcins et a la delinquance juvenile. c. L'homme a ete assassine par un voyou. d. Le voleur a braque son arme sur Ie vendeur / la vendeuse et a file avec I'argent. 142. a. roadblock b. handcuffed c. autopsy d. warrant e. fugitive 143. a. oath b. sentenced c.bail d. eyewitness 144 ⢠a. The robber was condemned to two years in prison, one suspended. b. 'Answer the question! I remind you that you are under oath.' c. The defender / defendant pleaded gUilty. d. The jury gave him a life sentence / sentenced him to life imprisonment for murder. e. During the hearing, the judge asked the defender / defendant to rise. f. She appealed, but she lost her case. 145 ⢠a la hausse : to increase, to go up, to rise, to skyrocket, to soar a la baisse to collapse, to decrease, to drop, to fall, to falter; to nosedive, to plunge, to sink, to slacken 146 ⢠a. Purchasing power / Buying power has risen steadily. b. Inflation has levelled off. c. Due to / Because of globalisation, some economic sectors are going through a crisis. d. After a 2% increase, GOP fell again. e. The International Monetary Fund deals with economic development. 147. a. He works as a nurseryman. 1. II travaille comme pepinieriste. b. He manured the field. 1. II a fume Ie champ. c. The cattle eat out of the manger. 2. Le betail mange dans la mangeoire. d. She wouldn't have a cowhand as a husband. 1. Elle n'a pas voulu d'un vacher pour mario 148 ⢠a. A day labourer works on a farm when harvest time comes / has come. b. He put fodder in(to) the manger and walked out of the stable. c. Barren land must lie fallow. d. A bee-keeper raises bees in beehives. e. Wheat, maize and soya / soy(bean) are food crops. f. She is in the cowshed milking the cows. 149 ⢠a. silver; stainless steel b. corrugated c. pipeline d. mechanic e. productivity f. assembly 150 ⢠a. Iron can be melted in a blast furnace. b. When a machine-tool is out of order in a factory / plant, the foreman calls on a mechanic. c. On an assembly line, the various parts are assembled by automated tools. d. Because of the oil shortage the price of petrol / gas( oline) is increasing quickly. e. Without production quotas, oil resources would run out very fast. f. The gold digger found a vein. 151 ⢠a. Accounts staff =3. Le personnel de la comptabilite b. Clerical staff = 1. Le personnel administratif c. In-house staff = 4. Le personnel maison d. Managerial staff = 2. Le personnel de direction e. Salaried staff = 5. Le personnel salarie 152 ⢠a. The chief accounting officer presented his forecast budget to the Board of Directors. b. The recent merger did not prevent the bankruptcy of that PLC / did not stop that PLC from going bankrupt. c. After starting his own business, John took (on) a partner and appointed a managing director. d. 'We must promote team work!' e. The new manager is very bossy. f. The profit margin is too small to raise / boost the turnover. g. They are cutting overhead expenses / overheads to increase their profits. 153 t a. the butcher's (shop): la boucherie b. the chemist's: la pharmacie c. the fishmonger's: la poissonnerie d. the greengrocer's la boutique de fruits et legumes e. the grocer's I'epicerie 154 t a. I bought a marked down dress and a second-hand coat at a market. b. I shop in / at department stores only during the sales. c. The goods are stored in a warehouse before being packaged. d. That product sold so well that it is now out-of-stock at the supplier's. 155 t a. currency b. standard c. dispenser d. overdraft e. broker 156 t a. The company issued shares. b. I have taken out a life insurance. c. We have a safety deposit box in which we keep foreign currency. d. He dabbled in stocks and lost a lot of money. 157 t a. He is a labourer. 2. C'est un manCEuvre. b. She works overtime. 1. Elle fait des heures supplementaires. c. He has been appointed to a new post. 1. On I'a nomme a un nouveau poste. d. As a union leader he relies on the shopfloor. 2. En tant que dirigeant syndical, il compte sur la base. 158 t a. The strikers have deciqed to resume work. b. On his payslip were mentioned his pay / salary / wages and his seniority pay. c. Free-lance workers seldom take a day off. d.ln the wake of the downsizing, one hundred and ten employees found themselves out of work / unemployed / laid off. e. A permanent contract always comes with a probationary period / a trial period. f. He works overtime a lot. SIGLES, ACRONYMES ET ABREVIATIONS AA AB AC/DC A.D. AFL-CIO Alcoholics Anonymous Bachelor of the Arts US alternative current / direct current anna domini American Federation of Labour Congress of Industrial Organizations US AI 1. artificial intelligence 2. artificial insemination 3. Amnesty International AIDS, aids acquired immune deficiency syndrome a.k.a.,AKA also known as a.m. ante meridiem (before noon) AP Associated Press US ASAP as soon as possible ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations American Society for the Prevention of ASPCA Cruelty to Animals ATM Automatic Teller Machi African Union AU AWOL absent without official leave Bachelor of Arts BA B&B bed and breakfast G8 British Broadcasting Corporati BBC Before Christ B.e. Bachelor of Law BL bn billion British National Party BNP Bros brothers Bachelor of Science US BS BSc Bachelor of Science G8 BST British summer time B to B / B2B Business to Business computer-aided design CAD CAP Common Agricultural Policy CBI Confederation of British Industri closed-circuit television CCTV CD compact disc CD-ROM compact disc read-only memory CEO chief executive officer CIA Central Intelligence Agency US CID Criminal Investigation Department G8 CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CND Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament G8 c/o care of Co company c.o.d cash on delivery CORE Congress Of Racial Equality US CPI Consumer Price Index CPU central processing unit DA District Attorney US DC District of Columbia Oem. Democrat US DIY do it yourself OJ 1. disc jockey 2. Dow Jones D.Lit. Doctor of Letters DesoxyriboNucieic Acid DNA DOA 1. dead or alive 2. dead on arrival Department of Defense US DOD DOE 1. Department of the Environment G8 2. Department of Energy US Doctor of Science G8 D.Se. DST daylight saving time US DTP desktop publishing digital versatile disc DVD European Bank for Reconstruction and EBRD Development EC European Community European Central Bank ECB EEC European Economic Community European Free Trade Association EFTA AA (Ies Alcooliques anonymes) licencie es lettres courant alternatif / courant conti de notre ere confederation syndicale americai 1. intelligence artificielle 2. insemination arti 3. Amnesty International SIDA, sida (syndrome de I'immunodeficience acquise) alias, « dit » du matin agence de presse americaine des que possible / au plus vite ANASE (Association des nations de I<sie du Sud-Est) .laSPA DAB (distributeur automatique de billets) UA (Union africaine) absent sans permission / deserteur licencie es lettres chambre d'hiite service public de radiodiffusion britannique avo J.e. (avant Jesus-Christ) licencie en droit milliard Parti nationaliste britannique freres licencie es sciences licencie es sciences I'heure d'ete B2B / Business to Business CAO (conception assistee par ordinateur) PAC (Politique agricole commune) association du patronat britannique systeme de (cameras de) surveillance CD (compact disc) CD-ROM P.D.G. (President directeur general) agence centrale de renseignement americai la police judicia ire britannique CEI (Communaute des £tats Independants) organisation anti-nucleaire britannique aux bons soins de compagnie paiement a la livraison ligue americaine contre Ie racisme indice des prix a la consommation unite centrale procureur district de Columbi democrate Ie bricolage 1. OJ (disc jockey) 2. Dow Jones docteur es lettres ADN (acide desoxyribonucleique) 1. mort ou vif 2. mort a I'arrivee (des secours) ministere de la Defense 1. ministere de l'Environnement britannique 2. ministere de I'£nergie americain docteur es sciences I'heure d'ete PAO (publication assistee par ordi DVD BERD (Banque europeenne pour la reconstructi et Ie developpement) CE (Communaute europeenne) BCE (Banque centrale europeenne) CEE (Communaute economique europeenne) AELE (Association europeenne de libre-echange) e.g. EMS EMU EPA ESA est. EU FAO FAQ FBI FCO FDA Fed FlOTUS FM FO ft FYI GATT GCE GCSE GOP GM GMT GNP GOP GP GPS HDTV HF HIV HMS HQ HRH IAEA IBRD i.e. IMF Inc. inc, incl. IOU IQ IRA IRS IT IVF J.c. Jnr, Jr KKK LA. LAPD Ib LCD LLB LP LSE Ltd LW MA MASH MBA MC MD MEP MF MHR exempli gratia = for example European Monetary System Economic and Monetary Union Environmental Protection Agency US European Space Agency established European Union Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations frequently asked questions Federal Bureau of Investigation US Foreign and Commonwealth Office GB Food and Drug Administration US par exemple SME (Systeme monetaire europeen) UEM (Union economique et monemire) agence am,§ricaine de protection de I'environnement ASE (Agence spatiale europeenne) fonde en UE (Union europeenne) FAO (Organisation des Nations Unies pour I'alimentation et I'agriculture) FAQ(Foire aux questions) Bureau federal d'investigation ministere britannique des Affaires etrangeres the Federal Reserve US First Lady of the United States 1. frequency modulation 2. Foreign Minister GB Foreign Office GB foot for your information General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade General Certificate of Education GB General Certificate of Secondary Education GB Gross Domestic Product genetically modified Greenwich Mean Time Gross National Product Grand Old Party general practitioner GB Global POSitioning System high definition television high frequency human immunodeficiency virus His/Her Majesty's Ship GB headquarters His/Her Royal Highness International Atomic Energy Agency International Bank for Reconstruction and Development id est = that is to say International Monetary Fund incorporated included/including/inclusive I owe you intelligence quotient Irish Republican Army Internal Revenue Service US information technology in vitro fertilization Jesus Christ Junior Ku Klux Klan Los Angeles Los Angeles Police Department pound liquid-crystal display Bachelor of Laws GB long-playing (record) 1. London Stock Exchange 2. London Schools of Economics limited (liability) long wave Master of the Arts mobile army surgical hospital US Master of Business Administration 1. Master of Ceremonies 2. Member of Congress US 1. Managing Director 2. Doctor of Medicine US member of the European Parliament medium frequency member of the House of Representatives US la Reserve federale la premiere dame des ttats-Unis 1. FM (modulation de frequence) 2. ministre des Affaires etrangeres ministere des Affaires etrangeres pied pour votre information Accord general sur les tarifs douaniers et Ie commerce certificat d'etudes secondaires (15-16 ans) certificat general de I'enseignement secondaire (17-18 ans) PIB (Produit interieur brut) genetiquement modifie GMT (temps moyen de Greenwich) PNB (Produit national brut) administration americaine des denrees alimentaires et des medicaments sumom du Parti republicain medecin generaliste GPS (geo-positionnement par satellite) TVHD (television haute definition) HF (haute frequence) VIH (virus de I'immunodeficience humaine) precede Ie nom des navires britanniques QG (Quartier general) SAR (Son Altesse royale) AIEA (Agence internationale de I'energie atomique) BIRD (Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et Ie developpement) c'est-a-dire FMI (Fonds monemire international) - SA (Societe anonyme) compris reconnaissance de dette QI (quotient intellectuel) Armee republicaine irlandaise Ie fisc technologies de I'information FIV (fertilisation in vitro) Jesus-Christ fils Ku Klux Klan Los Angeles police de Los Angeles livre LCD (ecran a cristaux liquides) licencie en droit 33 t. (33 tours) 1. Bourse de Londres 2. London School of Economics (- HEC) - SARL (Societe a responsabilite limitee) LO (Iongues ondes) maTtrise es lettres hapital militaire de campagne MBA (master de gestion) 1. presentateur 2. parlementaire americai 1. directeur general 2. docteur en medecine eurodepute MF (moyenne frequence) depute americain MIS MI6 MIA MLit MO MoD MP m.p.h. M.Phii MRI MS M.Sc. Mt NAACP NAFTA NASA NASDAQ NATO NBA NCO NFL NGO NHS NRA NSA NSC NSPCC Military Intelligence, Section S GB Military Intelligence, Section 6 GB missing in action Master of Literature medical officer Ministry of Defence GB 1. Member of Parliament GB 2. Military Police miles per hour Master of Philosophy magnetic resonance imaging 1. Master of Science US 2. multiple sclerosis Master of Science GB mount National Association for the Advancement of Colored People US North American Free Trade Agreement National Aeronautics and Space Administration US National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations North Atlantic Treaty Organization National Basketball Association US Non-Commissioned Officer National Football league US non-governmental organization National Health Service GB National Rifle Association National Security Agency National Security Council US National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children GB New York City New York Police Department New York Stock Exchange old-age pensioner GB Organization of American States Officer (of the Order) of the British Empire optical character recognition Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Oxford Committee for Famine Relief GB service de contre-espionnage britannique service de renseignement britannique porte disparu maitrise es lettres 1. medecin du travail 2. medecin militaire ministere de la Defense 1. depute 2. police militaire miles par heure maitrise en philosophie IRM (imagerie aresonance magnetique) 1. maitrise es sciences 2. sclerose en plaque maitrise es sciences mont association americaine pour la defense des Afro-AmeriCJlins Accord de libre-echange nord-americain (ALENA) agence gouvernementa/e responsable du programme spatial ameriCJlin place boursiere americaine OTAN (Organisation du trait.! de l'Atiantique nord) championnat professionnel de basket ameriCJlin sous-officier championnat professionnel de football americain ONG (organisation non gouvemementale) service public de sante britannique (- Securite socia/e) association am,§ricaine defendant Ie droit au port d'armes agence americaine d'interception des communiCJltions Conseil de securite nationale association pour la prevention de la ma/traitance envers les enfants (Ia ville de) New York police de New York ⢠bourse de New York retraite Organisation des £tats americains officier de I'ordre de l'Empire britannique OCR = ROC (reconnaissance optique de caracteres) OCDE (Organisation de cooperation et de developpement economiques) OPEC OPEP (Organisation des Pays Exportateurs de Petrole) confederation d'ONG luttant contre la pauvrete OXFAM oz ounce once P2P peer to peer P2P (pair a pair) per annum par an p.a. PA personal assistant secretaire pay-as-you-earn prelevement des impots la source PAYE p.c., pct per cent pour cent PC 1. personal computer 2. police 1. PC (ordinateur personnel) 2. policier en uniforme constable GB 3. politically correct 3. politiquement correct PDA Personal Digital Assistant PDA (assistant personnel) p&h postage and handling US frais de port et d'emballage PE physical education EPS (education physique) Doctor of Philosophy / Philosopher's Doctorate docteur / doctorat es lettres Ph.D. p.l.c - SARl public limited company Palestine Liberation Organization PLO OlP (Organisation de liberation de la Palestine) PM Prime Minister Premier ministre post meridiem p.m. de I'apres-midi / du soir PO Box BP (Boite postale) Post Office box President of the United States president des £tats-Unis POTUS POW prisoner of war prisonnier de guerre 1. per procurationem 2. post paid 1. pp (par procuration) 2. port paye p.p. postage and packing GB frais de port et d'emballage pap PR(O) public relations (officer) charge des relations publiques pt pint pinte PTA Parent-Teacher Association association de parents d'eleves PTO, p.t.o. please turn over T.S.V.P. (tournez s'il yous plait) Personal Video Recorder PVR PVR (enregistreur disque dur) QED Quod erat demonstrandum CQFD (ce qu'iI fallait demontrer) Royal Air Force GB armee de I'air britannique RAF random access memory la memoire morte RAM R&B rhythm and blues rhythm and blues NYC NYPD NYSE OAP OAS OBE OCR OECD a a research and development 1. Republican US 2. Representative US rest in peace read-only memory received pronunciation Retail Price Index recommended retail price Republic of South Africa Royal Shakespeare Company Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals G8 RUC Royal Ulster Constabulary SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SAT Scholastic Achievement I Aptitude Test US ScD Doctor of Science US SEC Securities and Exchange Commission G8 Sen. senator US sudden infant death syndrome SIDS SNP Scottish National Party save our souls S.O.S. Senior Sr 1. Saint 2. Street St sexually transmitted disease STD SUV Sports Utility Vehicle 1. short wave 2. south-west SW SWAT SpeCial Weapons And Tactics US TB tuberculosis TO Treasury Department US trademark TM TOEFL test of English as a foreign language US TUC Trades Union Congress G8 University of California at Los Angeles UCLA UEFA Union of European Football Associations unidentified flying object UFO UHF ultra· high frequency UHT ultra-heat treated UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Internatio',1 Children's UNICEF Emergency Fund UNO United Nations Organization URL uniform resource locator US United States USA, US of A United States of America USAF United States Air Force USB Universal Serial Bus USD United States dollar United States Navy USN USS United States Ship USSR Union of Socialist Soviet Republics VAT Value Added Tax VCR video cassette recorder VDU visual display unit vet. 1. veterinarian 2. veteran US VHS video home system VIP very important person VOA Voice of America VP vice-president versus vs. WASP White Anglo-Saxon Protestant US WHO World Health Organization without w/o WTO World Trade Organisation World Wildlife Fund WWF WWI, WWII World War One I World War Two WWW World Wide Web Xmas Christmas yd. yard Young Men's Christian Association US YWCA Young Women's Christian Association US R&D Rep. RIP ROM RP RPI RRP RSA RSC RSPCA la recherche et Ie developpement 1. republicain 2. elu de la Chambre des Representants RIP (requiescat in pace) la memoire vive prononciation c1assique de I'anglais a indice des prix la consommation prix conseille Republique sud-africaine compagnie theatrale anglaise -laSPA police d'iriande du Nord SRAS (Syndrome respiratoire aigu severe) examen d'entree I'universite docteur es sciences -COB senateur mort subite du nourrisson Parti national ecossais (independantiste) S.O.S. pere 1. saint 2. rue MST (maladie sexuellement transmissible) 4x4 1. OC (ondes courtes) 2. SO (sud-ouest) a unite d'elite de la police americaine tuberculose ministere des Finances marque deposee test d'anglais langue etrangere federation des syndicats ouvriers universite de Californie situee oj Los Angeles UEFA OVNI (Objet volant non identifie) UHF (ultra haute frequence) UHT (ultra haute temperature) RU (Royaume-Uni) ONU (Nations Unies) UNESCO UNICEF ONU (Organisation des Nations Unies) adresse URL ttats-Unis ttats-Unis dl'lmerique armee de I'air americaine USB dollar americain marine americaine precede Ie nom des navires americains URSS (Union des Republiques Socialistes Sovietiques) TVA (taxe sur la valeur ajoutee) magnetoscope moniteur 1. veterinaire 2. veteran VHS VIP radio internationale americaine vice-preSident contre population blanche protestante d'Amerique OMS (Organisation mondiale de la sante) sans OMC (Organisation mondiale du commerce) WWF (Fonds mondial pour la nature) Premiere I Seconde Guerre mondiale Internet Noel yard associations chrefiennes connues pour leurs centres d'hebergement LES ETATS DU MONDE, LES NOMS ET ADJECTIFS DE NATIONALITE Ie Royaume-Uni . la Grande-Bretagne britannique (Great) Britain British fran~ais un Fran~ais France French a Frenchman I'l>.ngleterre anglais un Anglais England English an Englishman la Grece grec un Grec Greece Greek, Grecian a Greek l'Ecosse ecossais un Ecossais Scotland Scottish a Scotsman =a Scot l'lslande islandais un Islandais Iceland Icelandic an Icelander l'lriande du Nord Northern Ireland Ie pays de Galles gallois un Gallois Wales Welsh a Welshman I'ltalie italien un ltalien Italy Italian an Italian l'lriande irlandais un Irlandais Ireland Irish an Irishman Ie Luxembourg un Luxembourgeois Luxemburg a Luxem burger la republique d'iriande =l'Eire the Republic of Ireland =Eire Malte maltais un Maltais Malta Maltese a Maltese la Norvege norvegien un Norvegien Norway Norwegian a Norwegian les Pays-Bas, la Hollande neerlandais, hollandais un Neerlandais, un Hollandais The Netherlands, Holland Dutch a Dutchman Ie Portugal portugais un Portugais Portugal Portuguese a Portuguese la Suede suedois un Suedois Sweden Swedish a Swede la Suisse suisse un Suisse Switzerland Swiss a Swiss the United Kingdom la Finlande Finland finlandais / Ie finnois Finnish un Finlandais / un Finnois a Finn la France l'Aliemagne allemand un Allemand Germany German a German I'l>.ndorre andorran un Andorran Andorra Andorran an Andorran I'l>.utriche autrichien un Autrichien Austria Austrian an Austrian la Belgique beige un Beige Belgium Belgian a Belgian Chypre chypriote un Chypriote Cyprus Cypriot a Cypriot Ie Danemark danois un Danois Denmark Danish a Dane l'Albanie albanais un Albanais Albania Albanian an Albanian l'Espagne espagnol un Espagnol Spain Spanish a Spaniard I'l>.rmenie armenien un Armenien Armenia Armenian an Armenian L'Europe de l'Est et l'Europe Centrale Eastern and Central Europe I~erba'idjan Azerbaijan azerbiidjanais =azeri Azerbaijani un Azerbai'djanais =Azeri an Azerbaijani laSerbie serbe un Serbe Serbia Serbian a Serb =a Serbian la Bielorussie bielorusse un Bielorusse Belarus =Byelorussia Byelorussian a Byelorussian la Siovaquie slovaque un Siovaque Slovakia Slovakian a Slovak =a Slovakian la Bosnie, la Bosnie-Herzegovine Bosnia, Bosnia-Herzegovina la Siovenie slovene un Slovene Slovenia Siovenian a Slovene =a Siovenian bosniaque un Bosniaque Bosnian a Bosnian la Bulgarie bulgare un Bulgare Bulgaria Bulgarian a Bulgar, a Bulgarian l'Ukraine ukrainien un Ukrainien Ukraine Ukrainian a Ukrainian la Croatie croate un Croate Croatia Croatian a Croat la Yougoslavie yougoslave un Yougoslave Yugoslavia Yugoslav =Yugoslavian a Yugoslav =a Yugoslavian l'Estonie estonien un Estonien Estonia Estonian an Estonian la Georgie georgien un Georgien Georgia Georgian a Georgian la Hongrie hongrois un Hongrois Hungary Hungarian a Hungarian Kosovo kosovar un Kosovar Kosovo Kosovan a Kosovar la Lettonie letton un Letton Latvia Latvian =Lett a Latvian =a Lett la Lituanie lituanien un Lituanien Lithuania Lithuanian a Lithuanian Ie Montenegro montenegrin un Montenegrin Montenegro Montenegrin a Montenegrin la Pologne polonais un Polonais Poland Polish a Pole la Republique tcheque tcheque un Tcheque 'A'I,.I II. _'dt,. l1frique du Sud sud-africain un Sud-Africain South Africa South African a South African 11lgerie algerien un Algerien Algeria Algerian an Algerian l1ngola angolais un Angolais Angola Angolan an Angolan Ie Benin beninois un Beninois Benin Beninese a Beninese Ie Botswana botswanais un Botswanais Botswana Botswanan a Tswana, a Setswana Ie Burkina Faso burkinabe =burkinais un Burkinabe Burkina Faso Burkinese a Burkinese Ie Burundi burundais un Burundais Burundi Burundian a Burundian Ie Cameroun camerounais un Camerounais Cameroon Cameroonian a Cameroonian the Czech Republic Czech a Czech Ie Congo congolais un Congolais Congo Congolese a Congolese la Roumanie roumain un Roumain Romania Romanian a Romanian l'Egypte egy~tien un gyptien Egypt Egyptian an Egyptian la Russie russe un Russe Russia Russian a Russian l'Erythree erythreen un Erythreen Eritrea Eritrean an Eritrean . 237 I'~thiopie ethiopien un ~thiopien Ethiopia Ethiopian an Ethiopian Ie Soudan soudanais un Soudanais Sudan Sudanese a Sudanese laGambie gambien un Gambien Gambia Gambian a Gambian la Tanzanie tanzanien un Tanzanien Tanzania Tanzanian a Tanzanian laGuimle guineen un Guineen Guinea Guinean a Guinean Ie Tchad tchadien un Tchadien Chad Chadian a Chadian Ie Kenya kenyan un Kenyan Kenya Kenyan a Kenyan la Tunisie tunisien un Tunisien Tunisia Tunisian a Tunisian Madagascar malgache un Malgache Madagascar Malagasy a Malagasy Ie Zai're zairois un Za'irois ZaIre Zairean = Zai'rian a Za'irian Ie Mali malien un Malien Mali Malian a Malian laZambie zambien unZambien Zambia Zambian a Zambian Ie Maroc marocain un Marocain Morocco Moroccan a Moroccan Ie Zimbabwe zimbabween un Zimbabween Zimbabwe Zimbabwean a Zimbabwean I'lle Maurice mauricien un Mauricien Mauritius Mauritian a Mauritian la Mauritanie mauritanien un Mauritanien Mauritania Mauritanian a Mauritanian Ie Mozambique mozambicain un Mozambicain Mozambique Mozambican a Mozambican laNamibie namibien un Namibien Le Moyen-Orient The Middle East I:'fghanistan afghan un Afghan Afghanistan Afghan = Afghani an Afghan = an Afghani I:.rabie saoudite saoudien un Saoudien Saudi Arabia Saudi (Arabian) a Saudi (Arabian) les ~mirats arabes unis the United Arab Emirates Namibia Namibian a Namibian I'lrak irakien un lrakien Irak Iraki an Iraki Ie Niger nigerien un Nigerien Niger of Niger a native of Niger I'lran iranien un lranien Iran Iranian an Iranian Ie Nigeria nigerian un Nigerian Nigeria Nigerian a Nigerian Israel israelien un Israelien Israel Israeli an Israeli l'Ouganda ougandais un Ougandais Uganda Ugandan a Ugandan laJordanie jordanien un Jordanien Jordan Jordanian a Jordanian la Republique Centrafricaine the Central African Republic Ie Kowei't kowei'tien = kowei'ti un Kowei'tien, un Kowei'ti Kuwait Kuwaiti a Kuwaiti Ie Senegal senegalais un Senegalais Senegal Senegalese a Senegalese Ie Liban libanais un Libanais Lebanon lebanese a Lebanese laSomalie somali = somalien un Somali = un Somalien Somalia Somalian a Somalian la Libye libyen un Libyen Libya libyan a Libyan la Palestine palestinien un Palestinien Palestine Palestinian a Palestinian Ie Laos laotien un Laotien Laos laotian a Laotian la Syrie syrien un Syrien Syria Syrian a Syrian la Malaisie malais un Malais la Turquie turc un Turc Turkey Turkish a Turk Malaysia Malay =Malayan a Malay =a Malayan, a Malaysian Ie Yemen yemenite un Yemenite Yemen Yemeni a Yemeni laMongolie mongol un Mongol Mongolia Mongol a Mongol, a Mongolian Ie Nepal nepalais un Nepalais Nepal Nepali =Nepalese a Nepali =a Nepalese l'Ouzbekistan ouzbek un Ouzbek Uzbekistan Uzbek an Uzbek Ie Pakistan pakistanais un Pakistanais Pakistan Pakistani a Pakistani les Philippines philippin un Philippin the Philippines Philippine a Filipino la Russie russe un Russe Russia Russian a Russian Singapour singapourien un Singapourien Singapore Singaporean a Singaporean Sri Lanka sri-Iankais un Sri-Lankais Sri Lanka Sri Lankan a Sri Lankan Ie Tadjikistan tadjik un Tadjik Tadzhikistan Tadzhik a Tadzhik TaIwan taiwanais un Taiwanais Taiwan Taiwanese a Taiwanese la Tchetchenie tchetchene un Tchetchene Chechnya =Chechenia Chechen a Chechen .1·r~l. -'i'6M Ie Bangladesh bangladais, bangladeshi un Bangladais = un Bangladeshi Bangladesh Bangladeshi a Bangladeshi Ie Bhoutan bhoutanais un Bhoutanais Bhutan Bhutanese a Bhutanese la Birmanie birman un Birman Burma Burmese a Burmese Ie Cambodge cambodgien un Cambodgien Cambodia· Cambodian a Cambodian la Chine chinois un Chinois China Chinese a Chinese la Coree coreen un Coreen Korea Korean a Korean l'lnde indien un Indien India Indian an Indian l'lndonesie indonesien un Indonesien Indonesia Indonesian an Indonesian Ie Japon japonais un Japonais Japan Japanese a Japanese Ie Tibet tibetain un Tibetain Tibet Tibetan a Tibetan Ie Kirghizstan kirghize un Kirghize Kyrgyzstan =Kirghizia Kirghiz a Kirghiz Ie Turkmenistan turkmene un Turkmene Turkmenistan Turkmen a Turkmen Ie Kurdistan Ie kurde un Kurde Kurdistan Kurdish a Kurd Ie Viet-nam vietnamien un Vietnamien Vietnam Vietnamese a Vietnamese Les Ameriques 'imillIAni' Ie Mexique mexicain un Mexicain Mexico Mexican a Mexican Ie Nicaragua nicaraguayen un Nicaraguayen Nicaragua Nicaraguan a Nicaraguan Ie Panama panameen un Panameen Panama Panamanian a Panamanian Ie Paraguay paraguayen un Paraguayen Paraguay Paraguayan a Paraguayan Ie Perou peruvien un Peruvien Peru Peruvian a Peruvian Ie Salvador salvadorien un Salvadorien EI Salvador Salvadorian a Salvadorian Ie Surinam surinamais un Surinamais Surinam Surinamese a Surinamese l'Uruguay uruguayen un Uruguayen Uruguay Uruguayan a Uruguayan I:.rgentine argentin un Argentin Argentina Argentinian = Argentine an Argentinian Ie Belize belizien un Belizien Belize belizean a belizean Ie Bresil bresilien un Bresilien Brazil Brazilian a Brazilian Ie Canada canadien un Canadien Canada Canadian a Canadian Ie Chili chilien un Chilien Chile Chilean a Chilean laColombie colombien un Colombien Colombia Colombian a Colombian Ie Costa Rica costaricain = costaricien un Costaricai n = un Costaricien Costa Rica Costa Rican a Costa Rican Cuba cubain un Cubain Cuba Cuban a Cuban Ie Venezuela venezuelien un Venezuelien Venezuela Venezuelan a Venezuelan la Dominique dominicain un Dominicain Dominica Dominican a Dominican '·'3i'n. I:.ustralie .·)iij'. l'Equateur equatorien un tquatorien Ecuador Ecuadorian an Ecuadorian les Etats-Unis d'Amerique The United States of America australien un Australien Australia Australian an Australian la Melanesie melanesien un Melanesien Melanesia Melanesian a Melanesian la Micronesie micronesien un Micronesien Micronesia Micronesian a Micronesian la Nouvelle-Zelande un Neo-Zelandais New Zealand a New Zealander la PapouasieNouvelle-Guinee papou Papua New Guinea la Grenade grenadin un Grenadin Grenada Grenadian a Grenadian Ie Guatemala guatemalteque un Guatemalteque Guatemala Guatemalan a Guatemalan Guyana guyanais un Guyanais Guyana Guyanese a Guyanese Ha'iti ha'itien un Hartien Haiti Haitian a Haitian la Polynesie polynesien un Polynesien Polynesia Polynesian a Polynesian Ie Honduras hondurien un Hondurien Honduras Honduran a Honduran la Tasmanie tasmanien un Tasmanien Tasmania Tasmanian a Tasmanian un Papou Papuan = Papua-New-Guinean a Papuan = a Papua-New-Guinean LES iLES BRITANNIQUES ~ â¢â¢ ⢠- SOOmetr 200 Capital city Country capital Important city International boundary Internal boundary ATLANTIC o C E AN NORTH SEA C D A A A TLA NTIC OCEAN ~) Gulf of Mexico 5a01cm '-' II~ HAWAII ~ a~ PACIFIC Honolulu 5aOkm I 250km ) Q ~ OCEAN II Federal capital International boundary ⢠State capital _ State ⢠Important city - boundary 'll L{BAH~5 LE MONDE ANGLOPHONE CHI N A Bay of Bengal Arabian Sea ANDAMANO lAKSHADWEEP' G AND NICDBAR ISLANDS ' o IN D I AN ! .⢠C E AN Urban area population 3.000 metres 1,000 500 200 0 . more than 5 milli 2 million to 5 milli other city ⢠Internal boundary sOOkm L' AUSTRALIE - L' AFRIQUE DU SUD Ar Sea AUSTRALIA im0 r raI INDIAN ... . 1 ~ ~. TERRIT~ NORTHERN OCEAN ',. f INDIA N Urban area population ~ 1,000 500 200 . o .I more than 3 milli ' million to 3 milli other city 1,500 metre. 1,000 500 o Urban area population ~ more than 1 million - ' 500000 to 1 million 01 other city ⢠Capital city Internal boundary 200 km ATLANTIC Capital city Internal boundary SOUTH AFRICA ~ ⢠OCEAN 500km a ~ ~1~MANIA '·~bart Sea Infinitlf to arise to awake to be to bear to beat to become to begin to behold to bend to beseech to bet to bid to bid to bind to bite to bleed toblow to break to breed to bring to broadcast to build to burn to burst to buy to cast to catch to choose to cleave to cling to come to cost to creep to cut to deal to dig to do todraw todream to drink to drive to dwell Prti6rit arose awoke was / were bore beat became began beheld bent besought bet bade / bid bid bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built burned / burnt burst bought cast caught chose cleaved / cleft / clove clung came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamed / dreamt drank drove dwelled / dwelt PartIdpe pusf arisen awaken been borne beaten become begun beheld bent besought bet bid/ bidden bid bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast built burned / burnt burst bought cast caught chosen cleaved / cleft clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamed / dreamt drunk driven dwelled / dwelt . 1iadud:ion s'elever (s')eveiller etre supporter battre devenir commencer contempler (se) courber supplier parier ordonner encherir lier mordre saigner souffler casser elever apporter diffuser construire brUler eclater acheter lancer attraper choisir fendre (s')accrocher venir couter ramper couper distribuer creuser faire tirer rever boire conduire habiter to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight to find to flee to fling to fly to forbid to forget to forgive to forsake to freeze to get to give togo to grind togrow to hang to have to hear to hide to hit to hold to hurt to keep to kneel to know tolay to lead to lean to leap to learn to leave to lend to let to lie to light to lose to make to mean to meet to mistake tomow ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbade forgot forgave forsook froze got gave went ground grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led leaned / leant leaped / leapt learned / learnt left lent let lay lighted / lit lost made meant met mistook mowed . eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forbidden forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen got given gone ground grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt known laid led leaned / leant leaped / leapt learned / learnt left lent let lain lighted / lit lost made meant met mistaken mown / mowed manger tomber (se) nourrir ressentir se battre, combe trouver fuir lancer voler (ailes) interdire oublier pardonner abandonner geler obtenir, etc. donner aller moudre pousser pendre avoir entendre cacher frapper tenir blesser; faire mal garder s'agenouiller savoir poser mener se pencher bondir apprendre quitter, laisser preter louer, laisser etre allonge eclairer perdre faire signifier rencontrer se tromper faucher overcame paid put quitted / quit read rent rid rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shore shed shook shone shod shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slew slept slid slung slunk slit smelled / smelt smote sowed spoke speeded / sped spelled / spelt spent spilled / spilt overcome paid put quitted / quit read rent rid ridden rung risen run sawn / sawed said seen sought sold sent set sewed / sewn shorn / sheared shed shaken shone shod shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slain slept slid slung slunk slit smelled / smelt smitten sowed/ sown spoken speeded / sped spelled / spelt spent spilled / spilt ~ '< - to spin to spit to split to spoil to spread to spring to stand to steal to stick to sting to stink to strew to stride to string to strive to swear to sweep to swell to swim to swing to take to teach to tear to tell to think to thrive to throw to thrust to tread to understand to upset to wake to wear to weave to weep to win to wind to withdraw to withstand to wring to write ' . ~ ,. .,.---,. ' spun spat split spoiled / spoilt spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank strewed strode strung strove swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought throve threw thrust trod understood upset woke wore wove wept won wound withdrew withstood wrung wrote ~ . ' spun . spat split spoiled / spoilt spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk strewed / strewn strung striven sworn swept swelled / swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thriven thrown thrust trodden / trod understood upset woken worn woven wept won wound withdrawn withstood wrung written filer cracher (se) fendre gater (s')etaler sauter; jaillir etre debout derober coller piquer sentir mauvais joncher aller a grands pas enfiler s'efforcer jurer balayer gonfler nager (se) balancer prendre enseigner dechirer raconter penser prosperer jeter pousser brusquement fouler aux pieds comprendre renverser (s')eveiller porter (vetements) tisser pleurer gagner remonter (montre) retirer resister tordre ecrire INDEX THEMATIQUE accessoires de mode admiration adolescence affaires Afrique du Sud (carte) age adulte agriculture aide humanitaire alcoolisme aliments amitie amour amphibiens amusement anatomie animaux de la ferme animaux domestiques animaux sauvages antiquites apparence physique arbres argent argumenter armee armes art assurance audiovisuel audition Australie (carte) avions bagages banditisme banlieue banque bateaux batiment beaute bebes bijoux blues boissons 20 36 10 186 245 10 182 156 168 82 132 32,38 60,61 34 12 58 58 60,61 108 14 54,55 190, 194, 195 205 158 158 108,118 190 138 40 245 104 106 170 74 190 104,110 76 14 10,126 20 129 82 bonheur bourse bricolage bruit caractere catastrophes ecologiques catastrophes naturelles certitude chant chasse chateaux chaussures cheveux chiffres chimie choix chomage christianisme cinema cirque climats coiffure colere collections colonialisme commerce communication comportement comptabilite concerts conduite sur route conquete de I'espace Conservative Party construction contes de fees continents corps humain correspondance couleurs courrier courrier electronique criminalite 34 190 80 50 30,31 64 64 28 120 98 108 20,22 16 48,52,124 124 26 192 146 116,129 116 62 16 36 92 156 188 134 30 186 120 102,113 66, 73 162 76 115,128 68 12 134,198,199 46 134,198,199 134 170,179 58 144,146 82,84,86 202,203,204 116 168 28,205 36 78 30 170 197 163 122 18 168 82 118 98 160 143 130 162,163 168 174' 176 42,43 140,142 148 64 180 88 149 108 152 78 134 72 32,34 192 184 10 36 140,142 186 environnement equitation escalade esclavage espace espionnage espoir Etats-Unis (carte) etoiles Europe excuser (s') facultes intellectuelles famille faune marine fetes chretiennes fetes de famille fetes foraines fetes GB - US filmer finance fiscalite fleurs fleuves foi folie football formes Fourth of July fracture sociale frequence fruits fuseaux horaires galeries d'art gateaux gene genetique genres litleraires geographie physique geometrie gout gouvernement grammaire gravure greves guerre 64 98 110 156 66, 73 160 36 242 66 160 34,35,197 24,26 130,131 60,61,82 147 130 98 151 88 190 190,191 54,55 68 144,146 24 100 46 151 166 42 56,57,83 53 108 82 34 126 114,115 68 46,124 40 152,153 206 118 192 158 Guy Fawkes Night habitat haine Halloween herbes aromatiques heure hip-hop histoire hobbies Hollywood honte hopital hotels humour hygiene image imagination immigration impots incertitude Inde (carte) Independence Day industrie informatique inquietude insectes institutions GB - US instruments de musique integration intelligence Internet intolerance inviter Islam Ivy League jardinage jean jeux jouets journalisme jours de la semaine juda'isme jugement justice Labour Party 151 76 32 39 56 42,43 129 122 92,101 129 34 18 106 34 16 88 24 164,178 190,191 28 244 151 184 90,101 36 60,61 154 120 164 24 90 164 197 146 149 80 22 94 94 136 42 146 28 174 162 lacs laideur lassitude lecture legumes lettre de motivation linge de maison Iitterature localisation spatiale localisation temporelle logements logiciels loi loisirs creatifs lumiere magasins maison maladies malheur mammiferes maquillage mariage marques deposees mathematiques medecine memoire mer, mers mesures metallurgie meteorologie meubles meurtres migrations ministeres Miranda Warning mode mois de I'annee monde anglophone montagnes monuments morale mort mots de liaison mouvements musees 68 14 36 92 56,57 202,203,204 78 114, 115 44 42 76 90 174 92 46 188,189 76, 78 18, 126 34 60 16 130 194 124 18,126 24 68,110 48,52 184 62 78 170 164 155 179 20 42 70,243 68,110 108 30 10, 168 206 14, 15 108, 109 120,129 10 110 70,71,236 104,110 62,110,111 48,52,124 156 82 23 68 40 108 60,61 28 172 40 80 148 82 152, 162, 163 92,101 166 70,236 98 147 177 78,108,118 26 30 36,39 122,123 88 124 78 151 110 66, 73 54,55,182 78 114 48,52 68,69 22 172 politique politiques sociales ponctuation poste preference prehistoire presse britannique presse ecrite prison proces produits alimentaires publicite punk rock qualites quantite racisme radio raisonnement rap reactions affectives recherche scientifique regarder reggae regimes politiques relations humaines relations internationales religions remercier rencontres repas reptiles Republican Party ressources humaines restaurants richesse rire rites rivieres rock'n'roll route Royaume-Uni (carte) rue rugby sacrements Saint-Valentin 152,154 166 207 134 27 122 150 136 174 174 82 138,186 129 30 48 164 88,138 26 129 36 126 88 129 152 132 160 144,146 197 132,196 84 60,61 163 186 106,197 166 34 144 68 129 102,103 241 44, 74 100 147 38 42 196 86 sandwich 18 sante 24 sante mentale 124 sciences 122 sciences humaines 118 sculpture 196 se presenter 40 sens (cinq) 30 sens moral 40 sensations 32 sensibilite 32 sentiments 168,170 sexualite 128 Shakespeare 14 silhouette 110 ski 16 soins capillaires 16 soins corporels 16 soins esthetiques 120,121 solfege 132 solitude 50,88 son 36 souhaiter 156 sous-developpement sous-vetements 20 116 spectacles 96,98,100, sports 110 163 Star-Spangled Banner stations balneaires anglaises 112 178 Statue de la Liberte 24 stupidite 112 surf 36 surprise 192 syndicalisme 142 systeme educatif systeme solaire 66 168 tabagisme 84 table 80 taches menageres 22,48 taille 134,198 telephone saisons saluer television television americaine temperature temps chronologique temps climatique Terre Thanksgiving theatre tissus tolerance toucher tourisme trains transports travail travaux d'aiguille Trooping the Colour trouver son chemin Union Jack univers universite universites americaines usine ustensiles de cuisine vacances vegetariens vehicules verbes irreguliers vetements viande vie vieillesse vi lies violences visage voiture voix vouloir voyager vue Wall Street zodiaque (signes du) zones urbaines 88,138,139 150 53 42 62 68 151 114, 116, 128 20 164 40 106,108 104 74,104 192 92 151 44 162 66 142,143 149 184 84,85 106, 110, 112, 199 87 102 246 20 82 10 10 71,74 168 12 102,103 50,121 36 102 40 195 67 74 Comments are closed.
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